Chester le Street, see Durham. Chicago, Illinois, United States, a flourishing city settled in 1831; incorporated 1837; population, 1867, above 200,000; in 1880, 503,304. .1872-3 Chicago was nearly destroyed by fire, occasioned by the upsetting of a paraffine lamp.. .8, 9, 10, 11 Oct. 1871 About 250 perished, and 98,500 were rendered destitute. The loss was reckoned at 290,000,000 dollars. Large sums were collected for relief of the sufferers in London (10,000l. in a few hours) and other British cities, as well as in North America. The area of the fire was computed at from three to five miles square, and about 25,000 buildings were destroyed. The heart of the city was composed of old wooden buildings. The city was rebuilt most energetically... Another great fire; many rendered homeless....14 July, 1874 Chichester (Sussex), built by Cissa, about 540. The cathedral was completed about 1108, burned with the city in 1114, and rebuilt by bishop Seffrid about 1187. The present cathedral was erected during the thirteenth century. The spire fell 20 Feb. 1861; the foundation of a new one was laid 2 May, 1865; completed June, 1866. The cathedral reopened after repairs, 14 Nov. 1867. The bishopric originated thus: Wilfrid, archbishop of York, compelled to flee by Egfrid, king of Northumberland, preached the gospel in this country, and built a church in the Isle of Selsey, about In 681 Selsey became a bishopric, and so continued until it was removed to Chichester; then called Cissan-Caester, from its builder, Cissa, by Stigand, about 1082. This see has yielded to the church two saints, and to the nation three lord chancellors. It is valued in the king's books at 6771. 18. 3d. per annum. Present income, 42001. 673. RECENT BISHOPS OF CHICHESTER, 1798. John Buckner, died 2 May, 1824. 1824. Robert J. Carr, translated to Worcester, Sep. 1831. 1840. Philip Nicholas Shuttleworth, died 7 Jan. 1842. "Chichester" training-ship for homeless London boys, established chiefly by the earl of Shaftesbury and Mr. Williams, in connection with the refuges for destitute children, Great Queen Street. Fifty boys placed in it, 18 Dec. 1866; reported highly successful. The baroness Burdett-Coutts gave 5000l. in 1874. H.M.S. Arethusa was devoted to a similar object, through the instrumentality of the same persons, 3 Aug. 1874. The Goliath training-ship was burned, 22 Dec. 1875; several lives were lost; see Wrecks, 1875. Childermas Day, 28 Dec., of ancient observance by the Roman Church in memory of the slaughter of the Holy Innocents (Matt. ii.). Children. Many ancient nations exposed their infants-the Egyptians on the banks of rivers, and the Greeks on highways-when they could not support or educate them; in such cases, they were protected by the children to the Irish for slaves was prohibited by Canute, The old custom of English parents selling their about 1017; see Foundling, Factory Acts, and Infanticide. state. 1853 Children's Aid Society, N. Y., founded... Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, organized in New York under statute passed in. Children's Dangerous Performances Act (earl de la Warr's act) passed; much needed.. 24 July, 1879 1875 Chili (South America), discovered by Diego de Almagro, one of the conquerors of Peru, 1535. When Almagro crossed the Cordilleras, the natives, regarding the Spaniards on their first visit as allied to the Divinity, collected for them gold and silver amounting to 290,000 ducats, a present which led to the subsequent cruelties and rapacity of the invaders. Chili was subdued, but not wholly, in 1546. Population in 1865, 1,068,447; in 1875, 2,068,447; 1878, 2,136,724. Chili declares its independence of Spain........18 Sept. 1810 War with varying success; decisive victory gained by San Martin over the royal forces at Chacabuco, 12 Feb. 1817; the province declared independent... ......12 Feb. 1818 Present constitution established.. .22 May, 1833 Manuel Montt elected president.. 