Caledonian Canal, from the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. The act for its construction received the royal assent 27 July, 1803; and the works were commenced same year. The nautical intercourse between the western ports of Great Britain and those also of Ireland to the North Sea and Baltic is shortened in some instances 800, and in others 1000 miles. A sum exceeding a million sterling was granted by parliament from time to time; and safe navigation for ships was opened 1 Nov. 1822. It has not been successful commercially. Annual income from tonnage, 1 May, 1859, 50807.; expenditure, 69517.; annual income, 1866-7, 65417.; expenditure, 66987. Calendar, see Jewish Era and Calendar. The Roman calendar was introduced by Romulus, who divided the year into ten months, comprising 304 days, 738 b.c. This year was of fifty days' less duration than the lunar year, and of sixty-one less than the solar year, and its commencement did not correspond with any fixed season. Numa Pompilius, 713 B.C., added two months; and Julius Cæsar, 45 B.C., to make it more correct, fixed the solar year at 365 days 6 hours, every fourth year being bissextile, or leap-year; see Leap-year. This calendar was defective, as the solar year consists of 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes, and not of 365 days 6 hours. This difference, in the sixteenth century, amounted to 10 en tire days, the vernal equinox falling on 11th instead of 21st March. To obviate this error, pope Gregory XIII. ordained, in 1582, that that year should consist of 355 days only (5 Oct. became 15 Oct.); and, to prevent further irregularity, it was determined that a year ending a century should not be bissextile, with the exception of that ending each fourth century; thus 1700 and 1800 have not been bissextile, nor will 1900 be so; but the year 2000 will be a leap-year. In this manner three days are retrenched in 400 years, because the lapse of eleven minutes makes three days in about that period. The year of the calendar is thus made as nearly as possible to correspond with the true solar year, and future errors of chronology are avoided; see New Style and French Revolutionary Calendar. CORRESPONDENCE OF CALENDARS WITH A.D. 1881. Julian period.... first brought to England by the East India Company in 1631. Calico-printing and the Dutch loom-engine were first used in 1676, when a Frenchman established a factory at Richmond, near London.-Anderson. Calicoes were prohibited to be printed or worn in 1700; and again in 1721 a penalty of 51. was laid on the wearer, and 20%. on the seller of calico. In 1831, by the exertions of Mr. Poulett Thompson, afterwards lord Sydenham, and others, the consolidated duty of 34d. on the square yard of printed calico was taken off. Since 1834, the manufacture has been greatly increased by the applications of science. Cylinders for printing are now engraved by the discoveries of Liebig, Hofmann, Perkin, etc.; see Colgalvanism, and many new dyes have been introduced by ton and Dyeing. Cali Yuga, the Hindoo era of the Deluge, dates from 3101 B.C. (according to some, 3102), and begins with the entrance of the sun into the Hindoo sign Aswin, now on 11 April, N.S. In 1600 the year began on 7 April, N.S., from which it has now advanced four days, and from the precession of the equinoxes, is still advancing at the rate of a day in sixty years. The number produced by subtracting 3102 from any given year of the Cali Yuga era will be the Christian year in which the given year begins. Calicut (now Kolikod), S.W. India, the first Indian port visited by Vasco da Gama, 20 May, 1498. It was seized by Hyder Ali, 1766, taken by the English, 1782; destroyed by Tippoo Saib, 1789; ceded to the English, 1792. California (from the Spanish Caliente Fornalla, hot furnace, in allusion to the climate), was discovered by Cortez in 1537; others say by Cabrillo in 1542; and visited by sir Francis Drake, who named it New Albion, in 1579. California was a province of Mexico, after the revolution in 1824. Its coasts were explored by the United States naval expedition under commander Wilkes in 1841-3, co-operating with a land expedition under capt. Fremont. It was again explored by Fremont in 1845-6. In July, 1846, San Francisco was taken possession of by com. Montgomery. During that summer a military government was established there by American commanders on the coast. The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (which see) secured California to the United States in 1848. A state constitution was framed by a convention held at Monterey in Aug. 1849; in Dec. it was adopted by a popular chosen the first governor. the Union in Sept. 1850. wealth and importance. 