tiously termed the "who who administration," from the 1858. Beadsman. duke of Wellington's inquiry). FIRST ADMINISTRATION, 27 Feb. 1852. First lord of the treasury, Edward, earl of Derby.* Lord chancellor, lord St. Leonards (previously sir Edward Sugden). President of the council, earl of Lonsdale. Lord privy seal, marquess of Salisbury. Home, foreign, and colonial secretaries, Spencer Horatio Wal- 1859. Musjid. 1860. Thormanby. 1861. Kettledrum. 1862. Caractacus. 1863. Macaroni. 1864. Blair Athol. 1865. Gladiateur (31 May), a horse reared in France, the property of the comte de la Grange. He also won the St. Leger at Doncaster, 13 Sept. 1866. Lord Lyon (16 May). 1867. Hermit (22 May). 1868. Blue Gown (27 May). 1869. Pretender (26 May). First commissioner of works and public buildings, lord John 1870. Kingcraft (1 June). Manners. Robert Adam Christopher, lord Colchester, etc. 1871. Favonius (24 May). 1875. Galopin (26 May). 1880. Bend Or (duke of West- Derricks are lofty, portable, crane-like structures, [Defeated on the budget, 16 Dcc.; resigned 17 Dec. 1852; used on land and water for lifting enormous loads, and succeeded by the Aberdeen administration.] SECOND ADMINISTRATION, 25 Feb. 1858. col. Jonathan Peel. First lord of the treasury, earl of Derby. Lord chancellor, lord Chelmsford (previously sir F. Thesiger). Chancellor of the exchequer, B. Disraeli. Secretaries-foreign, earl of Malmesbury; home, Spencer H. Walpole (resigned March, 1859), T. Sotheron Estcourt; colonies, lord Stanley; in June, 1858, sir E. Bulwer Lytton; war, Presidents of the council, marquess of Salisbury; of board of control (India), 1, earl of Ellenborough (who resigned in May, 1858; he had sent a letter, on his own authority, censuring the proclamation of lord Canning to the Oude insurgents; the government hardly escaped a vote of censure); 2, in June, 1858, lord Stanley; board of trade, Mr. Joseph W. Henley (resigned in March, 1859), earl of Donoughmore; board of works, lord John Manners. Lord privy seal, earl of Hardwicke. First lord of the admiralty, sir John S. Pakington. Chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, duke of Montrose. [This ministry resigned in consequence of a vote of want of confidence, 11 June, 1859; it was succeeded by the Palmerston-Russell cabinet (which see).] THIRD ADMINISTRATION, CONSTITUTED 6 July, 1866. First lord of the treasury, Edward, earl of Derby. Lord chancellor, Frederick, lord Chelmsford. President of council, Richard, duke of Buckingham; succeeded by John, duke of Marlborough, 8 March, 1867. Lord privy seal, James, earl of Malmesbury. Se retaries-home, Spencer Horatio Walpole, resigned; Gathorne Hardy, 17 May, 1867; foreign, Edward, lord Stanley; colonies, Henry, earl of Carnarvon, resigned; Richard, duke of Buckingham and Chandos, 8 March, 1867; war, lieut. -gen. sir Jonathan Peel, resigned; sir John Somerset Pakington, 8 March, 1867; India, Robert, lord Cranborne, resigned; sir Stafford Henry Northcote, 8 March, 1867. Chancellor of the exchequer, Benjamin Disraeli. First lord of the admiralty, sir John S. Pakington; succeeded by Henry Thomas Corry, 8 March, 1867. Chief commissioner of works, etc., lord John Manners. President of board of trade, sir Stafford Northcote, succeeded by Charles Henry, duke of Richmond, March, 1867. Chief secretary for Ireland, Richard, lord Naas (afterwards President of poor-law board, Gathorne Hardy; succeeded by William Reginald, earl of Devon (not in cabinet), 17 May, earl of Mayo). 1867. Horatio Spencer Walpole, without office. (The above formed the cabinet, Feb. 1868.) Postmaster-general, James, duke of Montrose. Lord chamberlain, Orlando, earl of Bradford. Chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, William, carl of Devon; succeeded by col. John Wilson Patten, June, 1867. Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, James, earl (afterwards marquess) of Abercorn. [The earl of Derby resigned through ill-health, 25 Feb. 1868, and Mr. Disraeli reconstituted the ministry; see Disraeli.] in some cases depositing them at an elevation. They are extensively used in the United States, and were introduced into England as floating- derricks for raising sunken vessels, by their inventor, A. D. Bishop, in 1857. Derry (N. Ireland), a bishopric first at Ardfrath; thence translated to Maghera; and in 1158 to Derry. The cathedral, built in 1164, becoming ruinous, was rebuilt by Londoners, who settled here in the reign of James I. The see is valued in the king's books at 250%. sterling; but it has been one of the richest sees in Ireland.