18 Oct. 1856 Insurrection headed by Pedro Gallo, Dec. 1858, suppressed.. "Guano" isles... April, 1859 13 Sept. 1861 José J. Perez, president... Conflagration of the Jesuits' church at Santiago (see Santiago); more than 2000 persons perished....8 Dec. 1863 Rupture between Chili and Bolivia respecting the Disputes with Spain respecting Peru settled by the Span1 March, 1834 ish minister, 20 May; disavowed by his government, 25 July, J. J. Perez again proclaimed president; vigorous proseReligious toleration enacted. ..July, 1865 cution of the war... .Oct. 66 The Spanish admiral Pareja appears before Valparaiso claiming satisfaction for Chilian intervention in the war with Peru, 17 Sept.; refused 21 Sept.; he declares a blockade, 24 Sept.; Chili declares war against Spain, 29 Sept.; joins Peru.. The Spaniards bombard Valparaiso.. Chickahominy Battles, see Fairoaks, and End of the blockade. United States, June, 1862. Chickamauga Creek, BATTLE OF, fought 19 and 20 Sept. 1863. Bragg (Confederate) crossed Chickamauga Creek on the 18th, and the next day the two armies came into collision by detachments. At night the road, for the possession of which the two armies had fought all day, was held by the National troops. On the 20th, Longstreet and Hood (Confederates) broke through Rosecranz's (National) right, creating utter confusion in that part of the field and compelling Rosecranz to retire to Chattanooga. Thomas, in command of the National left, held his ground, however, and, forming a new line, succeeded in repulsing the Confederate assaults during the rest of the day. At night the National forces retired to Rossville, and on the 21st to Chattanooga. Chicory, the wild endive, or Cichorium Intybus of Linnæus, grows wild in calcareous soils. It was for many years so largely mixed with coffee in England that it became a matter of serious complaint, the loss of revenue being estimated at 100,000l. a year. An excise order was issued interdicting the mixture of chicory with coffee, 3 Aug. 1852. The admixture, however, has since been permitted, provided the word "chicory" be plainly printed on each parcel sold. In 1860 a duty of J. J. Perez re-elected president. F. Errazuriz elected president. Gold mines discovered near Iquique, 66 5 Dec. 31 March, 1866 .14 April, 18 Sept. 18 Sept. 1871 ....Oct. The Tacna (capt. Hyde), overloaded, left Valparaiso, 7 March; soon after sank; 19 (some children) drowned; captain and officers saved; he was reprimanded at Valparaiso, and set free; afterwards seized by orders of the Chilian government at Lota; eventually released, and compensated.. 1874 31 Oct. 1875 .18 Sept. 1876 International exhibition provisionally opened at Santia go, 26 Sept.; to the public. Anibal Pinto, president (till 1881). Chili refuses to recognize a treaty between Peru and Bolivia (6 Feb. 1873) respecting boundaries; they declare war against Chili.. .. April, 1879 The Chilian wooden vessels Esmeralda and Covadonga blockade Iquique; the Peruvian ironclad turret ships (with rams) Huascar and Independencia attempt relief; Esmeralda sunk by Huascar (about 110 perish); Independencia runs ashore while chasing Covadonga; capt. Platts and 6 men climb up Huascar and are killed fighting on the deck.. 21, 23 May, Huascar enters port of Iquique, and captures 2 vessels, 29 July, Blockade of Iquique raised; announced... .....4 Aug. Huascar captured by Chilian fleet off Mejillones, after 6 hours' gallant fight; the admiral and many officers killed. S Oct. Pisagua bombarded and captured by Chilians.....2 Nov. Combined Peruvian and Bolivian army defeated near Iquique (which surrenders) Nov.; again near Tarapaca, which is taken.. about 27 Nov. Naval engagement; dashing conduct of Peruvian vessels, 27 Feb. 1880 Callao blockaded by Chilians; alarm at Lima, แ แ ..Jan. 1881 about 18 April, Battle of Tacna; it is captured by Chilians......26 April, Arica taken by the Chilians.. .8 June, Pierola dictator of Peru; declares for perseverance in the war; excitement at Lima; levy en masse.....28 June, Chilian transport Loa sunk by torpedo by a Peruvian launch apparently laden with fruit; Callao greatly shaken.. .3 July, Chilian vessel Covadonga, bombarding town, sunk by Peruvian torpedoes off Chancay; about 115 perish; severe reprisals. 