sides, manufactories chain-cables, iron-works, and roperies, some of them moved by steam. of sail-cloth, | trade was prosperous, the Wear used to be choked with shipping, chiefly colliers; but they are now transferred to the docks, where they receive their cargoes without interrupting the navigation. The high banks which hem in the river, are, in a great measure, artificial hills of ballast, discharged from the ships. The old ch. of Monkswearmouth is gradually being buried in ballast, and buildings near it which originally stood on a height are now in a hole. "A new kind of Plate Glass, called rolled plate, has been for some time manufactured at Sunderland by the spirited firm of Messrs. Hartley and Co. The invention is due to Mr. James Hartley, who has the honour of establishing a new branch of manufacture of great public utility. This new article somewhat resembles unpolished plate-glass, but is lighter in substance and eminently fitted for roofing and other purposes of construction where translucency only is required. It is made in two other places in the kingdom, but Messrs. Hartley and Co. alone produce 18,000 superficial feet per week, or nearly 1,000,000 feet per annum, representing a value of nearly 15,000l." "To Mr. Chance, of Birmingham, and Mr. Hartley, of Sunderland, we are indebted for the introduction into this country of the manufacture of sheet-glass, which may be said to have given a new feature to our public and private edifices. Made originally in a rectangular shape, it is more mechanically adapted for use than crown-glass, and, having no knob or 'bullion' in the centre, it supplies the desideratum of large panes at a low price. So great were the difficulties attending the introduction of this manufacture that, although the original experiments commenced in 1832, the manufacture was not fairly established until 1838. There are two manufactories of sheet in this district, and their united produce is eight millions of superficial feet per annum, which, at a low rate of value, is worth 50,000l. The manufactory of Messrs. James Hartley and Co., of Sunderland, produces one third of the sheetglass made in England."-British Association, Aug. 1863. Besides the iron bridge there is a small steam ferry-boat over the lower part of the river, which communicates with Monkswearmouth. When The New Docks are near the Hendon Rly. Terminus. They enclose 18 acres, and were completed in 1851, at a cost of 700,000l.; the foundation of the S. docks was laid Feb. 4, 1848. The great dock has an area of 32 acres, and commands 24 ft. water at ordinary springs; the northern half-tide basin covers 18 acres, the N. and S. half-tide basins enclose 4 acres, the tidal harbours occupy 20 acres; the whole area is about 146 acres, of which 127 were reclaimed from the sea, and include 66 acres of water and 80 of land. The N. dock, with an area of 10 acres, opened 1837, and capable of accommodating 100 sail, belongs to the North-Eastern Rly. Company. In 1851 their revenue was 9000l., and has greatly increased since that time. The sea-outlet is 26 ft. deep at high water. The port of Sunderland is formed by 2 piers stretching out into the sea to a distance of 456 yds. on either side of the mouth of the Wear; that on the S. side, 630 yds. long, forms a pleasant promenade. That on the N. is 617 yds. long. At the end of the N. pier is the Lighthouse, 76 ft. high and 15 ft. diameter, which was most ingeniously transported entire by Mr. Murray, the engineer, from its original position to that which it now occupies, a distance of nearly 150 yds. weighed 338 tons. The enterprise was achieved in 1841, when the pier It 66 was lengthened, in order to avoid the expense of taking down and rebuilding the lighthouse, and, above all, the cost of a temporary pier. A cradle of timbers was formed under the lighthouse, carried by 144 cast-iron rollers, travelling on 8 lines of rails, and the outer timbers supporting the braces and struts were placed on side balks, which were lubricated with a mixture of soft soap and blacklead to diminish the friction. The power applied was by means of several drawing and pushing screws, and by 3 winches with ropes and tackle blocks, worked by 18 men. On Aug. 2 the mass was moved 28 ft. 2 in. in a N. direction, to place it on a line with the new pier; after shifting the rollers and slide balks, the cradle with its load was steadily propelled at an average rate of 33 ft. per hour when in motion; the entire time of moving over 447 ft. being 13 hours 24 min. It was not until Oct. 4 that the lighthouse arrived at the extremity of the pier, where the foundation for it was prepared. The timbers were withdrawn gradually, the spaces being filled with solid masonry, and the building stood without a crack or subsidence. A light was exhibited as usual every night during its transit. The entire cost was 8271., and the saving caused by this plan of removal was 8931."-Athenæum. The Pemberton Coal-pit is remarkable for the deepest shaft in the world, measuring 1794 ft., or nearly one-third of a mile. The rope by which the coals are drawn up weighs nearly 5 tons, and a tub or corve of coals is drawn up from this depth in 47 seconds. 