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POPULATION AND GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD.

(According to the Almanach de Gotha.)

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213,689 Frederick, duke.. 1,877,490 N. Avellaneda, president.. 37,904,435 Francis Joseph, emperor.. 1,507,179 Frederick, grand-duke.

5,022,390 Louis II., king.. 5,403,006 Leopold II., king 2,325,000 N. Campero, president. 10,108,291 Pedro II., emperor... 327,493 William, duke.. 1,965,474 Alexander I., prince.. 2,136,724 Anibal Pinto, president. 434,600,000 Kwang-su, emperor.. 3,000,000 Aquileo Parra, president.. 185,000 Thomas Guardia, president. 2,032,000 Christian IX., king.. 16,922,000 Mehemed Tewfik, khedive. 1,040,400 J. de Veintamilla(?), president.. 36,905,788 Jules Grévy, president. 42,727,360 William I., emperor.... Victoria, queen...

238,159,800

1,457,894 George I., king..

1,190,754 Rufinos Barrios, president.. 572,000 Gen. Salomon

884,218 Louis IV., grand-duke.

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25 Aug. 1845... 9 April, 1835...

2 Dec. 1825.. 25 April, 1806.. 5 April, 1857... 1871.

S April, 1818... 1852.

15 Aug. 1813... 22 March, 1797. 24 May, 1819... 24 Dec. 1845...

12 Sept. 1837... 19 Feb. 1817 ...

10 March, 1864.
10 Dec. 1865.
1 June, 1880.
7 April, 1831.
20 April, 1831.
29 April, 1879.
18 Sept. 1876.
Jan. 1875.
1 April, 1876.
Oct. 1877.
15 Nov. 1863.
8 Aug. 1879.
S Sept. 1876.
30 Jan. 1879.
18 Jan. 1871.
20 June, 1837.
6 June, 1863.
1879.

July, 1876.
13 June, 1877.
17 March, 1849.
29 May, 1877.

14 March, 1844. 9 Jan. 1878.
1852..

1880

Hayti (estimated)

Hesse-Darmstadt, L.

1875

Holland, not colonies, C..

1879

4,037,010 William III., king

Honduras, R.C...

1874

Italy, R.C. (estimated).

.Dec. 1875

Japan (estimated).

35 to 40 mil.

Moutz Hito, mikado.

Liberia, P..

S80,000

Liechtenstein, R. C..

Lippe, C...

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112,452

Waldemar, prince.

Mecklenburg-Schwerin, L.. Dec. 1875

553,785

Mecklenburg-Strelitz, L..

.... 1875

95,673

Mexico, R.C. (estimated).

.... 1879

9,686,777

Monaco, R. C..

Montenegro, G.C. (estm.)

Morocco, M..

.. 1873 1875 about

5,741

Frederic Francis, grand-duke Frederic William, grand-duke.. Manuel Gonzales, president.. Charles III., prince...

18 April, 1824.. 28 Feb. 1823. 17 Oct. 1819....

8 Dec. 1818..

7 Oct. 1841..

8,000,000

Nicaragua, R.C..

1875

Oldenburg, P. (estimated)..

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Papal States annexed to Italy.

1870

2 March, 1810..

Paraguay, R.C..

1873

Persia, M. (estimated).

1877

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1867.

1880.

12 Nov. 1858. 8 Dec. 1875. 7 March, 1842. 6 Sept. 1860. 1 Dec. 1880. 20 June, 1856, 14 Aug. 1860. 25 Sept. 1873. 1 March, 1879. 27 Feb. 1853. 20 Feb. 1878. 25 Nov. 1878. 10 Sept. 1848.

Spain and colonies, R. C. (estm.). 1870
St. Domingo, R. C. (estimated)
Sweden, Norway, L. (estimated). 1871
Switzerland, R. C. and P....Dec. 1876
Turkish Empire, M. (estimated). 1874
Uruguay, R.C.

170,000 Nicholas I., prince..

Muley Hassan, sultan..

300,000 Joaquin Zavala, president.. 314,591 Peter, grand-duke.

Leo XIII., pope..

