First American movement for international copyright was made in 1837, when Henry Clay presented a petition on the subject. Referred to senate committee, including Clay, Webster, and Buchanan, who reported in favor of the full protection of literary property. Lord Palmerston invited American co-operation... Acts passed to secure to authors, in certain cases, the benefits of international copyright (1 & 2 Vict. c. 59, and 15 Vict. c. 12), and conventions have, in consequence, been entered into with France, Prussia, etc. 1838 1838, 1852 1853 The subject brought before congress again, supported by International copyright bill introduced into American 1868 the capital of an Arab kingdom by Abderahman in 756, who founded the great mosque (now the cathedral) 786. It was the birthplace of Seneca and Lucan, and of the Arabian physician Averrhoës. It was rescued from the Arabs by Ferdinand III. of Castile, in 1236, was taken by the French under Dupont and disgracefully ravaged 7-9 June, 1808; surrendered to Joseph Bonaparte Jan. 1810; abandoned by the French in 1813; plundered by the Carlists, Oct. 1836. Corea, a peninsula (E. Asia), tributary to China, and from which foreigners are rigidly excluded. For the dispute with Americans, see United States, June, 1871. Corfu, see Corcyra. Corinth (Greece), a city said to have been built 1520 B.C., and named Ephyra. It was defended by an elevated fortress called Acrocorinth, surrounded with strong walls, and Cicero named it the Eye of Greece. The Isthmian games instituted, it is stated by Sisyphus, Return of the Heraclidæ, or Dorians.. B. C. 1326 1107 1074 66 1870 Timoleon kills his usurping brother Timophanes... Acrocorinth (citadel) taken by Aratus, and annexed to the Achæan league... 344 243 1873 The subject discussed at the Literary Congress, Paris, opened. 18 June, Sir Edward Thornton submitted a proposed treaty to American publishers..... Copyright Association of England, founded by eminent London booksellers.... .19 March, 1872 Senator Morrill, as chairman of a joint committee of the senate and house of representatives, reported adversely on several bills.. New movement was begun by Messrs. Harper & Broth- The Harper treaty approved by most of the prominent Aug. 1880 Copyright IN THE UNITED STATES. A copyright law substantially the same as that now in force was made in 1831. The copyright law of 1856 secures to the authors of copyright plays the exclusive right of representing the same on the stage. The first copyright law of the United States was passed in 1790. Corbiesdale, Caithness (N. Scotland). Here, on 27 April, 1650, the gallant marquis of Montrose was defeated by the Covenanters. He was taken soon after, treated with great contumely, and hanged at Edinburgh, on 21 May. Corcyra (now Corfu, chief of the Ionian Isles), a colony founded by the Corinthians about 734 B.C. It had frequent wars with the mother-country; one about the possession of Epidamnus (431 B.C.) led to the Peloponnesian war. It was subdued by the Spartans in 373, and by the Romans, 230. At the decline of the eastern empire it fell into the hands of the Venetians, about A.D. 1149. The Turks attacked Corfu in 1716, but were gallantly repulsed. It was taken from the French by the allied Russian and Turkish fleets 3 March, 1799, and formed (with the other isles) into the Ionian republic; see Ionian Isles. Cordeliers, friars of the order of St. Francis d'Assisi (the Minorites) instituted about 1223. They are clothed in coarse gray cloth, having a girdle of cord, hence the name, first given to them by St. Louis of France, about 1227. Several members of the French revolutionary party, termed "Cordeliers," established at Paris Dec. 1790 (Hebert, Cloots, etc.), were executed 24 March, 1794. Cordova, the Roman Corduba (S. Spain), founded about 152 B.C., taken by the Goths A.D. 572, and made His two Epistles to the Corinthians... Plundered by Normans from Sicily. Nearly destroyed by an earthquake... 