800 tons of coal are wound up daily. The average temperature at the bottom is 870, about 25° above that of the surface. The barometer stands at 32 80 higher than anywhere else on the globe. The most interesting circumstance connected with this pit is, that it was sunk through 330 ft. of superincum bent magnesian limestone, in the confidence of finding coal below. It was begun 1826; the first coal was reached 1831, but no profitable seam was attained till 1834, and the outlay amounted to 100,000l. For a considerable distance the pit is lined with metal tubing to keep out the water. Before reaching the coal strata a spring was tapped which poured out 3000 gallons of water per minute into the shaft; this was kept under by a steam-engine of 200 horse power. At a depth of 1000 ft. a fresh spring burst into the works, and it was not till after nearly twenty years of outlay and disappointment that the good seam was reached. The workings are carried under the river, and very near the sea, and an inclined drift, 11,000 yds. in length, with a rise of 6 in. in a yard, was constructed in 1844. In 1846 the Hutton seam was reached, 4 ft. thick of excellent coal. ROUTE 9. GATESHEAD TO MONKSWEARMOUTH BY RLY. [JARROW AND SOUTH SHIELDS.] This line follows the North-Eastern Rly. as far as 3 m. Pelaw Stat., where it branches off E. 6 m. Brockley Whins Stat. 2 m. rt., with a Stat. on the Pontop and Shields Rly., which branches off here, is Boldon (Bol-dun, round hill), which gave its name to the invaluable | various inscribed altars which have record called the Boldon Buke, which been found there. was compiled in 1180 by Bishop Pudsey, to supply the omission of the county of Durham in the Domesday Book of the Conqueror. The original volume has perished, but three copies of it remain, viz., in the auditor's office at Durham, in the chapter library at Durham, and among Abp. Laud's MSS. in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. "Crowning a hill midway between Hylton Castle and Jarrow, stands Boldon church (St. Nicholas), once a beautiful specimen of E. E. architecture, of which the peculiarly designed tower and spire are replete with interest. The term 'beautiful' may perhaps be deemed inapplicable to its stunted proportions, but the whole structure is in perfect accordance with the exposed landscape of which it forms a prominent feature, and so long as harmonious adaptation of position is a concomitant of the beautiful, will the unassuming pile of Boldon lay claim to that term. The effigy of an ecclesiastic, exquisitely sculptured, lies to the right of the altar."-Billings. The Ch. has lately been restored. It contains a tomb of a Hylton and two stone coffins, discovered 1825. On Boldon Hill, the Scots were repulsed by the Cavaliers under the Marquis of Newcastle, March 24, 1644. In A.D. 680, "the noble Abbat Benedict Biscop," built a monastery on the then green and lonely hill of Jarrow, and dedicated it to St. Paul, having just before built the monastery of Weremouth. Both his foundations were remarkable in that uncivilized age, for being built of stone and having glazed windows. "Such was the change made in the two churches by the use of glass, that the unlettered people avowed a belief, which was handed down as a tradition for many generations, that it never was dark in old Jarrow church.' -British Association, 1863. In 673 Bede was received into the monastery of Weremouth, when he was only 7 years old, and a year before the monastery was entirely completed. Here he was educated by Biscop, and at his death removed to the monastery of Jarrow, (then governed by Ceolfrid) where he passed the rest of his life in study and devotion. Here he was instructed in divinity by Trumberet, pupil of St. Chad of Lichfield; in Greek by Abp. Theodore, who was a Greek by birth; and in church music by John, the arch-chaunter, who had accompanied Biscop from Rome. At the age of 19 he was ordained deacon, at the order of Ceolfrid, by John, Bishop of Hexham (afterwards St. John of Beverley), and remained from that time immersed in study, till, at the age of 30, he was ordained priest by the same bishop. From this time (according to his own statement) till his 59th year, he never ceased to compose annotations and commentaries on the Scripture for his own benefit and that of his brethren. Encouraged by the advice of Acca, Bp. of Lindisfarne, he also wrote the Life of St. Cuthbert,' various other Lives of the Saints,' Hymns,' 'Epigrams, and a Treatise on the Art of Poetry; but his most important work was his Ecclesiastical History of the Nations of the An- | gles,' which was undertaken at the request of Ceolwulph, king of Northumbria, whose own interest in a learned and monastic life was such, that, three years after Bede's death, he himself became a monk at Lindisfarne. This history, in five books, was translated into Saxon by King Alfred. Copies of the Vulgate New Test. and of Cassiodorus on the Psalms, in the handwriting of Bede, are preserved in the Chapter Library at Durham. Much time was also devoted by Bede to teaching, and among his pupils were Claudius and Clement, first teachers of literature in France; Huæbert, who succeeded Ceolfrid as Abbot of Jarrow; Cuthbert, who succeeded Huæbert; and Nothelmus, afterwards Abp. of Canterbury. Through his pupils and his works the fame of Bede became widely known even in his lifetime, and Pope Sergius invited him to Rome, that he might do him honour; but he refused to leave his cell, where, besides fulfilling the duties of a priest, he was constantly employed in the work of the monastery, which he describes as including the winnowing and thrashing of corn, giving milk to the lambs and calves, and the employments of the garden, kitchen, and bakehouse. In March, 735, he became ill, and died in the monastery of Jarrow, on the 26th of May, aged 