221,079 Candido Bareiro, president. 7,000,000 Nassir-ed-Deen, shah.. 2,673,075 N. de Pierola, president.. 7,648,729 Luis I., king... 25,742,204 William I., king.

149,360 Henry XXII., prince. 4,500,000 Chs. of Hohenzollern, king Alexander III., czar.

Kalakaua I., king..

292,933 Chas. Alexander, grand-duke.

33,133 Adolphus, prince..

25,779,976

Alfonso XII.

136,500 F. A. de Merino 6,137,559 Oscar II., king....

2,759,854 E. Marte, president... 47,627,000 Abdul-Hamid II., suitan..

1830...

31 Oct. 183S..

23 Dec. 1879.

11 Nov. 1861.

22 March, 1797.2 Jan. 1861. 28 March, 1846. 8 Nov. 1859. 20 April, 1839.. 20 April, 1866. 10 March, 1845. 13 March, 1881. 16 Nov. 1836... 12 Feb. 1874.

16 Sept. 1826.. 21 June, 1818 2 April, 1826... 24 June, 1818.. 23 April, 1828.. 1 Aug. 1817.... 23 Nov. 183S.. 7 Aug. 1830....

28 Nov. 1857.. 10 Aug. 1854.. 21 Jan. 1829

22 Sept. 1842..

1875

450,000 F. S. Vidal, president..

Venezuela, R.C.. Würtemberg, L..

1873

1875

1,784,194 A. G. Blanco, president.. 1,881,505 Charles, king..

United States of America, P..

1880

50,155,783 Chester A. Arthur, president...

6 March, 1823.. 5 Oct. 1830.....

May, 1876. 3 Aug. 1853. 29 Jan. 1844. 20 Sept. 1866. 8 July, 1853. 29 Oct. 1873. 21 Nov. 1860. 26 Nov. 1869. 17 July, 1880. 10 June, 1868. 2 July, 1874. 1880. 18 Sept. 1872. 4 June, 1877. 31 Aug. 1876. 11 March, 1880. 1879. 25 June, 1864. 19 Sept. 1881.

PREDOMINANT RELIGIONS.-R. C., Roman Catholic; G. C., Greek Church; P., Protestant; L., Lutheran: E., Evangelical Church-a combination of Calvinists and Lutherans; C., Calvinist or Reformed; M., Mahometan; B., Buddhist.

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Aargau (Switzerland), formerly included in Berne, | abbots of Reading, Glastonbury, and St. John's, Colcheswas made an independent canton in 1803, and settled as ter, were executed as traitors for denying the king's su such in 1815. It was much disturbed by religious dis-premacy, probably for not surrendering their abbeys, sensions in 1841; and the expulsion of the Jesuits was 1539; see Glastonbury. demanded in 1844.

Abacus, the tile on the capital of a column. That on the Corinthian column is ascribed to Callimachus, about 540 B.C.-This name is also given to a frame traversed by stiff wires, on which beads were strung, used for calculating by the Greeks, Romans, and Chinese. M. Lalanne published an ABACUS at Paris in 1845.-The multiplication-table has been called the Pythagorean abacus. Abancay, a river in Peru, on the banks of which the Spanish marshal Almagro defeated and took prisoner Alvarado, a partisan of Pizarro, 12 July, 1537.

Abbot's Ripton, see Railway Accidents, 1876. A B C Club, a name adopted by certain republican enthusiasts in Paris, professing to relieve the abaissés, or depressed. Their insurrection, 5 June, 1832, was suppressed with bloodshed, 6 June. These events are described by Victor Hugo in "Les Misérables" (1862).

Abdications of sovereigns, voluntary or compulsory, have been numerous : Sylla, Roman dictator.

Diocletian, Roman emperor..

Stephen II. of Hungary.
Albert the Bear of Brandenburg

Lescov V. of Poland...

Uladislaus III. of Poland..
John Balliol of Scotland..
Otho (of Bavaria) of Hungary.
Eric IX. of Denmark, etc....
Pope Felix V..