1823 .21 Feb. 1858 A concession granted for 99 years to a French company to cut the isthmus for a canal; to be completed in six years, by MM. E. G. Piat and Chollet, April, 1870; concession transferred to baron de Lesseps and gen. Turr (to be begun in spring, 1882)... ......28 May, 1881 Corinth (Miss.) U. S., BATTLE OF. Fought 3 Oct. 1862. Van Dorn, commanding the confederate army in Mississippi, attacked Rosecrans at Corinth, and was repulsed and driven for miles. The confederate force engaged was about 40,000, the national 20,000. Of the confederates 2268 were captured. Corinthian Order, the richest of the orders of ancient architecture, called by Scamozzi the virginal order, is attributed to Callimachus, 540 B.C.; see Abacus. Corinthian War, began 395 B.C.; received this name because mostly in the neighborhood of Corinth; waged by a confederacy of the Athenians, Thebans, Corinthians, and Argives, against the Lacedæmonians. It was closed by the peace of Antalcidas, 387 B.C. The most famous battles were at Coronea and Leuctra (which see). Corioli, a Latin city, capital of the Volscians, taken by the Romans, 493 B.C. The exploits of Caius Marcius or Coriolanus against it are deemed mythical. Cork (S. Ireland), built in the sixth century. The principality of the M'Cartys was converted into a shire by king John, as lord of Ireland. The foundation of the SEE is ascribed to St. Barr, or Finbarr, early in the sev enth century. About 1431, this see and Cloyne were united; but in 1678 they were separated, Ross having been added to Cork, 1582. Cork and Cloyne were reunited (by the act of 1833) 1835. 1172 Corn Exchange Benevolent Society, founded.. 1690 The cathedral was rebuilt by the produce of a coal duty, 1850 66 Cornwall, S.W. extremity of England, originally called Kernou, a term connected with the Latin cornu, a horn, probably in allusion to its numerous promontories. On the retreat of the ancient Britons, Cornwall is said to have been formed into a kingdom, and to have existed many years under different princes, among whom were Ambrosius Aurelius and the celebrated Arthur. Cornwall is said to have been made an earldom by Alfred. The eldest son of the British sovereign is born duke of Cornwall; see Stannary Courts. For a seditious speech in favor of the Fenians (which Bishopric of Cornwall, founded 909; united to Devon- Cornwall given by the conqueror to Robert de Mortein, his half-brother, 1038; killed.. 1016 1087 1104 Reginald de Dunstanville, natural son of Henry I., carl.. 1140 Corn. The origin of its cultivation is attributed to Ceres, who, having taught the art to the Egyptians, was deified by them, 2409 B.C.-Arundelian Marbles. The art of husbandry, and the method of making bread from wheat, and wine from rice, is attributed by the Chinese Insurrection of Cornishmen under lord Audley, Thomas to Ching Noung, the successor of Fohi, and second monarch of China, 1998 B.C.-Univ. Hist. Corn provided a common article of food from the earliest ages of the world, and baking bread was known in the patriarchal ages; see Exod. xii. 15. The first importation of corn of which we have a note was in 1347. A law restricting it was made in 1361, and similar legislation followed. Bounties were granted on its importation into England in 1689; see Wheat. CORN LAWS. The restrictions on the importation of corn felt, in con- Mr. Robinson's act passed, permitting importation when A corn bill, after passing in the commons, defeated in the Average per quarter. Duty. Aerage per quarter. Duty. .0 6 0 1771.... 1778 4 Jan. 1879 Prince and princess of Wales visit Cornwall.. ...July, 1865 Charlemagne crowned emperor of the West by the pope 8. £ s. d. ..0 10 0 .0 9 0 Victoria crowned. 66 65. .0 8 0 CORONATION CHAIR. 56 57. .0 5 0 66 70. 66 The CORN IMPORTATION B'll (introduced by sir Robert 11 April, 1689 .....19 July, 1821 .8 Sept. 1831 ..28 June, 1838 In the cathedral of Cashel, formerly the metropolis of the kings of Munster, was deposited the Lia Fail, or Fatal Stone, on which they were crowned. Tradition says, that in 513 Fergus, a prince of the royal line, haying obtained the Scottish throne, procured the use of this stone for his coronation at Dunstaffnage, where it continued until the time of Kenneth II., who removed it to Scone; and in 1296 it was removed by Edward I. from Scone to Westminster; the present chair being made to receive it. A CORONATION OATH was administered by Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury, to Ethelred II., in 978. An oath, nearly corresponding with that now in use, was administered in 1377. The oath prescribed by 1 Will. & Mary, c. 6 (1689), was modified in 1706, and again in 1821 on account of the union of the churches of England and Ireland. Coronea, BATTLES OF. I. (or Chæronea). The Athenians were defeated and their general, Tolmides, slain