14 Sept. Chilians storm Lurin, 4 Jan.; defeat the Peruvians at Chorillos, 13 Jan.; at Miraflores, 15 Jan.; occupy Lima without resistance; Pierola flees, about 17 Jan.; Callao taken soon after.. Conditions of peace reported; cession of territory; $750,000,000 indemnity; occupation of Callao; working of mines till indemnity paid; announced...30 Jan. England and France requested to mediate by Peru.. Feb. United States government made efforts to effect an adjustment of relations between Chili and Peru........... Chilled Shot, see Cannon, 1864–6. Chillianwallah, BATTLE OF, India, between the Sikh forces in considerable strength and the British commanded by lord (afterwards viscount) Gough, fought 13 Jan. 1849. The Sikhs were completely routed, but the loss of the British was very severe: 26 officers were killed and 66 wounded, and 731 rank and file killed, and 1446 wounded. The Sikh loss was 3000 killed and 4000 wounded.* On 21 Feb. lord Gough attacked the Sikh army, under Shere Singh, in its position at Goojerat, with complete success; and the whole of the enemy's camp fell into the hands of the British. Chiltern Hundreds (viz. Burnham, Desborough, and Stoke), an estate of the crown on the chain of chalk hills that pass from east to west through the middle of Buckinghamshire. The stewardship is a nominal office, with a salary of 25s., conferred on members of parliament when they wish to vacate their seats. The strict legality of the practice is questioned. Chimborazo, highest point in the Andes, South America (altitude 21,068 feet), was ascended by Humboldt, 23 June, 1802; by Boussingault and Hall, 16 Dec. 1831; by Edward Whymper, 3 July, 1880; see Andes. Chimney-tax, see Hearth. Chimneys. Chafing-dishes were in use previous to the invention of chimneys, which were first introduced into these countries in 1200, when they were confined to the kitchen and large hall. The family sat round a stove, the funnel of which passed through the ceiling, in 1300. Chimneys were general in domestic architecture in 1310. At the chemical works, Glasgow, is a chimney (there termed a stalk) 420 feet in height; the height of the monument in London being 202 feet; of St. Paul's, 404 feet. Act to regulate chimney sweeping, 28 Geo. III... 1789 The chimney sweeping machine was invented by Smart.. 1805 A statute regulating the trade, the apprenticeship of children, the construction of flues, preventing calling "sweep" in the streets, etc., passed. 1834 By 3 & 4 Vict. c. 85 (1840), it is not lawful for mastersweeps to take apprentices under sixteen years of age; and no individual under twenty-one to ascend a chimney after.... .1 July, 1842 Enforcement of this law made more stringent....... New chimney-sweepers' act passed.. ..11 Aug. 1875 Joseph Glass, inventor of the sweeping-machine now in general use, not patented, died.. An earthquake throughout China buries 300,000 persons at Pekin alone.. Galdan, a prince of Jangaria, conquers Kashgaria and 1660 1662 1695 1680 1692 ..1719-27 .1724-32 becomes supreme in Central Asia, 1678; checked by Kang-hi, 1689; totally defeated Commerce with East India Company begins. Jesuit missionaries preach Commercial relations with Russia.. The Jesuits expelled... Another general earthquake destroys 100,000 persons at Pekin, and 80,000 in a suburb.. Successful war in Central Asia; Davatsi and his opponent Amursana, subdued by Keen-lung, 1755 et seq.; Kashgar, Khokand, the Khirgez, etc., annexed........ In a salute by one of our ships in China, a gun was inadvertently fired, which killed a native; the government demanded the gunner; he was soon strangled. Earl Macartney's embassy arrives at Pekin; his recep..14 Sept. 1793 [This embassy threw light on the empire; it appeared to be divided into 15 provinces, containing 4402 walled cities; the population of the whole was given at 333,000,000; its annual revenues at 66,000,000l.; and the army, including the Tartars, 1,000,000 of infantry and 800,000 cavalry; the religion pagan, and the gov ernment absolute. Learning, and the arts and sciences, were encouraged, and ethics studied.] He is ordered to depart.. And arrives in England. The affair of the Company's ship Neptune, when a Chi Lord Amherst's embassy; he leaves England.....8 Feb. 1816 [His lordship failed in the objects of his mission, having refused to make the prostration of the kotou, lest he should thereby compromise the majesty of England.] Temporary insurrections in Kashgar... ...1826 et seq. Exclusive rights of the East India Co. cease.. .22 April, 1834 Free-trade ships sail for England... .25 April, Lord Napier arrives at Macao to