--Beatson. The see was united to Derry, 1834; see Bishops; Londonderry. Descent of Man, see Development. "Deserted Village," a poem, by Dr. Oliver Goldsmith, first published May, 1770. Design, SCHOOLS OF, established by government, began at Somerset House, London, 1 Jan. 1837. In 1852 the head school was removed to Marlborough House, and became eventually "the department of science and art," transferred to South Kensington in 1857. It is under the direction of the committee of council on education; see Copyright. Despard's Conspiracy. Colonel Edward Marcus Despard (a native of Ireland), Broughton, Francis, Graham, Macnamara, Wood, and Wratten conspired to kill the king and establish a republic on the day of opening parliament, 16 Nov. 1802. Above thirty persons, including soldiers, were taken in custody; of those tried, 20 Jan. 1803, Despard and six others were executed, 21 Feb. He had been a distinguished officer under Nel son. Destitute Children's Dinner Society, estabners given in 1869; 147,858 dinners in 58 dining-rooms lished in 1867, to give weekly meat dinners. 16,822 dinin 1870; 114,000 dinners in 42 dining-rooms, year 1876-7; 170,000 dinners in 49 rooms, 1878-9. Destructive Insects (to crops), an act passed to prevent their introduction and spreading in Great Britain, 14 Aug. 1877; see Colorado. Detective Police, see Police and Trials, 1877. Detroit (North America), the oldest city in the West, was built by the French about 1670. Dettingen (Bavaria), BATTLE OF, 16 (or 27 o. s.) June, 1743, between the British, Hanoverian, and HesEngland and the earl of Stair, and the French army (60,sian army (52,000), commanded by king George II. of sec-000), under marshal Noailles and the duc de Grammont. Derby Day (see Races), generally (not always) the Wednesday in the week preceding Whitsunday, the ond day of the grand spring meeting at Epsom. RECENT WINNERS OF "THE DERBY" AT EPSOM. 1852. Daniel O'Rourke, 1853. West Australian. 1854. Andover. 1855. Wild Dayrell. 1856. Ellington. 1946. Pyrrhus. 1847. Cossack. 1848. Surplice. 1849. Flying Dutchman. 1850. Voltigeur. 1851. Teddington. 1857. Blink Bonny. The French passed a defile, which they should have merely guarded. The duc de Grammont, with his cavalry, charged the British foot with great fury, but was received with such intrepidity that he was obliged to give way and to repass the Maine, losing 3000 men. Handel's "Dettingen Te Deum" first performed 27 Nov. 1743. Development (or EVOLUTION). Wolff put forth a theory of epigenesis in 1759; Lamarck, the naturalist, in 1809, propounded a theory that all animals had been developed from "monads," living minute particles; see Species and Vestiges. Buffon held a similar doctrine. In 1827 Ernst von Baer of Königsberg demonstrated Pliny. The first dial of the sun seen at Rome was that all mammals are developed from a minute egg placed on the temple of Quirinus by L. Papirius Cursor, not a hundredth of an inch in diameter. Mr. C. Darwin's when time was divided into hours, 293 B.C.-Blair. Dials views are given in his "Origin of Species," 1859; and set up in churches about A.D. 613-Lenglet. Mrs. Alfred "Descent of Man," 1871. He supposes that man was Gatty's "Book of Sun-dials" was published in 1872. gradually evolved from the lowest created form of animal life. Haeckel, his most advanced follower, published in German a "History of Creation," 1873; a translation in English, 1875. Mr. Alfred Wallace published his work on Natural Selection in 1870; see Evolution. The theory of the development of living beings out of the substance of the earth was put forth by Lucretius in his "De Rerum Naturæ," about 57 B. C. "We cannot teach, we cannot pronounce it to be a conquest of science, that man descends from the ape or from any other animal. We can only indicate it as a hypothesis."Professor Virchow, 1877. "The primitive monads were born by spontaneous generation in the sea."