66

Charles V. as emperor..
Christina of Sweden....
as king of Spain..
John Casimir of Poland.
James II. of England.
Philip V. of Spain (resumed).
Frederick Augustus II. of Poland..
Victor Amadeus of Sardinia.

Abattoirs, slaughter-houses for cattle. In 1810 Napoleon decreed that five should be erected near Paris, which were opened in 1818. One was erected at Edinburgh in 1851; and they form part of the new London metropolitan cattle - market, opened on 13 June, 1855. Abattoirs were first introduced into America in 1866. Abbassides, descendants of Mahomet's uncle, Abbas-Ben-Abdul-Motalleb. Merwan II., the last of the Ommiades, was defeated and slain by Abul Abbas in 750, and became caliph. Thirty-seven Abbasside caliphs (including Haroun al Raschid, 786-809) reigned from 750 to 1258. They settled at Bagdad, built by Al-Man-Charles of Naples... sour about 762. Their color was black; that of the Fatimites being green, and that of the Ommiades white. Abbaye, a military prison near St.-Germain-desPrés, Paris, where 164 prisoners were murdered by infuriated republicans led by Maillard, 2 and 3 Sept. 1792. Abbeville, N. France. Here Henry III. met Louis IX. of France and made peace, renouncing his right to Normandy and other provinces, 20 May, 1259.

Stanislaus of Poland...

Charles Emmanuel II of Sardinia..

B.C. 79 ..A.D. 305 1131 ....1142

1200

.1206

..1296

..1309

..1439 ...1449

.25 Oct. 1555 16 Jan. 1556 16 June, 1654 ..1669 .fled 11 Dec. 1688

Francis II. of Germany, who became emperor

tria...

..1704

..1724

..1730

..1759

..1795

..4 June, 1802

of Aus

11 Aug. 1804

Charles IV. of Spain, in favor of his son, 19 March; in
favor of Bonaparte; see Spain...
Joseph Bonaparte of Naples (for Spain)..

Gustavus IV. of Sweden...

Louis of Holland..

Jerome of Westphalia.
Napoleon I. of France..

Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia..

Pedro IV. of Portugal.

Dom Miguel of Portugal (by leaving it).
William I. of Holland...
Louis Philippe of France.

Pedro I. of Brazil.....

Ferdinand of Austria...
Charles Albert of Sardinia.
Leopold II. of Tuscany..
Bernhard of Saxe-Meiningen..
Isabella II. of Spain..
Amadeus of Spain...

1 May, 1808 .1 June, 1803 ..1809

1 July, 1810 20 Oct. 1813 5 April, 1814 13 March, 1821 .2 May, 1826

.2 Aug. 1830 .7 April, 1831 26 May, 1834 ..8 Oct. 1840 .24 Feb. 1848 .21 March, 1848 2 Dec. 1848 23 March, 1849 ..July, 1859 .20 Sept. 1866 25 June, 1870 .11 Feb. 1873

Abbeys, monasteries for men or women; see Monachism and Convents. The first abbey founded in Eng-Charles X. of France... land was at Bangor in 560; in France, at Poitiers, about 360; in Ireland in the fifth century; in Scotland in the sixth century. 110 alien priories were suppressed in England, 2 Henry V. 1414.-Salmon. The gross disor-Louis Charles of Bavaria.. ders in these establishments occasioned their destruction in Britain. After visitations of inquiry, king Henry VIII. commenced the suppression of small monasteries to raise revenues for Wolsey's colleges at Oxford and Ipswich, 7 June, 1525; many small monasteries were suppressed in 1536; and all religious houses were suppressed throughout the realm by parliament, 1539-40 186 large monasteries (revenue 104,9197. 138. 3d.), 347 less monasteries (revenue 33,4797. 13s. 7 d.), and 48 houses of the knights hospitallers (revenue 2385/. 128. 8d.; total, houses, 608; estimated revenue, 140,784. 19s. 64d.).Tanner. Many abbeys were suppressed in France in 1790, in Spain in 1837 and 1868, and in Italy in 1866–73. Abbot (from Ab, father), the head of an abbey. In Abelard, a celebrated teacher of theology and logic, England, mitred abbots were lords of parliament; twen-in 1118 fell in love with Heloïse, the niece of Fulbert, a ty-seven abbots and two priors thus distinguished, 1329; canon of Paris, became her tutor, and seduced her. After the number reduced to twenty-five, 1396.-Coke. The a compulsory marriage, he placed her temporarily in a

Abecedarians, followers of Storch, an Anabaptist in the sixteenth century, derive their name from their rejection of all worldly knowledge, even of the alphabet.