in a battle with the Boeotians at Coronea near .....24 June, 1828 | Charonea, 447 B.C. II. The Athenians, Thebans, Ar gives, and Corinthians having entered into a league, offensive and defensive, against Sparta, Agesilaus, after diffusing the terror of his arms, from his many victories, even unto Upper Asia, engaged the allies at Coronea, a town of Boeotia, and achieved a great victory over them,394 B.C. Coroners, officers of the realm, mentioned in a charter, 925. Coroners for every county in England were first appointed by statute of Westminster, 3 Edw. I. 1275. -Stow. They are chosen for life by the freeholders, and their duty is to inquire into the cause of unnatural death, upon view of the body. By an act passed in 1843, coroners are enabled to appoint deputies to act for them in case of illness. Laws respecting coroners amended 1860.-20,531 coroners' inquests were held in England and Wales in 1859: .24,774 1874. .27,184 .24,709 (18,875 males.) 1875 1861 1862 .20,591 1863.. 22,757 (17,191 males.) 1876 1864. 24,787 1870.. .25,376 1877 .23.587 .26.845 ...26,287 ..27,628 ..25,705 1879 .27,056 .24,648 1873. 26,427 | (18,233 males.) Coronets, caps or inferior crowns of the nobility. The coronets for earls were first allowed by Henry III.; for viscounts by Henry VIII.; and for barons by Charles II.-Baker. But authorities conflict. Sir Robert Cecil, earl of Salisbury, was the first of the degree of earl who wore a coronet, 1604. It is uncertain when the coronets of dukes and marquesses were settled-Beatson. Corporate Reunion, see Order. Corporations. Numa, in order to break the force of the two rival factions of Sabines and Romans, is said to have instituted separate societies of manual trades. Plutarch. MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS IN ENGLAND. Bodies politic, authorized by the king's charter to have a common seal, one head officer, or more, and members, who are able, by their common consent, to grant or receive in law any matter within the compass of their charter. Cowell. Charters of rights were granted by the kings of England to various towns, first by Edward the Confessor. Henry I. granted charters, 1100: and succeeding monarchs gave corporate powers to numerous communities throughout the realm, subject to tests, oaths, and conditions.-Blackstone. The Corporation and Test act, passed in 1661, was repealed in May, 1828. The Corporation Reform act, for the regulation of municipal corporations in England and Wales, 5 & 6 Will. IV. c. 76 (1835), was amended in 1869. The Irish Municipal Corporation act, 4 Vict. c. 108, passed in 1840, was amended in 1861. The Corrupt Practices (Municipal elections) act was passed 6 Aug. 1872. The law relating to municipal elections amended by act passed 19 July, 1875. Royal commission on 110 unreformed municipal corporations appointed in 1876; report issued 17 Feb. 1880. Property qualification bill rejected in commons (173-167) 2 April, 1879. "Correlation of the Physical Forces," a book by Mr. (afterwards Sir) W. R. Grove, F. R. S., who in 1842 enunciated the theory of the correlation or mutual dependence and convertibility into each other of all the forces of nature (viz. heat, light, electricity, magnetism, chemical affinity, and motion). Corresponding Society of London was formed, about 1791, to spread liberal opinions and check the severity of the British government, then much alarmed by the French revolution. Horne Tooke and other members were tried for treason and acquitted, Oct. 1794; see Trials, 1794. The meetings of the society at Copenhagen Fields and elsewhere, in 1795 and 1796, were termed treasonable.-On 21 April, 1798, Messrs. O'Connor, O'Coigley, and others were tried for corresponding with the French directory; and James O'Coigley was executed as a traitor (protesting his innocence) on 7 June. Corrosive Sublimate, see Mercury. Corrupt Practices Act, respecting elections for members of parliament, was passed in 1854, and continued in following years; see Bribery. Corsica, an island in the Mediterranean Sea (called by the Greeks Cyrnos), held by the French. The ancient inhabitants had the character of robbers, liars, and atheists, according to Seneca. Corsica was colonized by Phocæans 564 B.C., and afterwards held by the Carthaginians, from whom it was taken by the Romans, 231 B.C. It has been held by Vandals, A.D. 456; by Saracens, 852; by Pisans, 1077. It was