-Professor Haeckel, 1878. Devil-worship. Devil-Greek, diáẞoloc, false accuser; Hebrew, sutan, an adversary; abaddon, destroyer, etc. The worship of devils is frequently mentioned in the Bible (Lev. xvii. 7; 2 Chron. xi. 15; 1 Cor. x. 20; Rev. ix. 20, etc.). Mr. Layard describes the Yezidees as recognizing one supreme being, yet reverencing the devil as a king or mighty angel, to be conciliated (1841). Mr. Moncure Conway's "Demonology and Devil-lore" first published, Dec. 1878. Devizes, Wilts; at Roundway Down, near here, sir William Waller and the parliamentarians were defeated, 13 July, 1643. Devonport, see Dockyards and Plymouth. Devonshire, the country of the Damnonii, or Dumnonii. Odun, earl of Devon, in 878 defeated the Danes, slew Ubbo, or Hubba, their chief, and captured his magic standard. A bishopric of Devonshire was founded in 909; see Exeter. Richard de Redvers, first earl of Devon, son of Baldwin, sheriff of Devonshire, died 1137. William Courtenay, the present earl, is descended from Robert de Courtenay and Mary de Redvers, daughter of William de Redvers, earl of Devon, in 1184. William Cavendish, created first earl of Devonshire, 1618. William Cavendish (his great-grandson), created first duke of Devonshire, 1684; from him is descended William Cavendish, the present duke (1881). Devonshire and Pitt Administration, formed 16 Nov. 1756; dismissed 5 April, 1757. First lord of the treasury, William, duke of Devonshire. Secretaries of state, earl of Holdernesse and William PITT (af- "Devout Life." "Introduction à la Vie Dévote," written by St. François de Sales, and published 1608. He was born 21 Aug. 1567; bishop of Geneva, 1602; died 28 Dec. 1622. Dew, the modern theory respecting it was put forth by Dr. Wells in his book, 1814. Dewangiri, see India, 1865. Diadem, the band or fillet worn by the ancients instead of the crown, and consecrated to the gods. At first it was made of silk or wool, set with precious stones, and was tied round the temples and forehead, the two ends being knotted behind, and let fall on the neck. Aurelian was the first Roman emperor who wore a diadem, 272.— Tillemont. Dialectical Society, LONDON, for the philosophical consideration of all subjects, with a view to the discovery and elucidation of truth, was established in 1865. The report of their committee on spiritualism was published in Nov. 1871. Dials. "The sun-dial of Ahaz," 713 B.C. (Isa. xxxviii. 8). A dial invented by Anaximander, 550 B.C. Dialysis, an important method of chemical analysis, depending on the different degrees of diffusibility of substances in liquids, was made known in 1861, by its discoverer, professor Thomas Graham, then master of the mint. Diamagnetism, the property possessed by nearly all bodies of behaving differently to iron when placed between two magnets. The phenomena, previously little known, were reduced to a law by Faraday in 1845, and confirmed by Tyndall and others. Diamond, a hamlet, Armagh, N. Ireland, where was fought the "battle of the Diamond," 21 Sept. 1795, between the "Peep-o'-day Boys" and the "Defenders," and many of the latter were killed. To commemorate this conflict the first Orange lodge was formed immediately after; see Defenders. Diamonds were first brought to Europe from the East, where the mine of Sumbulpoor was the first known, and where the mines of Golconda, the realm of diamonds, were discovered in 1534. The mines of Brazil were discovered in 1728. From these last a diamond weighing 1680 carats, or fourteen ounces, was sent to the court of Portugal, and was valued by Mr. Romeo de l'Isle at 224 millions; by others at 56 millions and at 33 millions; its true value (not being brilliant) was 400,0007. The great RUSSIAN diamond weighs 193 carats, or 1 oz. 12 dwts 4 gr. troy. The empress Catherine II. offered for it 104,166l. 13s. 4d., besides an annuity for life to the owner, of 1041. 