superintend British com..15 July, Affair between the natives and two British ships-of-war; several Chinese killed. .5 Sept. 1864 .29 Jan. 1868 China (TSING), the "Celestial Empire," in Eastern Asia, for which the Chinese annals claim an antiquity of from 80,000 to 100,000 years B.C., is said to have commenced about 2500 B.C.; by others to have been founded by Fohi, supposed to be the Noah of the Bible, 2240 B.C. We are told that the Chinese were acute astronomers in the reign of Yao, 2357 B.C. Towards the close of the seventh century B.C., the history of China becomes more distinct. Twenty-two dynasties have reigned, includ The duke of Wellington (commander-in-chief) did not think the victory complete. Gough was superseded, and sir Charles Napier sent out (March, 1849), who did not arrive in India till Gough had redeemed his reputation. Chinese seize the Argyle and crew. Opium burned at Canton by Chinese.. Capt. Elliot, chief British commissioner.. Admiral Maitland arrives at Macao... Commissioner Lin orders seizure of opium, 18 March; British and other residents forbidden to leave Canton, 19 March; the factories surrounded, and outrages committed.. Capt. Elliot requires British subjects to surrender to him all opium, promising them full value of it, 27 March; half of it is given up as contraband to the Chinese, 20 April; the remainder (20,283 chests) surrendered, 21 May; capt. Elliot and the British merchants leave Canton, 24 May; the opium destroyed by the Chinese, 3 June, Affair between the British and American seamen and the Chinese; a native killed... ....7 July, Hong-Kong taken.. 23 Aug. The British boat Black Joke attacked, and the crew murdered, 24 Aug.; the British merchants retire from Ma cao.. ..26 Aug 1839 Affair at Kow-lung between British boats and Chinese junks... .4 Sept. Attack by 28 armed junks on the British frigates Volage and Hyacinth; several junks blown up. ...3 Nov. The British trade with China ceases, by an edict of the emperor, and the last servant of the Company leaves this day. ..6 Dec. Edict of the emperor interdicting all trade and intercourse with England forever.. ..5 Jan. 1840 The Hellas ship attacked by armed junks, 22 May; blockade of Canton by a British fleet, by orders from sir Gordon Bremer, 28 June; the Blonde, with a flag of truce, fired on at Amoy, 2 July; Ting-hai, in Chusan, surrenders, 5 July; blockade established along the Chinese coast, 10 July; Mr. Staunton carried off to Canton, 6 Aug. Capt. Elliot, on board a British steamship, enters the Peiho river, near Pekin, 11 Aug. The ship Kite lost on a sand-bank, and the captain's wife and a part of the crew are captured by the natives, and confined in cages... .....15 Sept. Lin finally degraded; Keshin appointed imperial commissioner, 16 Sept.; capt. Elliot's truce with him, British plenipotentiaries off Macao... Admiral Elliot's resignation announced. Mr. Staunton released.. 66 66 6 Nov. .20 Nov. .29 Nov. .12 Dec. 66 66 66 ...6 Jan. 1841 Negotiations cease, owing to breach of faith on the part of the Chinese emperor.. Chuen-pe and Tae-coc-tow, and 173 guns (some sent to England) captured... 7 Jan. Hong-Kong ceded by Keshin to Great Britain, and $6,000,000 agreed to be paid within ten days to the British authorities.. ....20 Jan. .26 Jan. Hong-Kong taken possession of.. The emperor rejects Keshin's treaty, 11 Feb.; hostilities resumed, 23 Feb.; Chusan evacuated, 24 Feb.; rewards proclaimed at Canton for the bodies of Englishmen, dead or alive; $50,000 to be given for chiefs....25 Feb. Bogue forts taken by sir G. Bremer; admiral Kwan killed; 459 guns captured. ..26 Feb. The British squadron proceeds to Canton, 1 March; sir H. Gough takes command of the army, 2 March; hostilities again suspended, 3 March; and again resumed, 6 March; Keshin degraded by the emperor..12 March, Flotilla of boats destroyed, Canton threatened, the foreign factories seized, and 461 guns taken by the British forces. .18 March, New commissioners from Pekin arrived at Canton, Hong-Kong Gazette first published.. Capt. Elliot prepares to attack Canton Heights behind Canton taken... Imperialists defeated, quit Shang-hae forts... Rebels take Kuriking. The Chinese burn European factories.. And murder the crew of the Thistle. The Mahometans of Panthay, in Yunan, become independent during Tae-ping rebellion.. A-lum, a Chinese baker, acquitted of charge of poisoning the bread.. 