dependent upon Genoa from 1559 till 1768, when it was ceded to France. During a revolt erected into a kingdom under Theodore Neuhoff, its first and only king... He came to England, was imprisoned in the King's Bench prison for debt, and long subsisted on private friends, but released; he gave in his schedule the kingdom of Corsica to his creditors, and died in Soho.. The earl of Orford wrote the following epitaph for a tablet near his grave in St. Anne's church, Dean street: 1736 1756 "The grave, great teacher! to a level brings Heroes and beggars, galley slaves and kings. But Theodore this moral learn'd ere dead; Fate pour'd its lesson on his living head, Bestowed a kingdom and denied him bread." Pascal Paoli chosen for their general by the Corsicans... 1753 Defeated by the count de Vaux, he fled to England Napoleon Bonaparte born at Ajaccio (5 Feb. 1768, baptismal register; doubtful). 15 Aug. The people acknowledge George III. of England for king, Sir Gilbert Eliott made viceroy, and opened a parlia A revolt suppressed, June; the island relinquished by the British, 22 Oct.; the people declare for the French.... 1796 A statue to Napoleon I. inaugurated by prince Napoleon ....15 May, 1865 Visit by the empress and imperial prince........4 Sept. 1869 Cortes, the Spanish parliament, originating in the Corpulence. In Germany some fat monks have old Gothic councils. The cortes were assembled after a weighed eighteen stone.-Render. Mr. Bright, a tallow-chandler and grocer, of Maldon, in Essex, who died in his 29th year. Seven persons of the common size were with ease enclosed in his waistcoat; buried at All-Saints, Maldon.......... .12 Nov. 1750 Daniel Lambert, supposed to have been the heaviest man that ever lived, died in his 40th year, at Stamford, in Lincolnshire, weighing 52 stone 11 pounds; (10 stone 4 pounds more than Mr. Bright).... 21 June, 1809 James Mansfield, died at Debden, aged 82, weighing 34 stone .9 Nov. 1856 Mr. William Banting published a letter on corpulence, recommending, from his own experience, as a remedy, great moderation in the use of sugar and starch in diet. 50,000 copies of this letter were speedily sold or given away.. 1863 Corpus Christi (Fête Dieu in France), a festival in the Roman church, in honor of transubstantiation, kept on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday (which see). It was instituted by pope Urban IV. between 1262 and 1264, and confirmed by the council of Vienne in 1311. Corpus Juris Civilis, see Justinian Code. long interval of years, 24 Sept. 1810, and settled the new constitution, 16 March, 1812, which was set aside by Ferdinand VII., who banished many members of the assembly in May, 1814. The cortes were reopened by him March, 1820; dissolved Oct. 1823; again assembled April, 1834, and have since been regularly convened. The cortes of Portugal assembled by virtue of dom Pedro's charter, 30 Oct. 1826; they were suppressed by dom Miguel in 1828; and restored in 1833. Corunna (N.W. Spain). The British army, about 15,000 men, under the command of sir John Moore, had just accomplished their retreat when they were attacked by the French, whose force exceeded 20,000; the enemy were completely repulsed, but the loss of the British in the battle was immense, 16 Jan. 1809. Sir John was struck by a cannon-ball, which carried away his left shoulder and part of the collar-bone, and he died universally lamented. The remains of the army embarked at Corunna, under sir David Baird, 17 Jan. Corus (Corupedion, or Cyropedium), a plain in Phrygia, Asia Minor, where the aged Lysimachus was defeated by Seleucus, and slain, 281 B.C. These two were the only survivors of Alexander the Great's generals. Corvée, forced labor and service under the feudal system in France, was partially reduced by Louis XVI., at the instigation of Turgot, 27 June, 1787; by the constituent assembly, 18 March, 1790; and totally abolished by the convention, 17 July, 1792. Coryphæus, the principal person of the chorus in ancient tragedy. The name was given to Tysias or Stesichorus, who first instructed the chorus to dance to the lyre, 556 B.C. Cosmography, see Astronomy and Geography. 