506,067; in 1880, 864,686. vote, and P. H. Burnet was California was admitted into It is advancing rapidly in The population in 1856 was 6594 Year of the world (Jewish year) 6 Sept. 1880-23 Sept. 1881... The Spanish establish missionary and military stations. 1698 California becomes subject to Mexico... 1824 5641 After a bloodless revolution, it becomes virtually independent.. 1836 Foundation of Rome (Varro).. 1816 United States' Independence. ..Sept. 1847 1848 Year of Queen Victoria....... 2634 Occupied by the army of the United States.. 105-106 Gold discovered in great abundance by capt. Sutter and .44-45 Mr. Marshall... Comte, in his "Système de Politique Positive" (instituting the Religion of Humanity "), published a calendar of 13 months, dedicated successively to Moses, Homer, Aristotle, Archimedes, Cæsar, Paul, Charlemagne, Dante, Guttenberg, Shakespeare, Descartes, Frederic, and Bichat; an eminent person was commemorated every day. Calender, a machine used in glazing various kinds of cloth, was introduced into England by the Huguenots, who were driven by persecution from France, Holland, and the Netherlands to these countries, about 1685. Anderson. Calends were the first days of the Roman months. The Nones of March, May, July, and Oct. fell on the 7th, and their Ides on the 15th. The other months had the Nones on the 5th and the Ides on the 13th. As the Greeks had no Calends, "on the Greek Calends," ad Græcas Calendas, meant never. Calico, cotton cloth, named from Calicut, a city of India, visited by the Portuguese in 1498. Calico was Ceded to the United States.. 1850 1853-60 1861-4 Made a sovereign state... Numerous murders in San Francisco-Lynch law preAdhered to the Union during the war... vailing. Suffered much damage by an earthquake.......21 Sept. 1868 Bank of California, long very prosperous, stops through unsuccessful speculations, suspected suicide of "the prince," Wm. C. Ralston, manager......about 25 Aug. 1875 Great opposition to increasing Chinese immigration, March, 1876 New constitution (excluding Chinese from citizenship; Political agitation led by Dennis Kearney... ...Aug. 1878 altering taxation to favor the working-classes; restricting companies, etc.) promoted by Dennis Kearney, Political disorders; Mr. de Young, an editor, dangerously the agitator; passed... .8 May, 1879 wounds rev. Mr. Kalloch, the elected mayor..... Aug. De Young murdered by Kalloch's son..... Violent reaction against Kearney... Caliph (Arabic), Vicar, or Lieutenant, the title assumed by the sophi of Persia, as successor of Ali, and, since 1517, by the sultan of Turkey, as successor of Mahomet and sovereign of Mecca and Medina. The caliphat began with Abubeker, the father of the prophet's second wife. The Fatimite caliphs ruled in Egypt, 908-1171. CALIPHS OF ARABIA. 632. Abubeker. 634. Omar I. 644. Othman. 655. Ali. 661. Hassan. The OMMIADES ruled 661-750. The ABBASSIDES ruled 750-1258. In 775 they were styled caliphs of Bagdad. (See Ommiades and Abbassides.) Calippic Period, invented by Calippus, about 330 B.C., to correct the Metonic cycle, consists of four cycles, or of seventy-six years, at the expiration of which he incorrectly imagined the new and full moons return to the same day of the solar year. This period began about the end of June, third year or 112th Olympiad, year of Rome 424, and 330 B.C. Calixtins. 1. A sect derived from the Hussites, about 1420 demanded the cup (Greek, káλvž) in the Lord's supper. They were also called Utraquists, as partaking of both elements. They were reconciled to the Roman church at the council of Basle, 1433. 2. The followers of George Calixtus, a Lutheran, who died in 1656. He wrote against the celibacy of the priesthood, and proposed a reunion of Catholics and Protestants based on the Apostles' Creed. Callao (Peru). After an earthquake, the sea retired from the shore, and returned in mountainous waves, which destroyed the city in 1687, and on 28 Oct. 1746. The attempt of the Spanish admiral Nuñez to bombard Callao, 2 May, 1866, was defeated by the Peruvians; blockaded by Chilians, April, 1880; see Chili. Calligraphy (beautiful writing). Callicrates is said to have written an elegant distich on a sesamum seed, 472 B.C. In the sixteenth century Peter Bales wrote the Lord's Prayer, Creed, and Decalogue, two short Latin prayers, his own name, motto, day of the month, year of our Lord, and of the reign of queen Elizabeth (to whom he presented them at Hampton Court), all within the circle of a silver penny, enchased in a ring and border of gold, and covered with crystal, so accurately done as to be plainly legible.