Consult: Jones, The History of Georgia, to 1783 (Boston, 1883); McCall, History of Georgia, to 1816 (Savannah, 1816); Stephens, War Between the States (Philadelphia, 1879); Avery, History of Georgia from 1850 to 1881 (New York, 1884).

GEORGIA, STRAIT OF. The main section of the arm of the North Pacific Ocean which separates Vancouver Island from the mainland. It lies between Vancouver on the west and British Columbia on the east (Map: British Columbia, D 5). It averages perhaps 25 miles in width, and is comparatively deep, having soundings of over 1000 feet. It receives the water of the Fraser River (q.v.) and some smaller streams, and communicates with the open ocean by Queen Charlotte Sound in the north, and by the Strait of Juan de Fuca in the south.

GEORGIA, UNIVERSITY OF. An institution of higher education, chartered in 1785, and formally opened at Athens, Ga., in 1801. Its government is vested in a board of trustees appointed by the Governor. At the outbreak of the Civil War the faculty and most of the students joined the Confederate Army, and the institution remained closed until 1866. The proceeds of the sales of lands received by Georgia under the United States Land Grant Act of 1862 were transferred to the university in 1872, and the university, which in its inception was designed as a classical school, has, since the close of the Civil War, broadened its scope, and in 1902 comprised: Franklin College; the State College of Agriculture; the Graduate School; the Law School; the North Georgia Agricultural College, situated at Dahlonega; the Medical College, situated at Augusta; the School of Technology, situated at Atlanta; the Normal and Industrial School for Girls, situated at Milledgeville; the State Normal School; and the Industrial College for colored persons, which includes a wellequipped trade department. The total attendance, including 658 preparatory students, in 1902 was 2689. The library contains about 30.000 volumes, and the university owns twelve buildings. The running expenses of the university are partly defrayed by an annual State grant of $8000.

GEORGIA BARK. See PINCKNEYA.

GEORGIAN (jor'jan) ARCHITECTURE. The style of architecture in England prevailing during the reigns of the four Georges, and corresponding to the Colonial style in the United States. It was an adaptation of the Italian or Palladian style to English requirements, in which it lost the greater part of the sculpture and carved ornament of the Italian prototype, but gained, on the other hand, in freedom and picturesqueness of detail, and never fell into the extravagances and bad taste of contemporary Italian work. Hawksmoor, James Gibbs, the architect of Saint-Martin's-in-the-Fields, London, Colin Campbell, the Adam brothers, Sir William Chambers, architect of Somerset House, London, Robert Taylor, and George Dance, are among the most notable architects of this period, to which American architecture owes the models which, in the second half of the eighteenth century, were followed generally in the design of the so-called Colonial churches and mansions of New England and the South. This neo-classic style was merged during the later Georgian period into the

modern style, and lasted, roughly, from c.1715 to 1800.

GEORGIAN BAY. An eastern extension of Lake Huron in the Province of Ontario, Can., about 120 miles long and 50 miles wide, and with depths exceeding 300 feet in the southwestern section (Map: Ontario, C 2). It is partly cut off from Lake Huron by a peninsular extension of Ontario and Manitoulin Island, and is connected with the lake by a short channel 20 miles wide south of this island, and by the long North Channel north of it.

GEORGIAN, or IBERIAN, or GRUSINIAN LANGUAGE. The principal language of the Caucasian group of dialects. This family of languages is divided into North and South Caucasian, the former group comprising Abkhasish, Avarish, Kasikumük or Lak, Arkish, Hürkanish, Kürinish, Udish, Tchetchentsish, and Thushish, and the latter division consisting of Georgian itself, Mingrelish, Lazish, and Suanish. The Caucasian languages, which are, broadly speaking, agglutinative in type, although they show inflection in many instances, are comparatively poor in vowels, but they abound in difficult combinations of consonants, especially of gutturals and sibilants. The noun and the verb are highly complicated, and the North Caucasian distinguishes in gender between the six categories of animate and inanimate, rational and irrational, masculine and feminine. The number system in most of the dialects is vigesimal. The Georgian is the only Caucasian dialect that has developed a literature; it begins with a translation of the Bible in the eighth century. This literature is written in a modified Armenian script, and it is quite considerable in extent. It embraces poetry, romance, history, and theology, and it reached the period of its highest development during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. The best general outline of the Caucasian languages, including Georgian, is that of Friedrich Müller in Grundriss der Sprachwis senschaft, vol. iii., sec. 2 (Vienna, 1887). Consult also: Erckert, Die Sprachen des kaukasischen Stammes (Vienna, 1895); Brosset, Eléments de la grammaire géorgienne (Paris, 1836); Dictionnaire géorgien-russe-français (Saint Petersburg, 1840); Leist, Georgische Dichter verdeutscht (Leipzig, 1887).