66 2 Feb. 1857 Troops arrive from Madras and England; and lord Elgin appointed envoy . March, No change on either side: Yeh said to be straitened for money; the imperialists seem to be gaining ground upon the rebels... 66 66 .1 June, ...Aug. 19 Oct. French, 28, 66 .5 Jan. 1858 ..Jan. 66 The city ransomed for $6,000,000; $5,000,000 paid down; hostilities cease .31 May, Ting-hae taken, 136 guns captured, and Chusan reoccu- Cha-pou attacked; defences destroyed.. The British armament anchors near the "Golden Isle," 20 July; Chin-Keang taken; the Tartar general and many of the garrison commit suicide, 21 July; the advanced ships reach Nankin, 4 Aug.; the whole fleet arrives, and the disembarkation commences, 9 Aug.; Keying arrives at Nankin, with full powers to treat for ..12 Aug. peace. Treaty of peace signed before Nankin, on board the Cornwallis, by sir Henry Pottinger for England, and Keying Elepoo* and Neu-Kien on the part of the Chinese emperor [Conditions: lasting peace and friendship between the two empires; China to pay $21,000,000; Canton, Amoy, Foochoofoo, Ning-po, and Shang-hae to be thrown open to the British, and consuls to reside at these cities; Hong-Kong to be ceded in perpetuity to England, etc.; Chusan and Ku-lang-su to be held by the British until the provisions are fulfilled]..29 Aug. The ratification signed by queen Victoria and the emperor formally exchanged.. ....22 July, 1843 *He took part (it was said without authority) in arranging the treaty of Tien tsin in June, 1858. He was in consequence condemned to death-by suicide. The allies proceed towards Pekin, and take the Pei-ho forts..... 20 May, ..20 May, The expedition arrives at Tien-tsin The emperor Taou-Kwang, who died 25 Feb. 1850, during the latter part of his reign became liberal in his views, and favored the introduction of European arts; but his son, the late emperor, a rash and narrow-minded prince, quickly departed from his father's wise policy, and adopted reactionary meas ures, particularly against English influence. An insurrection broke out in consequence, Aug. 1850, and quickly became of alarming importance. The insurgents at first proposed only to expel the Tartars; but in March, 1851, a pretender was announced among them, first by the name of Tien-teh (Celestial Virtue), but afterwards assuming other names. He is stated to have been a native of Quang si, of obscure origin, but to have obtained some literary knowledge at Canton about 1835, and to have become acquainted at that time with the principles of Christianity from a Chinese Christian named Leang afa, and also from the missionary Roberts in 1844. announced himself as the restore of the worship of the true God, Shang-ti, and derived He be the monarch of all beneath the sky, the true lord of (and thus of all the world), the brother of Jesus, and the second son of God, and demanded universal submission. He made overtures for alliance to lord Elgin in Nov. 1860. His followers are termed Tarpings, "princes of peace,' a title utterly belied by their atrocious deeds. The rebellion was virtually terminated, 18 July, 1864, by the capture of Nankin, the suicide of Tien-Wang, and the execution of the military leaders. ble. He declared himself of his dogmas from the Bi § It was boarded by the Chinese officers, 12 men out of the crew of 14 being carried off and the national cusign taken down. Sir J. Bowring, governor of Hong Kong, being compelled to resort to hostilities, applied to India and Ceylon for troops. On 3 March, 1857, the house of commons, by a majority of 19, censured sir John for the "violent measures" he had pursued. The ministry (who took his part) dissolved the parliament, but obtained a large majority in the new one. He died peacefully at Calcutta, 9 April, 1859. He is said to have ordered the beheading of about 100,000 rebels. nese seas 1858 66 at both courts; freedom of trade; toleration of Christianity; expenses of war to be paid by China; a revised tariff; term I (barbarian) to be no longer applied to Europeans].. .26, 28, 29 June, Lord Elgin visits Japan, and concludes an important treaty with the emperor.. .28 Aug. The British destroy