'Cospatrick," emigrant vessel, burned; Wrecks, 1874. see Cossacks, warlike people inhabiting the confines of Poland, Russia, Tartary, and Turkey. They at first lived by plundering the Turkish galleys and the people of Natolia; but were formed into a regular army by Stephen Bathori, about 1576, to defend the frontiers of Russia from the Tartars. They joined the Russians in 1654, and in the great war against France (1813-15) formed a valuable portion of the Russian army. Cottage Hospitals: much advocated by Dr. Horace Swete in 1870. Many since then have been established: one by the baroness Burdett-Coutts, 1878. Cotton, a vegetable wool, the produce of the Gossypium, a shrub indigenous to the tropical regions of India and America. Indian cotton cloth is mentioned by Herodotus, was known in Arabia in the time of Mahomet, 627, and was brought into Europe by his followers. It does not appear to have been in use among the Chinese till the thirteenth century; to them we are indebted for the cotton fabric termed naukeen. Cotton was the material of the principal articles of clothing among the American Indians when visited by Columbus. It was grown and manufactured in Spain in the tenth century; and in the fourteenth century was introduced into Italy. Indian muslins, chintzes, and cottons were so tury, that in 1700 an act of parliament was passed prolargely imported into England in the seventeenth cenhibiting their introduction. Cotton became the staple commodity of England in the present century. About 1841 the "cotton" or "Manchester" interest began to obtain political influence, which led to the repeal of the Cossova, a plain in Servia. Here Amurath I. totally defeated the Christian army (Servians, Hungarians, etc.), Sept. 1389; but was himself killed by an expiring soldier. Here John Hunniades was defeated by a Turk-corn laws in 1846; see Calico, Muslin, etc. ish army four times larger than his own, 17 Oct. 1448. Costa Rica, a republic in Central America, part of Guatemala, established independently Nov. 1848. It has been much disturbed by the American filibusters; see Nicaragua, and America, Central. Constitution, 27 Dec. 1859. On 14 Aug. 1859, the president Juan Mora was suddenly deposed, and Dr. José Montealegre made president; Dr. J. Ximenes elected president 3 April, 1863; was succeeded by Dr. Joseph Castro, 8 May, 1866; deposed; J. Jimenez, governor, Nov. 1868; Vicente Quadra proclaimed president 12 March, 1871; J. M. Guardia, president, elected 1871 for 1872-6; Aniceto Esquivel, elected 8 May, 1876; Vicente Herrera, 31 July, 1876; resigned; succeeded by Thomas Guardia, Oct. 1877. Population 1880, estimated, 185,000. Costermongers, itinerant dealers in fruit, vegetables, fish, etc., deriving their name, it is said, from costard, a favorite apple. The London costermongers are useful in relieving the markets when glutted; and it was said in 1860 that 3,000,000l. passed through their hands annually. Previous to fasting and thanksgiving days, they sell the appointed forms of prayers in great numbers. On 22 Nov. 1860, they held a meeting in order to represent to the city authorities the hardships they felt by the police restricting their means of livelihood; and the Metropolitan Streets Act was modified, 7 Dec. 1867. Their moral and physical condition has been much improved of late years, greatly through the instrumentality of the earl of Shaftesbury, who constituted himself a costermonger, and owned a barrow in 1874. Costume, see Dress. Cotopaxi, see Andes. Fustian and velveteen made of cotton, about 1641. British muslin (totally superseding that of India) is due mainly The Steam engine first applied to the cotton manufacture (by Stockings. The stocking frame was invented by William Lee, Cotton-lace-Bobbin-net. The stocking-frame of Lee was ap plied to lace-making by Hammond, about 1768; the process perfected by John Heathcoat, 1809. 1697. 1710. 1730. COTTON-FIBRE IMPORTED INTO THE UNITED KINGDOM. Pounds. 1,976,359 1862. 715,008 1863. Pounds. 523,973,296 670,084,128 1,545,472 1864.. 894,102,384 1765. 3,870,392 1865. 978,502,000 1,566,864,432 1830. 1840. "No man 1860.. 1861.. American cotton. Previous to 1795, our cotton fibre came from the East and West Indies, the Levant, and a little from the United States. About 1786 the growth of cotton began in Georgia. In 1784 eight bags of American cotton were seized at Liverpool on the ground that so much could not have been produced in the United States. Sea Island cotton was first grown in 1786. In 1793, Eli Whitney, an American, invented the saw-gin, a machine by which cotton wool is separated from the pod and cleaned with great ease and expedition.