-Holinshed. Calmar, UNION OF. The treaty whereby Denmark, Sweden, and Norway were united under one sovereign, Margaret, queen of Sweden and Norway, "the Semiramis of the North," June, 1397; see Sweden. The union was dissolved by Gustavus Vasa in 1523. Calpee, India. Sir Hugh Rose defeated the mutineers here, and took the town, 22, 23 May, 1858. Calvary, MOUNT, the place where the Redeemer suffered death, 5 April, A.D. 30 (Hales, 31; Clinton, 29; others, 38); see Luke xxiii. 33. Adrian, at the time of his persecution of the Christians, erected a temple of Jupiter on Mount Calvary, and a temple of Adonis on the manger at Bethlehem, 142. The empress Helena built a church here about 326; see Holy Plac s. Calves' Head Club, noblemen and gentlemen, who are said to have exposed raw calves' heads at the windows of a tavern, 30 Jan. 1735, the anniversary of the execution of Charles I. An incensed mob was dispersed, and the club was suppressed. Calvi (Corsica). The British forces besieged the After fifty-nine days, fortress of Calvi, 12 June, 1794. it surrendered on 10 Aug. It surrendered to the French in 1796. Calvinists, named after John Calvin (or Chauvin), who was born at Noyon, in Picardy, 10 July, 1509. Adopting the reformed doctrines, he fled to Angoulême, where he composed his "Institutio Christianæ Religionis" in 1533; published in 1536. He retired to Basle, and settled in Geneva, where he died, 27 May, 1564. He was instrumental in burning Servetus for denying the Trinity in 1553. A formal separation between the Calvinists and Lutherans took place after the conference of Poissy in 1561, where the former expressly rejected the tenth and other articles of the Confession of Augsburg, and took the name of Calvinists. In France (see Huguenots) they took up arms against their persecutors. Henry IV., originally a Calvinist, on becoming king, secured their liberty by the Edict of Nantes in 1598 (which see). Calvinistic doctrines appear in the articles of the church of England and in the confession of the church of Scotland, and are held by many Protestant sects. Camaldules, or CAMALDOLITES, a religious order founded at Camaldoli, near Florence, by Romuald about 1022. Cambium Regis, see Royal Exchange. Cambodia (central Asia), a kingdom divided between the emperor of Annam and the king of Siam, 1820. Cambray (N. France), the ancient Camaracum, was in the middle ages the capital of a prince bishop subject to the emperor. It gives its name to cambric. cils held here 1064, 1303, 1383, 1565. Held by Louis XI. of France.. Taken by Charles V... By the Spaniards... Coun .1477-8 1544 1595 1667 1695 By the French and annexed.. Fénelon made archbishop. The French were defeated at Caesar's camp, in the neighborhood, by the allied army under the duke of York, 24 April, 1794 It was invested by the Austrians, 8 Aug., when the republican general, Declay, replied to the summons to surrender, that "he knew not how to do that, but his soldiers knew how to fight." It was taken by Clairfait, the Austrian general. 10 Sept. 1798 Cambray seized by the British, under sir Charles Col ville.. ..24 June, 1815 ..10 Dec. 1508 League of Cambray against the republic of Venice, comprising pope Julius II., the emperor Maximilian, and Louis XII. of France, and Ferdinand of Spain, entered into. Treaty between Francis I. of France and Charles V. of Germany (called Pair des Dames, because negotiated by Louisa of Savoy, mother of the French king, and Margaret of Austria, aunt of the emperor).... Treaty between the emperor Charles VI. and Philip V. of Spain.. 1329 1724-5 Cambria, ancient name of Wales (which see). Cambric first made at Cambray; worn in England, and accounted a great luxury, 1580.-Stow. Its importation restricted in 1745; prohibited in 1758; readmitted, 1786; prohibited, 1795. Caloyers (meaning good old men). The monks of the Greek church, of the order of St. Basil. Their most Cambridge, the Roman Camboricum and the Saxcelebrated monastery in Asia is at Mount Sinai, endowed on Granta bricsir, frequently mentioned by the earliest by Justinian (died 565); the European one is at Mount | British historians, was burned by the Danes in 870 and Athos. 