Abecedarium, a logical machine, constructed by Mr. William Stanley Jevons, and described in his “Principles of Science," 1874. He states that, by means of symbolic terms, it can perform all the processes of analytic reasoning with infallible accuracy.

convent. Having been cruelly mutilated at the instigation of her relatives, he entered the abbey of St. Denis, from which he was compelled to depart, accused of heresy, on account of his censuring the dissoluteness of the monks. He then built and lectured at the oratory of the Paraclete (or Comforter) which eventually he made a convent, with Heloïse for the abbess. He died under the charge of heresy, 21 April, 1142, and was buried in the Paraclete, where also Heloïse was laid, 17 May, 1164. Their ashes were removed to the garden of the Muséum Français in 1800, and to the cemetery of Père la Chaise in 1817. Their epistles, etc., were published in 1616.

Abencerrages, a powerful Moorish tribe of Granada, opposed to the Zegris. From 1480 to 1492 their quarrels deluged Granada with blood and hastened the fall of the kingdom. They were exterminated by Boab

dil (Abu Abdallah), the last king, who was dethroned by

Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492; his dominions were annexed to Castile.

Aberdeen Peerage Case. George, earl of Aberdeen, grandson of the premier, succeeded his father, 22 March, 1864. After travelling in a yacht, he became a merchant seaman, and chief mate of the Hera; he was drowned 27 Jan. 1870. His brother John's claim to the succession was allowed by the house of lords, 3 May, 1872.

Aber Edw, S. Radnorshire. Near here Llewelyn, the last independent prince of Wales, was surprised, defeated, and slain by the lords marchers, 11 Dec. 1282.

Abergele (N. Wales), see Railway Accidents, 20 Aug. 1868.

Aberration oF LIGHT; discovered by James Bradley, through his observation of an apparent motion of the fixed stars, 1727.

II.) to the court party in England, the opponents of the

Abhorrers, a name given in 1679 (reign of Charles

Addressers (afterwards Whigs), so called from their adAbensberg, Bavaria. The Austrians were here de- of the parliament, which was delayed on account of its dress to the king praying for the immediate assembly feated by Napoleon I. 20 April, 1809.

Abeokuta, see Dahomey.

Aberdeen (N. Scotland), said to have been founded in the third century after Christ, and erected into a city about 893. Old Aberdeen was made a royal burgh in 1154; it was burned by the English in 1336; and soon after New Aberdeen was built. A statue of the prince consort was inaugurated by the queen 13 Oct. 1863; and one of queen Victoria by the prince of Wales, 20 Sept. 1866. The University was founded by bishop William Elphinstone, who had a bull from pope Alexander VI. in 1494. King's college was erected in 1500-6. Marischal college was founded by George Keith, earl marischal of Scotland, in 1593; rebuilt in 1837. In 1858 the university and colleges were united. By the reform act of 1868, the universities of Aberdeen and Glasgow send one member to parliament. Above thirty persons drowned by overcrowding a boat, 5 April, 1876.

Malcolm III., having gained a great victory over the Danes in the year 1010, resolved to found a new Bishopric, in token of his gratitude for his success, and pitched upon Mortlach in Banffshire, where St. Beanus was first bishop, 1015. The see, removed to Aberdeen early in the twelfth century, was discontinued at the revolution, 1689, and is now a post-revolution bishopric, instituted in 1721; see Bishops in Scotland.

Aberdeen Act, introduced by the earl of Aberdeen, and passed, 1845, to enforce the observance of a convention made with Brazil in 1826 to put down the slave-trade. Repealed in April, 1869.