13s. 4d., which was refused; but it was afterwards sold to Catherine's favorite, count Orloff, for the first-mentioned sum, without the annuity, and was by him presented to the empress on her birthday, 1772; it is now in the scep tre of Russia. The PITT diamond weighed 136 carats, and, after cutting, 106 carats: it was sold to the king of France for 125,000. n 1720. The PIGOTT diamond (bought by Mr. Pitt, grandfather of William Pitt) was sold for 9500 guineas, 10 May, 1802. The diamond called the KOHINOOR, or MOUNTAIN OF LIGHT, was found in the mines of Golconda, in 1550, and is said to have belonged in turn to Shah Jehan, Aurungzebe, Nad r Shah, the Afghan rulers, and afterwards to the Sikh chief Runjeet Singh. Upon the abdication of Dhuleep Singh, the last ruler of the Punjab, and the annexation of his dominions to the British empire, in 1849, the Kohinoor was surrendered to the queen. It was accordingly brought over and presented to her, 3 July, 1850. It was shown in the Great Exhibition, 1851. Its original weight was nearly 800 carats, but it was reduced by the unskilfulness of the art st, Hortensio Borghese, a Venetian, to 279 carats. Its shape and size resembled the pointed half (rose cut) of a small hen's egg. The value is scarcely computable, though two millions sterling have been mentioned as a justifiable price, if calculated by the scale employed in the trade. This diamond was recut in 1852, and now weighs 102 carats. The SANCY diamond, which belonged to Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, was bought by sir C. Jejeebhoy from the Demidoff family for 20,000l. in Feb. 1865. diamond, termed the STAR OF THE SOUTH, was brought from Brazil in 1855, weighing 254) carats, half of which was lost by cutting. Diamonds were discovered in Cape Colony, S. Africa, in March, 1867. A fine one, termed the "Star of South Africa, brought to England in 1869, was purchased by Messrs. Hunt and Roskel!. After cutting, it weighed 46 carats, and was valued at 25,000Z., in June, 1870. Rich diamond-fields recently discovered near the Vaal and Great influx of diggers, and many fine diamonds found, Nov. Orange rivers, Sept. 1870. Value of 141 diamonds found in 1869, 74051.; of 5661 found in 1870, 124,9107.; about 2,000,000l. said to have been exported in 1877. DIAMOND NECKLACE AFFAIR. -In 1785, Boehmer, the court jew eller of France, offered the queen, Marie Antoinette, a diamond necklace for 56,000Z. The queen desired the necklace, but feared the expense. The countess de la Motte (of the ancient house of Valois) forged the queen's signature, and, by pretending that the queen had an attachment for him, persuaded the cardinal de Roban, the queen's almoner. to conclude a bargain with the jeweller for the necklace for 56,000l. De la Motte thus obtained the necklace and made away with it. For this she was tried in 1786, and sentenced to be branded on the shoulders and imprisoned for life. She accused in vain the celebrated Italian adventurer Caglios tro of complicity in the affair, he being then intimate with the cardinal. She made her escape and came to London, where she was killed by falling from a window-sill, in at tempting to escape an arrest for debt.-De Rohan was tried and acquitted, 14 April, 1786. The public in France at that time suspected the queen of being a party to the fraud. Talleyrand wrote at the time, that he should not be surprised if this miserable affair overturned the throne. Diamond Robbery; see Trials, 1871. Diamonds valued at 50,000. stolen from the post-office at Diamonds said to have been made by J. Ballantine Hannay at INFLAMMABILITY OF DIAMONDS. Boetius de Boot conjectured that the diamond was inflammable, 1609. When exposed to a high temperature it gave an acrid vapor, in which a part of it was dissipated, 1673.—Boyle. Sir Isaac Newton concluded, from its great refracting power, that it must be combustible, 1675. Averani demonstrated, by concentrating the rays of the sun upon it, that the diamond was exhaled in vapor, and entirely disappeared, while other precious stones merely grow softer, 1695. It has been ascertained by Guyton, Davy, and others, that diamonds contain nothing but pure charcoal, or carbon. Diamonds were charred by the intense heat of the voltaic battery-by M. Dumas, in Paris, and by prof. Faraday, in London, in 1848. Diana, TEMPLE OF (at Ephesus), accounted one of the seven wonders of the world, was built at the common charge of all the Asiatic states, 552 B.C.; the chief architect being Ctesiphon. Pliny says that 220 years were occupied in completing it. It was 425 feet long, 225 broad, and was supported by 127 columns (60 feet high, each weighing 150 tons) of Parian marble, furnished by so many kings. It was set on fire, on the night of the birth of Alexander the Great, by Herostratus or Eratostratus, who confessed that his sole motive was the desire of transmitting his name to future ages, 356 B.C. The temple