* This led to such increased cultivation that the United States soon exported 1,500,000 lbs. of cotton. Cottage. The term was originally applied to a Cottage Improvement Society, founded 12 April, 1861, 7 * A trial of various kinds of cotton-gins, under the direction of Dr. Forbes Watson, took place at Manchester, 28 Nov.-23 Dec. 1871. The account of the fund was made up in 1873. The balance, Pounds. above 130,000l., was proposed to be appropriated to the 716, 248, 848 foundation of a convalescent hospital for Lancashire. 1,038,677,920 A memorial window (the gift of the cotton operatives of Lan625,600,080 cashire who subscribed to commemorate the munificence 832,573,616 of the metropolis to them during the cotton famine, 1861-4) 874,926,864 placed in Guildhall and uncovered, 15 July, 1868. 841,333,472 COTTON FACTORIES regulated by acts of parliament passed in 932,800,176 1825, 1831, 1833, and 1844. The hours of labor were limited, 912,244,592 and the employment of children under nine years of age 1,082,462,080 prohibited. In 1846, 1724 cotton mills employed 197,500 persons. In 1862, the persons employed were stated to be 451,000; 315,000 in Lancashire. The following figures indicate the growth of cotton manufacturing in the United States: of raw cotton, the number of pounds used were: in 1800, 150,000; in 1810, 3,000,000; in 1815, 27,000,000; in 1850, 288,558,000; in 1860, 422,704,975; in 1870, 398,302,257; in 1880, 763,969,925. Spindles: in 1810, 96,400; in 1815, 350,000; in 1835, 1,750,000; in 1840, 2,284,631; in 1860, 5,235,727; in 1870, 7,132,415; in 1880, 10,921, 147. The census report for 1880 gives the following figures: looms, 230.223; spindles, 10,921,147; bales of cotton used (average weight 481.55 lbs.), 1,586,481; persons employed, 181,628. This is exclusive of hosiery mills and of those woollen mills in which some cotton is used. These consumed 173, 519 bales of cotton during the year. factories. The cotton crop of the United States for the year ending 30 Sept. 1880, was 5,757,397 bales of 481.55 lbs. each. Of this quantity, there were exported 3,865,621 bales, while 1,760,000 bales were converted into cotton goods in American Cotton imported from other countries: in 1847, 110,208,324 lbs.; in 1859, 264,281,803 lbs.; in 1860, 215,048, 144 lbs.; in 1861, 437,481,203 lbs.; in 1870, 621,959,544 lbs.; in 1876, 351,752,800 lbs. Cotton imported from India: 1856, 463,000 bales; official value, 3,572,3294.; in 1865, 1,266,520 bales; value, 25,025,8567.; in 1866, 1,847,770 bales; value, 25,270,5477; in 1874, 412,025,040 lbs.; in 1876, 275,856,336 lbs.; in 1877, 193,856,320 lbs.; in 1879, 181,347,601 lbs. Australian cotton said by Manchester manufacturers to be superior to the best American cotton, Jan. 1861. A company formed at Manchester to obtain cotton from India, Africa, and other places (arose out of the Cotton Supply Association, formed in 1857), Sept. 1860. Since 1861, the cultivation of cotton in India, Egypt, Italy, etc., has greatly increased. Cotton imported from Egypt in 1856, 34,399,008 lbs. ; in 1870, 143,700,114 lbs.; in 1876, 199,245,312 lbs.; in 1877, 176,558, 256 lbs.; in 1879, 158,232,032 lbs. 1697. £5,915 1861.. Cotton Oil, largely manufactured from the seeds in the south of the United States; year 1876-7, 3,316,000 gallons; 1878-9, 8,175,000 gallons. Cotton Wool, see Respiration. Dr. Percy, in 1874, applied cotton wool to purify the air for ventilating the houses of parliament. Cottonian Library, formed by sir Robert Bruce Cotton, 1600 et seq. He died 6 May, 1631. It was rescued from the republicans during the protectorate, 1649– 60, and was secured to the public by a statute in 1700. It was removed to Essex-house in 1712; in 1730 to Dean's yard, Westminster (where on 23 Oct. 1731 a part of the books sustained damage by fire); to the British Museum in 1757. Coulmiers, a village ten miles west of Orleans, central France. Here the Bavarians, under gen. Von der Tann, were defeated by the French army of the Loire, under gen. d'Aurelle de Paladines, who took about 2000 prisoners, 9 Nov. 1870, and regained Orleans. Councils. King Alfred, in about 886, is said to have so arranged the business of the nation that all resolutions passed through three councils. The first was a select council which considered all affairs to be laid before the second council, bishops and nobles appointed by the king, like