Aberdeen Administration, called the Coalition Ministry, as including Whigs, Radicals, and followers of sir R. Peel. Formed in consequence of the resignation of the first Derby administration; sworn in, 28 Dec. 1852; resigned 30 Jan. 1855; succeeded by the Palmerston administration, which see.

Earl of Aberdeen, first lord of the treasury.
Lord Cranworth, lord chancellor.

Earl Granville, president of the council.

Duke of Argyll, lord privy seal.

Lord John Russell, † foreign secretary.
Viscount Palmerston, home secretary.

Duke of Newcastle, ‡ colonial and war secretary.
William Ewart Gladstone, chancellor of exchequer.
Sir James Graham, first lord of the admiralty.
Sir Charles Wood, president of the India board.
Edward Cardwell, president of board of trade.
Hon. Sidney Herbert, secretary-at-war.

Sir William Molesworth, chief commissioner of works.
Marquess of Lansdowne (without office).
Viscount Canning, lord Stanley of Alderley, right hon. Edward
Strutt, etc.

*Born in 1784; engaged in foreign diplomacy, 1813; became foreign secretary, Jan. 1828; joined the party of sir R. Peel, 1846; died 14 Dec. 1860.

† Lord John Russell was succeeded as foreign secretary by the earl of Clarendon (Feb. 1853), but continued a member of the cabinet, without office; he afterwards became president of the council, in the room of earl Granville, appointed to the duchy of Lancaster (June, 1854).

In June, 1854, the offices were separated; the duke of

Newcastle remained secretary of war, and sir George Grey was made colonial secretary.

being adverse to the court. The former (afterwards Tories) expressed their abhorrence of those who endeavored to encroach on the royal prerogative, 1680.—Ilume. The commons expelled several members for being Abhorrers, among them sir Francis Withens (whom they sent to the Tower), and prayed his majesty to remove others from places of trust. They also resolved, "that it is the undoubted right of the subject to petition for the calling of a parliament, and that to traduce such petitions as tumultuous and seditious is to contribute to the design of altering the constitution." Oct. 1680.

Abingdon Law. In 1645, lord Essex and Waller held Abingdon, an ancient abbey town in Berks, against Charles I. The town was unsuccessfully attacked by sir Stephen Hawkins in 1644, and by prince Rupert in 1645. On these occasions the defenders put every Irish prisoner to death without trial; hence the term "Abingdon law."

Abiogenesis (a, not, Biog, life), a term given to spontaneous generation by professor Huxley in his British Association address, 1870.

Abjuration of the pope was enjoined by statute in the reigns of Henry VIII., Elizabeth, and James I., and of certain doctrines of the church of Rome by stat. 25 Charles II. 1673. The oath of abjuration of the house of Stuart was enjoined by stat. 13 & 14 Will. II. 1702; the form was changed in after-reigns. By 21 & 22 Vict. c. 48 (1858) one oath for the three oaths of abjuration, allegiance, and supremacy was substituted; see Oaths.

Abkasia, a province of the Caucasus, annexed by Russia, the last prince (Michael Shervashiji) being deposed. An insurrection against the Russian authorities, 8 Aug. 1866, was quelled with much bloodshed. Abney Park, see Cemeteries.

Abo, a port of Russia, founded prior to 1157, was till 1809 capital of Swedish Finland. It has suffered much by fire, especially in 1775 and 1827; was seized by the Russians in Feb. 1808; ceded to them, 17 Sept. 1809; and rebuilt by them after the great fire in 1827. The university, erected by Gustavus Adolphus and Christina, 1640 et seq., was removed to Helsingfors, 1827. The peace of Abo, by which Sweden ceded part of Finland to Russia, was signed 18 Aug. 1743.

Abolitionists, the party in the northern part of the United States opposed to slavery. They formed a small society at Boston about 1832, which became the nucleus of a great political party, and ultimately attained its object by the war of 1861-5. During the revolution, and when the constitution was made, various societies were formed for the abolition of slavery. The first of these originated in Philadelphia, 14 April, 1775, Benjamin Franklin president. John Jay, and after him Alexander Hamilton, were the first presidents of a second society for the same purpose, formed in New York, 25 Jan. 1785. Others followed in different parts of the Union.

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