about 130 piratical junks in the ChiAug. and Sept. Lord Elgin proceeds up the Yang-tse-Kiang to Nankin, Jan; returns to England... May, 1859 Mr. Bruce, the British envoy, on his way to Pekin, is stopped in the river Pei-ho (or Tien-tsin); admiral Hope, attempting to force a passage, is repulsed, with the loss of 81 killed and about 390 wounded...25 June, The American envoy Ward arrives at Pekin, and, refusing to submit to degrading ceremonies, does not see the emperor ...29 July, .24 Nov. retreats 66 Commercial treaty with America.. The English and French prepare an expedition against China Oct. Lord Elgin and baron Gros sail for China, 26 April; wrecked near point de Galle, Ceylon, 23 May; arrive at Shang-hae... .29 June, 1860 The war begins; the British commanded by sir Hope Grant, the French by gen. Montauban. The Chinese defeated in a skirmish near the Pei-ho.. 12 Aug. The allies repulse the Taeping rebels attacking Shanghae, 18-20 Aug.; and take the Taku forts, losing 500 killed and wounded; the Tartar general San-ko-lin-sin ..21 Aug. After vain negotiations, the allies advance towards Pekin; they defeat the Chinese at Chang-kia-wan and Pa-li-chiau.. 18 and 21 Sept. Consul Parkes, captains Anderson and Brabazon, Mr. De Norman, Mr. Bowlby (the Times correspondent), and 14 others (Europeans and Sikhs), advance to Tungchow to arrange conditions for a meeting of the ministers, and are captured by San-ko-lin-sin; capt. Brabazon and abbé de Luc beheaded, and said to be thrown into the canal; others carried into Pekin.... 21 Sept. The allies march towards Pekin; the French ravage the emperor's summer palace, 6 Oct.; Mr. Parkes, Mr. Loch, and others restored alive, 8 Oct.; capt. Anderson, Mr. De Norman, and others die of ill usage...8-11 Oct. Pekin invested; surrenders, 12 Oct.; severe proclamation of sir Hope Grant.. ...15 Oct. The bodies of Mr. De Norman and Mr. Bowlby solemnly buried in the Russian cemetery, Pekin, 17 Oct.; the summer palace (Yuen-ming-yuen) burned by the British in memory of the outraged prisoners.......18 Oct. Convention signed in Pekin by lord Elgin and the prince of Kung, by which the treaty of Tien-tsin is ratified; apology made for the attack at Pei ho (25 June, 1859); a large indemnity to be paid immediately, and compensation in money given to the families of the murdered prisoners, etc.; Kowloon ceded in exchange for Chusan, and the treaty and convention to be proclaimed throughout the empire Allies quit Pekin Treaty between Russia and China-the former obtaining free trade, territories, etc.. First instalment of indemnity paid. Part of the allied troops settled at Tien-tsin; established..... Admiral Hope examines Yang-tse Kiang, etc.. English and French embassies established The emperor Hienfung dies. Canton restored to the Chinese.. 66 .14 Nov. .30 Nov. 66 consulate 5 Jan. 1861 Feb. 66 at Pekin, March, .21 Aug. 21 Oct. Ministerial crisis; several ministers put to death, Nov.; Kung appointed regent.... Chinese commissioners visit London.. Mahomed Yakoob Beg defeats the Tungani, becomes su- The rebels seize Ning-po.. The people at Yang-chow, incited by the "literati" (learned classes), destroy the Protestant missionhouses, 22 Aug.; redress not obtained; a British squadron proceeds to Nankin, 8 Nov.; the viceroy is superseded, and the British demands acceded to, 14 Nov. Chinese embassy received by the emperor at Paris, Pekin visited by the duke of Edinburgh, incognito..Oct. Supplementary convention to the treaty of Tien-tsin (June, 1858) for additional commercial freedom, signed, 24 Oct. Burlingame dies at St. Petersburg. .22 Feb. 1870 24 Jan. 1869 Successful rebellion of Mahometans in northwest prov inces reported... .May, Cruel massacre of the French consul at Tien-tsin, Roman Catholic priests, sisters of mercy (22 persons), besides many native converts, and above 30 children in the orphanage, by a mob, with, it is said, the complicity of the authorities; the missionaries were accused of kidnapping children.. .21 June, Increased hatred of the people to foreigners at Tien-tsin; lukewarm proceedings of the government against the murderers... July, 46 End of the difficulty announced... 