1010. Plundered by the Barons.. The university, said to have been commenced by Sigebert, king of the East Angles, about A.D. 630; was neglected during the Danish invasions, from which it suffered much; was restored by Edward the elder in 915; and began to revive about... 1088 1110 Henry I. bestows many privileges.. University press was set up.. Letters-patent granted by Henry VIII. The university authorized to send two members to parlia- Garrisoned by Cromwell. 1381 1571 1603 1642 The university refuses the degree of M. A. to Father Fran- Cambridge Philosophical Society established in 1819, and Railway to London opened... 1747 1832 ...June, 1845 Fitzwilliam Museum, endowed 1816; founded 1837; completed... 1847 Commissioners were appointed for the government and extension of this university and Eton College, by 19 & 20 Vict. c. 88.... New statutes confirmed by the queen.. British Association met here.. Visit of prince and princess of Wales... 1856 1858 .1833, 1845, 1862 .2-4 June, 1864 .....16 June, 1870 Cambridge (Mass.), the seat of Harvard University and a principal centre of American literary activity. The town was founded by governor Winthrop in 1630, and called Newtown. In 1636 the general court of the colony appropriated 4007. to establish a school of high grade at Cambridge, and in 1638 the Rev. John Harvard further endowed this school, which took the name of Harvard College. The institution is the oldest and one of the most celebrated universities in the United States. During the British occupation of Boston the American army occupied Cambridge, and there Washington assumed command in 1775. The city of Cambridge was incorporated in 1846. Population in 1880, 52,740. Cambuskenneth, near Stirling (central Scotland). Here Wallace defeated the English under Warrenne and Cressingham, 10 Sept. 1297. The abbey, one of the richest in Scotland, was founded by king David I. in 1147; was spoiled and the fabric nearly destroyed by the reformers in 1559. Camden (S. C.). Here, 16 Aug. 1780, lord Cornwallis defeated the revolted Americans, under Gates. At a second battle (also called Hobkirk's Hill), between gen. Greene and lord Rawdon, the Americans were again defeated, 25 April, 1781. Camden was evacuated and burned by the British, 13 May, 1781. Camden Society, established 1838, publishes British historical documents. 134 volumes had been issued July, 1881. Camden Town, N. W. London, begun by land let for building 1400 houses by earl Camden in 1791; received his name a few years after. Camel, DAY OF THE, 4 Nov. 656 (according to some, 658 or 659), when Talha and Zobeir, rebel Arab chiefs, were defeated and slain by the caliph Ali. Ayesha, Mahomet's widow, friend of the chiefs, was present in a litter, on a camel; hence the name. Camera - lucida, invented by Dr. Hooke about 1674; another by Dr. Wollaston in 1807. Camera-obscura, or DARK CHAMBER, constructed, it is said, by Roger Bacon in 1297; improved by Baptista Porta, about 1500; and remodelled by sir Isaac Newton. By the invention of M. Daguerre, in 1839, the pictures of the camera are fixed; see Photography. Cameron's Act, DR., see Debtors, 1880. Cameronians, a name frequently given to the Reformed Presbyterian church of Scotland, the descendants of the Covenanters of the seventeenth century, the established church, 1638-50.* Charles II. signed the League and Covenant in 1650, in hopes of recovering his kingdoms, but renounced it in 1661, and revived episcopacy. A revolt ensued in 1666, when many Covenanters were slain in battle (in the Pentland hills, etc.); and many, refusing to take the oaths required, and declining to accept the king's indulgence, died on the scaffold, after undergoing cruel tortures. The name Cameronian is derived from Richard Cameron, one of their ministers, who was killed in a skirmish in 1680. On 22 June in that year he and others issued at Sanquathar a declaration for religious liberty. The bi-centenary was kept in 1688 1880. In 1689 they raised a body of soldiers to support 1748 William III., who enrolled them under the command of lord Angus, as the 26th regiment, since so famous. In 1712 they renewed their public covenants, and are de1840 scribed in one of their tracts as "the suffering anti.28 Feb. 1847 popish, and anti-prelatical, anti-erastian, true Presbyterian church of Scotland." They have now between thirty and forty congregations in Scotland.