was rebuilt, but again burned by the Goths in their naval invasion, A.D. 256 or 262. In April, 1869, Mr. J. T. Wood discovered the site of the second temple; and since then sculptured marble columns have been removed to the British Museum. Diana was the Roman name of the Greek Artemis. Dice. The invention of dice is ascribed to Palamedes, of Greece, about 1244 B.C. The game of tali and tessera among the Romans was played with dice. Stow mentions two entertainments given by the city of London, at which dice were played. Act to regulate the licenses of makers, and the sale of dice, 9 Geo. IV. 1828. In 1357, the kings of Scotland and France being prisoners, and the king of Cyprus on a visit to Edward III., a great tournament was held in Smithfield, and afterwards Henry Picard, mayor of London, kept his hall against all comers that were willing to play at dice and hazard. The lady Margaret, his wife, did keepe her chamber to the same in tent." The mayor restored to the king of Cyprus 50 marks which he had won from him, saying, "My lord and king, be not aggrieved; for I covet not your gold, but your play," etc.-Stow. | 116 28 177 A Latin dictionary was compiled by Varro, born....B.C. Varro's work "De Linguâ Latinâ;" he died.. The "Onomasticon," a collection of vocabularies in Greek, by Julius Pollux, was published about..... A.D. The "Catholicon," an attempt at a Latin Lexicon, by Friar Johannes Balbus Januensis, printed at Mentz... 1460 The first noted polyglot dictionary, perhaps the first, is by Ambrose Calepini, a Venetian friar, in Latin; he wrote one in eight languages.-Niceron.. John E. Avenar's "Dictionarium Hebraicum" was published at Wittenberg in 1589. Buxtorf's great work, "Lexicon Hebraicum," etc., appeared... ..about 1500 The "Lexicon Heptaglotton" was published by Edmund Castell in.. The great English dictionary by Samuel Johnson appeared in.... Francis Grose's "Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue" was compiled in..... 1621 1669 1755 1768 The following academies have published large dictionaries Richardson's English dictionary appeared. 1831 1836 .1842-57 1860 Dieppe (N. France). This town was bombarded by an English fleet, under admiral Russell, and laid in ashes, July, 1694. It was again bombarded in 1794; and again, together with the town of Granville, by the British, 14 Sept. 1803. "Dies Ira" (" Day of Wrath"), a Latin mediæval hymn on the day of judgment, is ascribed to various authors, among others to pope Gregory the Great (died about 604); St. Bernard (died 1153); but is generally considered to have been composed by Thomas of Celano (died 1255), and to have been used in the Roman ser vice of the mass before 1385. Dichrooscope, an optical apparatus, described by Diet OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE (in which the suthe inventor, prof. Dové of Berlin, in 1860, who in-preme court of authority of the empire may be said to tended it to represent interferences, spectra in colored lights, polarization of light, etc. Dictators were supreme and absolute magistrates of Rome, appointed to act in critical times. Titus Lartius Flavius, the first dictator, was appointed 501 B.C. Caius Marcius Rutilus was the first plebeian dictator, 356 B.C. This office became odious by the usurpations of Sylla and Julius Cæsar; and after the death of the latter the Roman senate, on the motion of the consul Antony, passed a law forbidding a dictator to exist in Rome, 44 B.C. Dictionary. A standard dictionary of the Chinese language, containing about 40,000 characters, most of them hieroglyphic, or rude representations, somewhat like our signs of the zodiac, was perfected by Pa-out-she, who lived about 1100 B.C.