13 Dec. 66 Advance of the rebels; they seize and desolate Ning-po and Hang chow.... . Dec. Gordon captures Sow chow (after a severe attack, 27, 28 Nov.); the rebel chiefs treacherously butchered by the Chinese.. .4, 5 Dec. Capt. Osborne came to China; but retired in consequence of the Chinese government departing from its engagements. 31 Dec. Gordon's successes continue. Jan. to April, 1864 Repulsed; he takes Chang-chow foo.. .23 March, He takes Nankin (a heap of ruins); Hun-seu tseun, the Tien wang, the rebel emperor, commits suicide by eating goldleaf, 30 June; Chang-wang and Kan-wang, the 66 Chung-How, an envoy, arrives in London.. Received at Paris; apologizes for Tien-tsin massacres, and reports redress.. Memorial addressed to the Chinese government by Mr. Hart, inspector of customs, recommending changes in civil and military administration.. .autumn, The young emperor married.. 16 Oct. Russia annexes Kuldja. William Armstrong Russell consecrated Anglican bishop of North China.. The emperor's majority; he assumes the government, Talifoo, capital of the insurgent Panthay Mahometans, captured; thousands massacred...... Dec. 1872 23 Feb. 1873 Feb. 66 29 June, 66 Dispute with Japan (see Formosa), July-Aug.; settled by treaty 31 Oct. 1874 Foreign ministers for the first time received by the em peror.. The Spark sails from Canton to Macao; capt. Brady and Mr. Mundy, and a foreign crew and passengers, pirates, who came on board secretly, kill captain and others, and carry off booty while on voyage; the wounded crew manage to reach Macao. .22 Aug. Death of the emperor... .12 Jan. 1875 Proclamation of his successor, Tsai-tien, son of Chun, seventh son of Taou-Twang (nephew of Kung)..4 Feb. 16 Exploring expedition under col. Horace Browne to open a passage from Burmah into S. W. China, Dec. 1874; Mr. Margary and five Chinese going before, killed at Manwyne, 21 Feb.; col. Browne and his troops repulse an attack by Chinese, but retreat to Rangoon, 22 Feb. ; some of the party missing... 12 March, Through negotiation of Mr. Wade, the Chinese govern ment promise due reparation; announced.......Sept. 5 May, Edict permitting intercourse between chiefs of departments and foreign ministers, about 4 Oct.; enjoining proper treatment of foreigners.. .11 Oct. 1875 Telegram from Mr. Wade: he has obtained necessary guarantees, satisfaction for the murder of Mr. Margary, and concessions for foreign trade....... 18 Oct. First railway in China, from Shang-hae to Oussoon (Woosung) (11 miles); trial trip, 16 March (at first opposed); publicly opened.... 30 June, 1876 Gen. Lee-see-ta-hee ordered for trial, 11 Feb.; Margary's murderers said to be executed.. Mr. Grosvenor and others sent to inquire respecting the murder of Mr. Margary arrive at the place and report the proposed punishment of the murderers..... June, Chee-foo convention; difficulties in the negotiations removed (the government agree to compensation to Mr. Margary's family; removal of commercial grievances; opening of four ports; proper official intercourse); said to be signed, 13 Sept.; ratified.. ..17 Sept. War against the Tungani; Manas captured; great massacre of rebels... ..6 Nov. Accredited Chinese envoy (Quo-ta-Zhan) lands at Southampton... Decree of equal rights to Chinese Christians.. .21 Jan. 1877 ...1 Feb. 66 ..1 April, announced, Aug. 46 The railway from Shang-hae bought to be stopped, 31 Dec. Oct.; resumed.... Quo-ta-Zhan (or Kuo-ta-Jên) first accredited minister at London; Liu-ta-Jên at Berlin.. ..about Nov. Yakoob Beg of Kashgaria totally defeated by the Chinese general, Tso-tsung-tang; is assassinated, May; KashDec. gar and other towns captured; end of war. The Chinese minister's first grand evening reception, 19 June, 1878 Destruction of mission property at Wu-shih-shan by a fanatical mob, unrestrained by the mandarins, 30 Aug. Famine abating; 48,3031. for relief collected in England, Sept. The Shang-hae railway plant removed to Formosa.. Chinese immigrants virtually excluded from Australia by a poll-tax. Rebellion in Kwang-si, announced. Oct. Chung-How, ambassador at St. Petersburg, demands the surrender of Kuli Beg, a fugitive from Kashgar, and restitution of the territory.. Dec. Rebellion in Hainan, in Canton province; Li-Yang tsai, who invades Annam, claims the throne by descent; reported.. 