-The 79th regiment (Cameron Highlanders), raised in 1793 by Allan 1632 Cameron, has no connection with the Cameronians. 1663 1684 They were frequently called hill-men or mountain men, 1702 and society people (from the places and modes of worship to 1704, 1749 which they were frequently reduced); and McMillanites, from 1707 John McMillan, their first minister, after their secession from 1724 the church of Scotland on account of its subserviency to the 1783 English government, and its declining from its original rigid 1808 principles. They assumed the name of the "Reformed Pres1863 byterian Church" on May 25, 1876, and soon after united with 1869 the Free Church of Scotland. 1768 .31 Dec. 1861 founded 1540 Camisards (from chemise, Latin camisa, a shirt, which they frequently wore over their dress in night attacks), a name given to the French Protestants in the neighborhood of the Cévennes (mountain-chains in S. France), who, after enduring much severe persecution in consequence of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, 22 Oct. 1685, took up arms in July, 1702, to rescue some imprisoned brethren. They revenged the cruelties of their enemies, and maintained an obstinate resistance against the royalist armies commanded by marshal Montrevel and other distinguished generals till 1705, when the insurrection was suppressed by marshal Villars. After futile conciliatory efforts, several of the heroic leaders suffered death rather than surrender. Cavalier, an able general, unable to carry out a treaty made with Villars, seceded in 1704, entered the British service, and died governor of Jersey, 1740. Camlet, formerly made of silk and camel's hair, but now of wool, hair, and silk. Oriental camlet first came here from Portuguese India in 1660.—Anderson. Camorra, a secret society of plunderers and ratteners, exacting money from the shopkeepers and traders, in Naples (said to have originated from the extreme destitution of the lower classes); tolerated under the Bourbons; checked by the king of Italy; about 80 Camorristi seized and transported, Sept.-Oct. 1874. Many Camorristi seized in the markets at Naples, 30 Aug. and 1 Sept. et seq. 1877. Camp. The Hebrew encampment was first laid out by divine direction, 1490 B.C. (Numb. ii.). The Romans and Gauls had intrenched camps in open plains; and vestiges of such exist to this day in England and Scotland. A camp was formed in Hyde Park in 1745 and 1814; see Chobham, Aldershot, and Kildare. Campagna, near Rome. Its drainage and planting were authorized by the Italian senate, 31 May, 1878. Campania (S. Italy), was occupied by Hannibal and various cities declared in his favor 216 B.C.; conquered by the Romans, 213. Its capital was Capua (which see). Campbell's Acts, introduced by John Campbell, lord chancellor. 1. Against libels and slanders, 6 & 7 Vict. c. 96 (1843), and 8 & 9 Vict. c. 75 (1845). 2. To compel railway companies to make compensation for injuries by culpable accidents, 9 & 10 Vict. c. 93 (1846). 3. Against obscene publications, prints, etc., 20 & 21 Vict. c. 83 (1857). In accordance with the second act, the family of a gentleman killed through the breaking of a rail, obtained a verdict for 13,000l. from the Great Northern Railway Company. On appeal the sum was reduced. Campbellites, or Rowites, a name given to the followers of the rev. John McLeod Campbell, minister of Row, Dumbartonshire, who, on 24 May, 1831, was deposed by the general assembly of the church of Scotland for teaching the universality of the atonement, and other doctrines contrary to the church's standard. Campbell established a congregation in Glasgow in 1833. The "Disciples of Christ" (which see) are also sometimes termed Campbellites. Dr. Campeachy Bay (Yucatan, Central America), discovered about 1517, and settled by Spaniards in 1540; taken by the English in 1659, by the buccaneers in 1678, and by the freebooters of St. Domingo in 1685. These last burned the town and blew up the citadel. The English logwood-cutters made their settlement here about 1662. Camperdown: south of the Texel, Holland, near which admiral Duncan defeated the Dutch fleet, commanded by admiral De Winter; the latter losing fifteen ships, either taken or destroyed, 11 Oct. 1797. The British admiral was made