the present privy council. The third was a general assembly of the nation, called, in Saxon, Wittenagemót, in which quality and offices gave a right to sit. In these three councils we behold the origin of the cabinet, privy councils, and parliaments; see Cabinet, Common, and Privy Councils, etc. Act for collection of cotton statistics passed 25 June, 1868. EXPORTS OF COTTON GOODS, YARN, ETC., FROM UNITED KINGDOM. Official Value. Official Value. £46,872,489 36,750,971 Councils oF CONCILIATION, to adjust differences 54,882,329 between masters and workmen, may be established by 74,565,426 license of the secretary of state, by virtue of an act passed 1701. 23,253 1862, 1751. 45,986 1864. 1780. 355,000 1866. 1790. 1,662,369 1870. 71,416,345 73,247,625 15 Aug. 1867. 69,228,073 63,974,053 67,641,286 Councils OF THE CHURCH. The following are The supply of cotton from North America nearly ceased, in consequence of the secession of the Southern States from the union in 1860-61. In 1852, Mr. T. Bazley warned the country on the danger of trusting to this source. In May, 1862, he stated that through its failure the loss of the laboring classes was 12,000,000l. sterling a year, and estimated the loss, including the employing classes, at nearly 40,000,000l. a year. At a meeting of noblemen and gentlemen connected with the cotton manufacturing districts at Bridgewater - house, St. James's, on 19 July, 1862, the carl of Derby in the chair, 10,000l. were subscribed to the Cotton District Relief Fund. The viceroy of Egypt, in London at the time, gave 1000l., and the queen gave 20007, on 24 July. Liberal subscriptions flowed in from all parts. On 28 Aug., the lord mayor had received 41,9027. In the Lancashire district (population about 4.000.000) there were receiving parish relief, Sept. 1861, 43,500 persons; in Sept. 1862, 163, 498.-Earl of Derby, 2 Dec. 1862. In July, 1863, about the value of 700,000l. remained of the donations which had been received in money and goods, amounting to about 1,900,0007. On 9 Feb. 1863, the George Griswold arrived, containing contributions of provisions, etc., from the United States, for the relief of the sufferers in Lancashire. The Union Relief act (passed Aug. 1862, and continued in 1863) gave much relief by enabling overseers to borrow money to be expended in public works to be executed by the unemployed workmen. In Oct. 1864, much distress still existed, and fears were entertained for the approaching winter; 90,000 more paupers than ordinary in cotton districts.-Times, 18 Jan. 1865. In June, 1865, Mr. Farnall, the special commissioner (appointed in May, 1862) was recalled by the poor-law board, and the famine was declared to be ended. 1,000,000/. had been expended in two years. The executive of the Central Relief Fund held their last meeting, 4 Dec. 1865. Of the church at Jerusalem (Acts xv). Of the western bishops at Arles, in France, to suppress the Donatists; three fathers of the English church attended..... I. First Ecumenical or General, at Nice (Constantine the Great presided), decreed the consubstantiality of the Son of God, condemned Arianism, and composed the Nicene creed... At Tyre, against Athanasius. The first at Constantinople, when the Arian heresy gained ground.... At Rome, in favor of Athanasius.. At Sardis: 370 bishops attended; Arians condemned.. At Rimini: 400 bishops attended; Constantine obliged them to sign a new confession. II. Constantinople: Oriental council; 150 orthodox bishops present when it met; presided over, first, by Meletius, second by Gregory Nazianzen, third by Nectarius; added to the Nicene creed; declared the bishop of Constantinople next in rank to Rome; Constantinople being New Rome.... III. Ephesus: Cyril of Alexandria presided; anathematized and deposed Nestorius; protested against any addition to the original Nicene creed... IV. Chalcedon: 520 bishops present; declared the two natures of Christ, Divine and Human, as defined by Leo of Rome; accepted and decreed the Constantinopolitan addition to the Nicene creed... V. Constantinople: Eutyches, patriarch of Constantinople, presided; condemned the three chapters (written by Theodore of Mopsuestia, Theodoret, and others); Vigilius, bishop of Rome, protested, but afterwards assented.. 50 314 325 335 337 342 347 359 381 431 451 653 VI. Constantinople: pope Agatho presided; against Monothelites... 7 Nov. 680, to 16 Sept. 681 |