66 Marquis Tseng, the new Chinese ambassador, arrives in 1861. Ki-tsiang (altered to Toung chi), 21 Aug.; born 27 April, 1856; married 16 Oct. 1872; died 12 Jan. 1875. 1875. Tsai T'ien (altered to Kwang Su), aged 4. Jan. China Grass, or RHEA; a prize of 50007, was offered by the Indian government for machinery to prepare and cleanse the fibre, 11 Jan. 1870. Mr. John Greig's machine was exhibited in Edinburgh, Dec. 1871. China Porcelain, introduced into England about 1531; see Pottery. China Rose, etc. The Rosa indica was brought from China, and successfully planted in England, 1786; the Chinese apple-tree, or Pyrus spectabilis, about 1780. Chincha Isles, see Peru, 1861-5. Chinchona, see Jesuits. Chinese Wall, said to have been erected about 300 B.C. Reported in 1879 to be 1728 miles long, 18 feet wide, 15 feet thick at the top. Chios (now SCIO), an isle in the Greek Archipelago, revolted against Athens, 412 and 357 B.C. It partook of the fortunes of Greece, being conquered by the Venetians, A.D. 1124; by the crusaders, 1204; by the Greek emperor, 1329; by the Genoese, 1346; and finally by the Turks in 1594. A dreadful massacre of about 40,000 inhabitants by the Turks took place 11 April, 1822, during the Greek insurrection. About 4000 perished by an earthquake; the town Chio and many villages were destroyed, 3 April; many shocks since up to....... 12 April, 1881 Chippewa (North America). Here the British, under Riall, were defeated by the Americans, under Brown, 5 July, 1814. The Americans were defeated by the British, under Drummond and Riall, 25 July following; Riall was wounded and taken prisoner. Chiroplast, an apparatus for giving a correct position of the hands of pianoforte players; invented by J. B. Logier; patented, 1814. Chivalry arose out of the feudal system in the latter part of the eighth century (chevalier, or knight, being derived from the caballarius, the equipped feudal tenant on horseback). From the twelfth to the fifteenth century it tended to refine manners. The knight swore to accomplish the duties of his profession, as the champion of God and the ladies, to speak the truth, to maintain the right, to protect the distressed, to practise courtesy, to fulfil obligations, and to vindicate in every perilous adventure his honor and character. Chivalry expired with the feudal system; see Knighthood and Tournaments. By letters-patent of James I., the earlmarshal of England had "the like jurisdiction in the courts of chivalry, when the office of lord high constable was vacant, as this latter and the marshal did jointly exercise," 1623. Chloral Hydrate, a combination of chlorine and but not insensibility to pain. This property was discovalcohol, discovered by Liebig, which produces deep sleep, ered by Oscar Liebreich, and reported to the French Academy of Sciences, 16 Aug. 1869. In Oct. 1874 it was said to be sometimes deleterious. Chloralum, or chloride of alumina, a compound of chlorine and alumina, a new antiseptic disinfectant, invented by Dr. Gamgee about 1870. It is said to be safe and efficacious, and useful in medicine for gargles, washing wounds, etc. Chlorine (Greek Awpóg, pale green), a gas first obtained by Scheele in 1774, by treating manganese with muriatic (hydrochloric) acid. Sir H. Davy, in 1810, stated this gas to be an element, and named it chlorine. Combined with sodium it forms common salt (chloride of sodium), and combined with lime it forms the bleaching powder and disinfectant, chloride of lime; see Bleaching. In 1823 Faraday condensed chlorine into a liquid. The supposed dissociation of oxygen from chlorine by heat, by V. and H. Meyer of Zurich, was announced Aug. 1879. Afterwards chlorine was proved to exist in two similar states at high temperatures. Chloroform (the ter-chloride of the hypothetical radical formyl) is a compound of carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine, and was made from alcohol, water, and bleaching powder. It was discovered by Mr. Samuel Guthrie of Sackett's Harbor, New York, in 1831, and independently by Liebig in 1832. Its composition was determined by Dumas in 1834. A committee of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society reported that the rate of mortality had been in no degree increased by the use of anaesthetics, July, 1864. Chlorozone, a new disinfectant, introduced 1873. |