-Morrison, See Encyclopædias, Music, etc, have existed) was composed of three colleges: one of electors, one of princes, and one of imperial towns, and commenced with the edict of Charles IV. 1356; see Golden Bull; Würzburg (1180); Nuremberg (1467); isbon (1541); Frankfort (1806 et seq.); and Germany. Worms (1521); Spires (1529); Augsburg (1530); Rat Dietheroscope, an apparatus for geodesy and teaching optics, constructed by G. Luvini, of Tunis, and announced April, 1876. Dieu et mon droit (“God and my right "), the royal motto of England, was the parole of the day, given by Richard I. of England to his army at the battle of Gisors, in France, 20 Sept. 1198, when the French army "Dieu et mon droit" appears to was signally defeated. have been first assumed as a motto by Henry VI. (1422– 61); see Semper Eadem. "Dieu-donné," the name given in his infancy to Louis le Grand, king of France, the queen, his mother, having been barren for twenty-three years previously, 1638. Also to the present comte de Chambord, son of the duchess of Berri, born 29 Sept. 1820. His father was assassinated 14 Feb. 1820. One of the popes (672) was named Adeodatus, or God's gift. Differential Engine, see Calculating Machine. Diffusion of GASES. In 1825, Döbereiner observed the transmission of hydrogen gas through a crack in a glass vessel, and prof. Thomas Graham discovered the passage of gases through porous porcelain, graphite, and other substances, and established laws in 1832, and to him we are indebted for the discovery of Atmolysis and Dialysis. He died 16 Sept. 1869. Diffusion of USEFUL Knowledge SociETY, which published a number of books relating to history, science, and literature, and an atlas, in a cheap form, ridiculed as the "Sixpenny Sciences," was established by Lord Brougham, Mr. William Tooke, Mr. Charles Knight, and others. It published its "Library " 1827-48, and patronized the publication of the Penny Magazine and the Penny Cyclopædia. Its proceedings were suspended in 1846. The Royal Institution of Great Britain was established in 1799, for "the Promotion, Diffusion, and Extension of Science and Useful Knowledge." Digest. The first collection of Roman laws under this title was prepared by Alfrenus Varus, the civilian, of Cremona, 66 B.C.-Quintil. The "Digest," so called by way of eminence, was the collection made by order of the emperor Justinian, 529: it made the first part of the Roman law and the first volume of the civil law. Quotations from it are marked with a ff.-Pardon. The "Digest of Law" commissioners signed their first report 13 May, 1867, recommending the immediate preparation of a digest of the English common-law, statute law, and judicial decisions. Digits, any whole number under 10: 1, 2, etc., are the nine digits. Arithmetical figures were known to the Arabian Moors about 900, and were introduced by them into Spain in 1050, and thence into England about 1253. In astronomy, the digit is a measure used in the calculation of eclipses, and is the twelfth part of the luminary eclipsed; see Figures. Dijon (E. France), the ancient capital of Burgundy, is said to have been founded by Julius Cæsar, fortified by the emperor Marcus Aurelius, and named Divio, about 274. It has been several times captured in war; and a castle was erected here by Louis XI. Dijon became the capital of the dukes of Burgundy about 1180. It was attacked by the Germans, under gen. Beyer, 30 Oct. 1870. The heights and suburbs were taken by prince William of Baden, and the town surrendered on 31 Oct. Dilapidations, see Ecclesiastical. Dilettanti, SOCIETY OF, established in 1734 by the viscount Harcourt, lord Middlesex, duke of Dorset, and others who had travelled and who were desirous of encouraging a taste for the fine arts in Great Britain. The society published, or aided in publishing, Stuart's "Athens" (1762-1816), Chandler's "Travels" (1775-6), and several other finely illustrated works. The members dine together from time to time at the Thatched-house tavern, St. James's. Mr. R. P. Pullan, on behalf of this society, excavated the temple of Bacchus at Teos, of Apollo Smintheus in the Troad, and of Minerva Polias at Priene, between 1861-70. Published "Antiquities of Ionia," 4 parts, 1769-1881. Dimity, see Damietta. fore. In England the principal dioceses are coeval with the establishment of Christianity; of 28 dioceses, 20 are suffragan to the diocese of Canterbury, and six to that of York; see Bishops, and the sees severally. Diocesan conferences of the clergy and laity now frequent. Diocletian Era (called also the era of Martyrs, on account of the persecution in his reign) was used by Christian writers until the introduction of the Christian era in the sixth century, and is still employed by the Abyssinians and Copts. It dates from the day on which Diocletian was proclaimed emperor at Chalcedon, 29 Aug. 284. Dioptric System (from the Greek dia, through, and oжτάw, I see), an arrangement of lenses