62. His end is thus described by one of his pupils, who was present: "During these (his last) days he laboured to compose two works well worthy to be remembered, besides the lessons we had from him, and singing of Psalms, viz., he translated the Gospel of St. John into our own tongue, for the benefit of the Church, and some collections out of the Book of Notes of Bishop Isidorus, saying, 'I will not have my lads read a falsehood, and to labour herein after my death, without any advantage.' When the 6 Tuesday before Ascension came, he began to be more vehemently distempered, but he passed all that day pleasantly, and dictated, and now and then, among other things, said, Go on quickly; I know not how long I shall hold out, and whether my Maker will soon take me away.' But to us he seemed very well to know the time of his departure; and so he spent the night, waking, in thanksgiving; and the morning appearing, that is, Wednesday, he ordered that we should speedily write what he had begun; and, this done, we walked to the third hour with the relics of saints, according to the custom of that day. There was one of us with him, who said to him, 'Most dear Master, there is still one chapter wanting; do you think it troublesome to be asked any more questions?' He answered, 'It is no trouble; take your pen, and make ready, and write fast:' which he did; but at the ninth hour he said to me, 'Run quickly, and bring the priests of our monastery to me.' He spoke to every one of them, admonishing and entreating that they would carefully say masses prayers for him, which they readily promised; but they all mourned and wept, especially because he said, that they should no more see his face in this world.' They rejoiced for that he said, 'It is time that I return to Him who formed me out of nothing. I have lived long; my merciful Judge well foresaw my life for me; the time of my dissolution draws nigh, for I desire to be dissolved and to be with Christ.' Having said much more, he passed the day joyfully till the evening; and the above-mentioned boy said, 'Dear Master, there is yet one sentence not written.' He answered, • Write quickly.' Soon after, the boy said, The sentence is now written.' He replied, 'You have said true; it is ended. Receive my head into your hands, for it is a great satisfaction to and 66 me to sit facing my holy place where | them. It is related that a short time I was wont to pray, that I may also before, when a French bishop, on his sitting call upon my Father, and on return from Scotland, visited the the pavement of His little place, shrines of Cuthbert and Bede, he singing, "Glory be to the Father, offered a baubee," the smallest of and to the Son, and to the Holy Scottish coins, to St. Cuthbert, sayGhost." When he had named the ing, "If thou art a saint, pray for Holy Ghost, he breathed his last, me," but at the shrine of Bede he and so departed to the heavenly offered a French crown, requesting kingdom. All that beheld the his prayers, "because he was a blessed father's death, said they had saint." never seen any other expire in so much devotion and tranquillity. For, as long as his soul remained in his body, he never ceased with his hands to give thanks to the true and living God, saying, Glory be to the Father,' and other spiritual expressions, with his palms expanded." Bede was buried in Jarrow church in the S. porch, which was dedicated to him. His tomb was inscribed, according to Wm. of Malmesbury, with the epitaph, "Presbyter hic Beda requiescit carne sepultus Dona Christi animam in cœlis gaudere per ævum, Digne illi sophiae debriari fonti cui jam His fame spread rapidly. Pope Boniface, in one of his epistles, calls him the "Candle of the English Church," and his successor, Lucius, sent a present of a vestment to the relics of "Bede of Blessed Memory." Before the 12th centy. he acquired the epithet "Venerable." Continual pilgrimages were made to his tomb at Jarrow till the time of Edward the Confessor, when his relics were carried to Durham by Egfrid, a priest, and placed in the coffin of St. Cuthbert. Hence they were removed by Bishop Pudsey, in 1154, to be enclosed in a gorgeous casket of gold and silver on a shrine in his newly-built chapel of the Galilee, The shrine was destroyed at the Reformation, but the bones which it supported were buried beneath its site, and the large table monument, which still remains, was erected over "O venerable Bede! The saint, the scholar, from a circle freed beat on a wild coast, rough monitors to feed The monastery was burnt by the Danes in 867, and remained desolate for two centuries, till it was granted by Bp. Walcher to Aldwin, a Mercian monk (1074), in whose time the ch. was rebuilt, and the monastery partially re-established. In 1079, the mangled remains of Bishop Walcher (see Rte. 1) were brought here for interment. In 1083, Bishop Carileph moved the monks to Dur ham, after which the monastery was scantily filled, and, like Weremouth, was governed by a Master." The ancient ch. is still standing, amid the remains of monastic walls, rising on a low hill above the pitmen's cottages and blackened waters of the Slake. "Could Bede see it now, he would imagine chaos come again. He would see the whole breadth of the river occupied with a host of vessels of all nations; scores of tall chimneys vomiting volumes of black smoke; houses clustered right and left, as far as the eye can reach, half lost in reeks and vapours of a thousand sorts, issuing from coke and brick kilns, from forges and |