lord Duncan of Camperdown. He died suddenly on his way to Edinburgh, 4 Aug. 1804. Campo Formio (N. Italy). Here a treaty was concluded between France and Austria; the latter yielding the Low Countries and the Ionian Islands to France, 9 CAN and Milan, Mantua, and Modena to the Cisalpine re- at Pisa, surrounded by an arcade erected by archbishop Camps, see Aldershot, Chobham, and Kildare. Campus Raudius, near Verona, N. Italy. Here the Cimbri were defeated with great slaughter by Marius and Catulus, 101 B.C. tled by the Canaanites, 1965 B.C. (Clinton, 2088). Canaan (Palestine) is considered to have been setland was divided among the Israelites by Joshua, 1445 The (Hales, 1602). Sebastian Cabot, 24 June, 1497. In 1524, a French expeCanada (N. America), was discovered by John and dition under Verazzani formed a settlement named New France, and in 1535 Jacques Cartier (a Breton mariner), ascended the St. Lawrence as far as the site of Montreal; see Montreal and Quebec. Canada has been termed "the Dominion" since its incorporation with the other American colonies, 1 July, 1867. 1608 1632 First permanent settlement: Quebec founded.. March, 1776 Legislative council established; the French laws con- United States army, under gen. Hull, invade Canada; de- 1791 1793 ..16 Aug. 1812 24 Dec. 1814 .1817 et seq. ..July, 1836 Montreal by a 1837 Opposition to Canada clergy reserves... 14 Dec. 66 .5 Jan. 1838 ..16 Jan. ..12 April, ..9 Oct. Acts relating to government of Lower Canada, passed in Feb. 1838, and.. governor. 66 .Aug. 1839 .Sept. .10 Feb. 1840 Chas. Powlett Thompson (afterwards lord Sydenham), Oct. 1841 Feb. 1843 March, 1846 Oct. 46 Sir Chas. T. (aft. lord) Metcalfe, governor.. ment. On reference made to the queen, Ottawa, formerly By Aug. 1858 46 town, appointed the capital; this decision unpopular, Canada raises a regiment of soldiers (made one of the line, and called the 100th). The prince of Wales presents the colors at Shorncliff, 10 Jan. 1859 The prince of Wales, the duke of Newcastle, etc., arrived at St. John's, Newfoundland, 24 July; visit Halifax, 30 July; Quebec, 18 Aug.; Montreal, 25 Aug.; Ottawa, 1 Sept.; leave Canada, 20 Sept.; after visiting the United States embark at Portland, 20 Oct.; and arrive at Plymouth.. ..15 Nov. 1860 Lord Monck assumes office as governor-general. .28 Nov. 1861 In consequence of the Trent affair (see United States, 1861), 3000 British troops sent to Canada; warlike prepBritish N. American Association founded in London..Jan. 1862 arations made. .Dec. "" Cartier's ministry defeated on Militia bill; Mr. J. Sandfield Macdonald premier..... .......20-23 May, 1862 The assembly vote only 5000 militia and 5000 reserve towards the defence of the country; this causes discontent in England. ..July, .20 May, 1863 ..Sept. ..Sept. 1864 20 Oct. Mr. J. Macdonald again premier..... New militia bill passed... Military measures in progress.. Meeting of about 20,000 volunteers; delegates from N. American colonies at Quebec, to deliberate on the formation of a confederation, 10 Oct.; agree on the bases, Between 20 and 30 armed confederates quit Canada and enter the little town of St. Albans, Vt.; rob the banks, steal horses and stores, fire, and kill one man, and wound others, and return to Canada, 19 Oct.; 13 are arrested, 21 Oct.; but are discharged, on account of some legal difficulty, by Judge Coursol......14 Dec. Great excitement in United States; gen. Dix proclaims reprisals; volunteers called out in Canada to defend the frontiers; president Lincoln rescinds Dix's proclamation.... The British parliament grant 50,000l. for Canada.. ..Dec. 66 66 The confederation scheme rejected by New Brunswick, 7 March, 1865 defence of 23 March, The St. Albans raiders discharged, 30 March; Mr. Seward gives up claim for their extradition. ... April, Messrs. Galt and Cartier visit England to advocate confederation ....April, The threatened invasion of the Fenians, 9 March; 10,000 volunteers called out.... .15 March, 1866 The Canadian parliament opened, for the first time, at Ottawa; the habeas corpus act suspended; many Fenians flee; 35,000 men under arms (see Fenians), 8 June, Discovery of gold in Hastings county, Canada West.. Nov. Act for the union of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick under the name of the Dominion of Canada, with parliament, to consist of the queen, a senate of 72 members, and a house of commons of 181 members, passed.. The marquess of Lorne and princess Louise land at Halifax... ...25 Nov. 1878 The queen's telegram, Delighted at reception, say so,' 1 Dec. A protectionist budget passed..... 