for refract ing light in light-houses, devised by Fresnel about 1819, based on the discoveries of Buffon, Condorcet, Brewster, and others; see Light-houses. Diorama. This admired exhibition was first opened by MM. Bouton and Daguerre in Paris, 11 July, 1822; in London, 29 Sept. 1823. It was not successful commercially here, and was sold in 1848. The building in Regent's Park was purchased by sir M. Peto in 1855, to be used as a Baptist chapel. Diphtheria (from the Greek dipoipa, leather), a disease resembling croup which has the essential character of developing a false membrane on the mucous membrane connected with the throat. It was named diphtheritis by Brétonneau of Tours in 1820. From its prevalence in Boulogne, it has been termed the Boulogne sore-throat; many persons were affected with it in England at the beginning of 1858. The princess Alice, grand-duchess of Hesse-Darmstadt, died of this disease, 14 Dec. 1878, after nursing her husband and children. Diplomacy, the art of managing the relations of foreign states by means of ambassadors, envoys, consuls, chargés d'affaires, etc.; see Ambassadors and Consuls. New regulations for the British diplomatic service wore issued 5 Sept. 1862. Diplomas. The wholesale fraudulent sale of diplomas of M.D., etc., for 107., by a Dr. Buchanan, dean of the American University of Philadelphia, and others, was detected in 1880. He attempted escape by a sham suicide, but was captured, prosecuted, and imprisoned. Diplomatics, the foreign term for the science of palæography or ancient writings. Valuable works on this subject have been compiled by Mabillon (1681), De Vaines (1774), Astle (1781), De Wailly (1838), and other antiquaries. "Directory FOR THE PUBLIC Worship of God" was drawn up at the instance of the parliament by an assembly of divines at Westminster in 1644, after the suppression of the Book of Common Prayer. The general hints given were to be managed with discretion; for the Directory prescribed no form of prayer or manner of external worship, and enjoined the people to make no responses except Amen. It was adopted by the parliament of Scotland in 1645, and many of its regulations are still observed by Presbyterians. Directory, THE FRENCH, established by the constitution of the 5th of Fructidor, an III. (22 Aug. 1795), and nominated 1 Nov., was composed of five members (MM. Lépeaux, Letourneur, Rewbel, Barras, and Carnot). It ruled in conjunction with two chambers, the Council of Ancients and Council of Five Hundred (which see), at the revolution of the 18th of Brumaire (9 Nov. 1799). It was deposed by Bonaparte, who, with Cambacérès and Lebrun, assumed the government as three consuls, himself the first, 13 Dec. 1799; see Consuls. Directory, the first LONDON, is said to have been Dinas, see Accidents under Coal and Mansion House. printed in 1677. The "Post-office Directory" first apDinners, see Destitute. Diocese. The first division of the Roman empire into dioceses, at that period civil governments, is ascribed to Constantine, 323; but Strabo remarks that the Romans had the departments called dioceses long be peared in 1800. "Disciples of Christ" (also called CAMPBELLITES*) profess adherence to pure Scriptural doctrine *The term Campbellite originated through their first church at Brush Run, in America, having been set up by a Scotch and practice, reject human creeds and formularies, and admit to their communion all who recognize Christ's obedience and death as "the only meritorious cause of the sinner's acceptance with God;" and are baptized (by immersion) in his name. Discipline, ecclesiastical, originally conducted spiritually according to the divine commands in Matt. xviii. 15, 1 Cor. v., 2 Thess. iii. 6, and other texts, was gradually changed to a temporal character, as it now appears in the Roman, Greek, and other churches. The "First Book of Discipline" of the Presbyterian church of Scotland was drawn up by John Knox and four ministers in Jan. 1560-1. The more important "Second Book" was prepared with great care in 1578 by Andrew Melville and a committee of the leading members of the general assembly. It lays down a thoroughly Presbyterian form of government, defines the position of the ecclesiastical and civil powers, etc. Discount, see under Bank of England. 