GEORGIANS. The Georgians, or Kartvelians, form the southern group of peoples of the Caucasus, which includes the following stocks, whose languages appear, though in part only distantly related, to have had a common origin: (1) The Georgians proper, or Grusians, with the Khevsurs, Thushes, Pshavs, and other mountain tribes, the Imers, the Gurians, etc.; (2) the Mingrelians, with the Lazes, Abkhasians, etc.: '(3) the Suanitians, or Swans, of Kutais. Physically the Georgian peoples are of the white, not the yellow race, but rather mixed, the Georgians proper being brachycephalic, the Imers and Mingrelians more or less dolichocephalic; the Imers, too, have a less oval face, but Pantiukhoff (1893) considers them to represent best the primitive Georgian race, while Ripley (1899) takes the Mingrelian as typical of this group. The physical beauty of the men and women of the Georgians proper has long been famous, but Chantre (1885) and after him Ripley style it "a perfectly formal, cold, and unintelligent beauty, in no

GEOTROPISM IN PLANTS.

593

not so well marked off from that of bending as in roots. It may extend throughout the whole growing region. Also any region where growth is taking place has the power of curving under this influence. The response is similar to that in roots, but in shoots the region where growth is accelerated is on the under side when placed horizontal. In certain regions where growth has ceased it may be renewed under the influence of geotropic stimulation, and curvature may. then ensue. Examples of this are found in the mature joints of grass-stems; also in those of the common wandering-Jew (Tradescantia). These bend sharply when placed horizontal, in which position they are stimulated by gravity (Fig. 3). Many organs, such as ordinary foliage leaves, lateral branches, lateral roots, rhizomes, runners, etc., usually show another form of response to Their normal position is horithis stimulus. zontal, and, if displaced, they return to this position by bending. This tendency is dependent on diageotropism. The stalks of certain flowers, such as those of Narcissus and pansy, are diageotropic, so that the flower faces laterallv. In dorsiventral organs, e.g. many leaves, diageotropic response may consist of two movements, a curvature which results in bringing the main axis into the horizontal plane, and a torsion of the whole organ which brings its two surfaces into their normal relation to the surface of the earth.

b

a

or

FIG. 4.

LATERAL GEOTROPISM.

Tip of a twiner, the hop vine, showing low coils first formed, and the retarded development of the upper leaves. After Kerner.

Hydro

Geotropism only in part determines the final position of subterranean plant organs. tropism, chemotropism, traumotropism, etc., all have their effect, and the final position is the resultant of all these reactions. The position of aërial organs is determined largely by geotropism and heliotropism (q.v.). It is difficult to analyze any response and tell to what factor it is due. This can be done best by the use of the clinostat, varying the position of the axis according to the See also APOGEOTROneeds of the experiment. PISM; DIAGEOTROPISM.

GEPHYR EA (Neo-Lat. nom. pl., from Gk. yépupa, gephyra, bridge). A class of Annulata, containing certain marine worms devoid of segmentation in the adult condition, and the larvæ of which are typical trochospheres. The class includes Siphunculus, Echinus, Bonellia, and a few other forms.

GEPIDÆ, jěp'i-dê. A people of Gothic affinities, who in the third century lived on the shores of the Baltic, near the river Vistula. With the Goths they advanced southward and established themselves in what is now the western part of They were subjugated by Attila Hungary. (q.v.), but after his death rose and drove out the They were defeated by Theodoric the Huns. Ostrogoth King, in 489, and in 566 they were conquered by the Lombards. After this the name

disappeared, the remnants of the nation being swallowed up by the Avars.

GEPPERT, gép'pert, KARL EDUARD (1811-81). A German philologist. He was born at Stettin and was educated at Breslau, Leipzig, and Berlin, where he was professor from 1846 until his death. His works include: Ueber die Aussprache des Lateinischen im ältern Drama (1858); Ueber den Ursprung der Homerischen Gesänge (1840), a polemic directed against Ritschl; Die altgriechische Bühne (1843); and editions of the Captivi (1859); the Truculentus (1863); the Poenulus (1864); the Epidicus (1865); the Casina (1866); and other classics. His researches as to the Roman stage, especially as to the plays of Plautus, are valuable, and several public performances of the comedies Trinummus, Menæchmi, and Rudens were organized by him.