15 March, 1879 Dominion industrial exhibition at Ottawa opened by the marquess of Lorne.. 24 Sept. Fortune Bay affair (Jan. 1878), compensation refused by the earl of Salisbury, granted by lord Granville, but rules affirmed... ...26 Oct. 1880 Return of Canadian prosperity affirmed by the marquess of Lorne... .9 Dec. ..1 Feb. 1881 Contract for new Pacific railway ratified by the assem- Victoria steamer sunk on the Thames, great loss of life 66 Fortune Bay affair; 15,000. awarded. Canals (artificial watercourses). The Imperial canal in China, commenced in the thirteenth century, is said to pass over 2000 miles, and to 41 cities; see Ganges, Suez, and Panama. The canal of Languedoc (Canal du Midi) which joins the Mediterranean with the Atlantic ocean, was completed 1681 That of Orleans from the Loire to the Seine commenced. 1675 Burgundy canal... That between the Baltic and the North sea, at Kiel, opened. That of Bourbon, between the Seine and Oise, commenced 1790 Seine and Loire, opened... 1791 That from the Cattegat to the Baltic... ..1794-1800 The great American Erie canal, 363 miles in length, was commenced 1817; completed.. 1825 That of Amsterdam to the sea.. Ganges canal; completed... .1819-25 1854 Canal between Amsterdam and the North sea opened, 1 Nov. 1876 (See Ganges and Suez Canal.) BRITISH CANALS. 29 March, 1867 Canada Railway Loan Act passed.. .....12 April, Lord Monck sworn in as viceroy of Canada, by virtue of the act for the union of the British provinces in North America.... .......2 July, New parliament meets at Ottawa. Murder of Mr. Darcy McGhee... ....Jan. 1868 ....7 April, A Fenian raid into Canada vigorously repelled by the militia... ..about 24 May, Visit of prince Alfred. ....Sept. et seq. Sir John Young (aft. lord Lisgar), appointed governorgeneral in room of lord Monck (resigned), arrives. 27 Nov. Hudson's Bay territories purchased, subject to conditions, for 300,000l. (see Hudson's Bay)... ..Nov. 1869 In consequence of the resistance of some of the settlers (see Rupert's Land), an expedition, under col. Wolseley, arrived at Fort Garry, and a conciliatory proclamation was issued... .23 July, 1870 Rupert's Land formed into a province, named Manitoba; Mr. Adams G. A. Archibald named the first governor, Aug. Canada Defences Loan Act passed..... .9 Aug. Disputes with United States respecting fishing.. Nov. 66 Opposition to the fishery clauses in the treaty of Washington... The first was by Henry I., when the Trent was joined to the Witham, 1134. Francis Mathew in 1656, and Andrew Yarranton in 1677, in vain strongly urged improvement in internal navigation. In England there are said to be 2800 miles of canals, and 2500 miles of rivers, taking the length of those only that are navigable-total, 5300 miles. (Mr. Porter, in 1851, says 4000 miles.) In Ireland there are 300 miles of canals; 150 of navigable rivers; and 60 miles of the Shannon navigable below Limerick; in all, 510 miles.-Williams. The prosperity of canals, for a time largely checked by the formation of railways, is now greatly revived; and railways are connected with them (1878). INLAND NAVIGATION. New river commenced. Brought to London. Thames made navigable to Oxford, June, 1971 Kennett navigable to Reading.. By the British North America Act, the parliament of Canada may establish new provinces... British Columbia united to the "Dominion Departure of last battalion of royal troops.. Caermarthenshire canal... Droitwich to the Severn.. Duke of Bridgewater's navigation (first great canal) com .29 June, menced (see Bridgewater). A liberal ministry constituted under Mr. Edward Blake, Lord (aft, earl of) Dufferin appointed governor-general; Sir George Cartier, statesman, died. The ministry of sir John Macdonald charged with cor- senate... Northampton navigation.. 1759 1761 23 Dec. 66 Dublin to the Shannon (the Grand).. .1765-1788 Stafford and Worcester, cominenced. Grand Trunk (Trent and Mersey) commenced by Brindley... Forth to Clyde, commenced.. 1766 1768 ... Birmingham to Bilston.. The marquess of Lorne appointed governor-general. 14 Oct. Resignation of ministry; sir John Macdonald forms a about 19 Oct. ...21 Nov. 46 Grand Junction, begun.. Birmingham and Coventry. Monastereven to Athy. 1791 Worcester and Birmingham.. |