1517. Dispensing Power OF THE CROWN (for setting aside laws or their power) asserted by some of our sovereigns, especially by Charles II. (in 1672 for the relief of nonconformists), and by James II. in 1786, was abolished by the bill of rights, 1689. It has been on certain occasions exercised, as in the case of embargoes upon ships, the Bank Charter act, etc.; see Indemnity. First lord of admiralty, Henry Thomas L. Corry. of Abercorn. mond. Lord chancellor, Hugh, lord Cairns. Secretary of state for foreign affairs, Edward, earl of Derby; 1878. Secretary of state for war, Gathorne Hardy; col. Fred Arthur Cross. First lord of the admiralty, George Ward Hunt, died 29 July, Postmaster-general, lord John Manners. (The above formed the cabinet.) Disraeli Administrations.* On the resignation of the earl of Derby through ill-health, 25 Feb. 1868, Mr. Disraeli reconstituted the ministry, 29 Feb. (see Derby Administrations, III.). As the elections gave a large majority to the liberal party, Mr. Disraeli's min-Chancellor of duchy of Lancaster, col. Thos. E. Taylor. istry resigned 2 Dec. He declined to take office with the then house of commons when Mr. Gladstone resigned, 12 March, 1873, and the latter resumed office. FIRST ADMINISTRATION, 29 Feb. 1868. Vice-president of council (education), Dudley, viscount San- First lord of the treasury, Benjamin Disraeli. Northcote. Chancellor of the exchequer, George Ward Hunt. Presbyterian preacher from Ireland, named Thomas Campbell, and his son Alexander. In 1812 they renounced infant baptism, and were rebaptized by immersion. Their number in America is said to be about 600,000; and in the United Kingdom, where the movement began independently and simultaneously, about 5000. They have also churches in the British colonies. *Benjamin Disraeli (son of Isaac Disraeli, author of the "Curiosities of Literature," etc.), born 21 Dec. 1805; published "Vivian Grey," 1825; M.P. for Maidstone, 1837-41; Shrewsbury, 1841-7; Bucks, 1847-76. Chancellor of exchequer (see Derby administrations), Feb. 1852; Feb. 1858; July, 1866; installed lord rector of Glasgow university, 19 Nov. 1873; created earl of Beaconsfield, Aug. 1876; plenipotentiary at the Berlin Congress, 13 June-13 July, 1878; K.G. invested by the queen, 22 July, 1878; received freedom of London, 3 Aug. 1878 (at the pinnacle of ministerial renown; the favorite of his sovereign, and the idol of society."-Times, 8 Aug. 1878); see People's Tribute; resigned (through liberal majority in elections), 22 April, 1880; published "Endymion," Dec. 1880; died 19 April, 1881; buried at Hughenden; prince of Wales and many present, 26 April; monument in Westminster abbey voted, 9 May, 1881. Mrs. Disraeli created viscountess Beaconsfield, 28 Nov. 1868; died 15 Dec. 1872. Commissioner of woods and forests, lord Henry Lennox, resigned July, 1876; Gerard James Noel, 14 Aug. 1876. Dissection, see Anatomy. Dissenters, the modern name of the Puritans and Nonconformists (which see). In 1851, in London, the number of chapels, meeting-houses, etc., for all classes of dissenters amounted to more than 554. (The church of England had 458; Roman Catholics, 35.) The great act (9 Geo. IV. c. 17) for the relief of dissenters from civil and religious disabilities was passed 9 May, 1828. By this act, called the Corporation and Test Repeal act, so much of the several acts of preceding reigns as imLord's Supper as a qualification for certain offices, etc., posed the necessity of receiving the sacrament of the was repealed. By 6 & 7 Will. IV. c. 85 (1836), dissenters acquired the right of solemnizing marriages at their own chapels, or at a registry office; see Worship. A burials bill to permit the ministers of dissenters to officiate at funerals in churchyards several times rejected; in the commons 248 to 234, 21 April, 1875; 279 to 248, 3 March, 1876; earl Granville's resolution in the lords rejected, 148 to 92, 15 May, 1876. Lord Harrowby's additional clause to the government burials bill (permitting dissenters to have religious services in churchyards), was supported by the archbishops, and carried against government (127-111), 18 June; the bill withdrawn, 25 June, 1877. Mr. Osborne Morgan's resolution for reforming burial laws (ie., permitting other services), rejected (242-227), 15 Feb. 1878. Act to amend the burial laws, permitting dissenters to have |