GERA, gāʼrå (OHG. Geraha). The capital of the German Principality of Reuss (younger branch), situated on the White Elster about 44 miles east-southeast of Weimar (Map: Germany, E 3). It is well laid out, having been almost entirely rebuilt since the fire of 1780. One of the oldest and most prominent buildings is the Rathaus, erected in 1573-76, on the site of the old thirteenth-century building. The churches are of comparatively recent construction. The pal ace of the Prince, the theatre, and the post-office are noteworthy buildings. Gera has many excellent educational and benevolent institutions, including a number of manual schools. Its industrial output is important. Among the industries is the manufacture of woolens, introduced

from Flanders at the end of the sixteenth century. Gera has an annual production of woolens of over $14,000,000, and exports considerable quantities to the United States. Other manufactures are carpets, harmonicas, machinery, brick, leather, tobacco, jewelry, etc. There is also an extensive trade in oil, spirits, and drugs. Population, in 1890, 39,670; in 1900, 45,640, principally Protestants. Gera is first mentioned under its present name in the twelfth century, when it belonged to the Abbey of Quedlinburg. It passed to the House of Reuss at the beginning of the fourteenth century.

GERACE, ja-rä'châ. A city in South Italy, 60 miles northeast of Reggio, beautifully situated near the Ionian Sea, on a slope of the Apennines (Map: Italy, L 9). The ruins of the ancient city, Locri Epizephyrii, founded in the seventh century B.C., given laws in the sixth century by Zaleucus, and celebrated by Pindar and Demosthenes for its wealth and cultivation of art, are now concealed by an orange grove. The columns of the cathedral, which was rebuilt after the earthquake of 1783, are ancient. There are iron and coal mines and marble-quarries, and the soil of the district is rich, producing grain, olives, and grapes, the last of exquisite quality. Population of commune, in 1881, 9511; in 1901, 10,595. GERAINT, ge-rant'. A knight in the Arthurian legends. He appears in the Mabinogion romance, Geraint the son of Erbin, the source of which is Chrestien de Troyes's Erec et Enide, and in Tennyson's idyll Geraint and Enid.

GERALD DE BAR'RI. See GIRALDUS DE

BARRI.

GERALDINE, jĕr'al-dín, THE FAIR. The lady to whom the Earl of Surrey's sonnets are ad

dressed; now identified with Lady Elizabeth Fitzgerald, daughter of the ninth Earl of Kildair and, at the time the poems were begun (1537), only nine years old.

GERALDINI, jå'ràl-dē’nê, ALESSANDRO (14551525). The first Roman Catholic Bishop of Santo Domingo. He was born at Amelia, Italy, was educated as a soldier, and in 1475-76 served with the Spanish army against Portugal. Remaining in Spain, he took holy orders, became a friend and counselor of Archbishop Mendoza, of Toledo, and by him was introduced to the Court of Castile, where his learning won for him an appointment as tutor to the royal princesses. His influence at the Court of Ferdinand and Isabella is said to have obtained for Columbus his first interview with the sovereigns. Later in life Geraldini was engaged at various times on important

diplomatic missions, both for the Papacy and for Italian bishoprics. In 1520 he became the first Spain, and held in succession the title to several Bishop of Santo Domingo, and proceeded at once to his new diocese, where he lived for the remainder of his life, and where he exerted his power and influence to make amends for the ruinrule in the island. He wrote a valuable narraous policy that had hitherto marked Spanish of Santo Domingo, in his Itinerarium ad Regiones tive of his voyage to America, and a description sub Equinoctiali Plaga Constitutas Alexandri

Geraldini Amerini, Episcopi Civitatis S. Dominici apud Indos Occidentales (1631). He is the author of a life of Catharine of Aragon, wife of Henry VIII. of England, in hexameter verse, and of several religious treatises.

GERA'NIA'CEÆ. See GERANIUM.

GERA'NIUM (Lat., from Gk. yépavov, gera nion, crane's-bill, from réparos, geranos, crane). A genus of dicotyledonous plants, the type of the order Geraniacea, of which the most important genera are Geranium, Pelargonium, and Erodium. The genus embraces a large number of species, unequally distributed throughout the world. A dozen species are indigenous to Great Britain, of which number the stinking crane'sbill, or herb Robert (Geranium Robertianum), is a common weed. It is a low, spreading herb, with deeply divided leaves and small flowers, and has been used medicinally as an astringent. It is also found in parts of the United States. Alum Root (q.v.), a North American species, with flowers of considerable beauty, is the most valuable medicinally of all the species. It is very astringent and abounds in tannin, a character which belongs to some extent to many species of the genus.

The common name, 'crane's-bill," is given to many of the species of Geranium, on account of the long-beaked fruit, which in splitting aids in scattering the seeds. Geranium tuberosum, of Southern Europe, and Geranium dissectum, the wild carrot of Australia, produce edible tubers. The species of Geranium are not extensively cultivated, the plants so widely grown under that name being species of the genus Pelargonium, of which there are about 125 species, mostly natives of the Cape of Good Hope. These plants are prized on account of the colors of the flowers and the shape and marking of the leaves. Many hybrids have been produced, and there is hardly a better-known window plant. They are easily propagated by cuttings, requiring a light, rich soil and good drainage. A number of species