approved, the opinion of two counsel (Messrs. Fitzjames Stephen and Benjamin Shaw) was taken. They declared it to be illegal for the clergy of the English church to take part in worship of dissenters, June, 1875. Several Episcopal clergymen take part in the dedication services of Christ church (formerly Surrey chapel), Blackfriars, middle of July, 1876. Dissolving Views. Henry Langdon Childe, the alleged inventor, died 15 Oct. 1874, aged 92. Distaff (or ROCK), the staff to which flax or any substance to be spun is fastened. The art of spinning with it at the small wheel first taught to English women by Anthony Bonavisa, an Italian.-Stow. St. Distaff's or Rock day, was formerly the first free day after the Epiphany (6 Jan.) because the Christmas holidays were over and women's work was resumed. tian, and was successfully tried in the bay of Naples, 26 Divining Rod (virgula divina, baculatorius),formed of wood or metal, was formerly believed, even by educated persons, to have the property of indicating the position of minerals and springs of water. Instances were alleged in 1851 by Dr. II. Mayo, in his work on "Popular Superstitions." Divinity, see Theology. Divorce was permitted by the law of Moses (Deut. xxiv. 1), 1451 B.C., but forbidden by Christ except for unchastity (Matt. v. 31, 32). It was put in practice by Spurius Carvilius Ruga at Rome, 234 B.C. At this time morals were so debased that 3000 prosecutions for adultery were enrolled. Divorces are of two kinds; one, a vinculo matrimonii (total divorce); the other a mensâ et thoro (from board and bed). Divorces were attempted to be made of more easy obtainment in England in 1539. The Judicature act, 1873, constituted the probate, divorce, and admiralty division of the High Court of Justice, M. Raoul Pictet announces a method of distillation by use of with two judges; see Supreme Court and Probate.-In ice made by the air-pump, April, 1881. District Auditors Act, 42 Vict. c. 6 (28 March, 1879), regulated their appointment, duties, and pay ment. the United States divorce is regulated by the several states independently. As a consequence, the laws vary greatly, and considerable confusion arises from their couflict. A man may be the lawful husband of one woman District Churches Acts. By the one passed in one state, while the law of another state may hold in 1865 certain new churches were constituted rectories, him to be the husband of another. The necessity of and by another act, passed in 1868 (the Bishop of Ox-providing some uniform system was discussed, 1881. ford's act), the new parishes not rectories were ordered to be styled vicarages. Ditch, see Expedition. "Diversions of Purley" ("Epea Pteroenta," flying words) a collection of grammatical treatises by John Horne Tooke, published in 1786, named from the residence at Purley, near Wandsworth, Surrey. Dividends oF PUBLIC STOCKS. By an act passed 11 Aug. 1869, these may be paid by post if the recipients desire it, as railway dividends are. Divination was forbidden to the Jews, 1451 B.C. (Deut. xviii. 9.) It was common among their neighbors, and is described by Ezekiel (xxi. 21) 493 B.C. Divine Right OF KINGS, the absolute and unqualified claim of sovereigns to the obedience of their subjects, a doctrine totally foreign to the genius of the English constitution, was defended by many persons of otherwise opposite opinions, e. g., by Hobbes the free-thinker (1642), by Salmasius (1640), by sir Robert Filmer (about 1653), in his "Patriarcha," published in 1680, and by the High Church party generally about 1714; but opposed by Milton (1651), Algernon Sydney, and others. Diving-Bell (first mentioned, though obscurely, by Aristotle, about 325 B.C.) was used in Europe about A.D. 1509. It is said to have been used on the coast of Mull, in searching for the wreck of part of the Spanish Armada, before 1662. Halley (about 1716) greatly improved this machine, and was, it is said, the first who, by means of a diving-bell, set his foot on the ground at the bottom of the sea. Smeaton made use of the diving-bell in improving Ramsgate harbor, 1779-88. Mr. Spalding and his assistants going down in a diving-bell in Ireland were drowned, 1 June, 1783. The Royal George manof-war, which was sunk off Portsmouth in 1782, was first surveyed by means of a diving-bell, in May, 1817. Latterly it has been employed in submarine surveys and harbor works. The "talpa marina," or sea-mole, a diving machine for laying down torpedoes, etc., being cylinder provided with compressed air sufficient for two persons for fifty hours, was invented by Toselli, a Vene a Connecticut, Indiana, Kansas, and some other states have become notorious for easy divorce laws, and many fraudulent divorces have been made in those states either by evasion of the law or by direct forgery. Bill to prevent women marrying their seducers brought into parliament.. The commissioners on the law of divorce issue their first report.. 1801 .. April, 1857 In 1857 there had been in England, since the Reformation, 317 divorces by act of parliament; in Scotland, by the law, 174 divorces since 1846; 1858-67, 1279 dissolutions of marriage, 213 judicial separations. From the establishment of the divorce court, to March, 1859, 37 divorces had been granted out of 288 petitions; from Nov. 1860, to July, 1861, 164. By 20 & 21 Vict. c. 85, the jurisdiction of the ecclesiasti cal courts respecting divorce, etc., was abolished, and the Divorce and Matrimonial Causes court instituted, to consist of three judges, the judge of the Probate court to be one (if possible).. A full court sat-lord Campbell, chief-baron Pollock, sir The act amended by acts passed in consequence of the increase of the business of the court.. 1858-60 1861 .Sept. 1863 .21 July, 1868 Lord Penzance retired, Oct.; succeeded by sir James Hannen.... ..Nov. 1872 wards lord Penzance) successor.. On appeal, the house of lords decide that proceedings may be taken for divorce from a wife insane (see Mordaunt case, Trials, 1870).. 22 June, 1874 Dizier, ST. (N.E. France). Here a siege was sustained for six weeks against the army of the emperor Charles V., 1544. The allies here defeated Napoleon, 27 Jan. and 26 March, 1814. Dobrudscha, the N.E. corner of Bulgaria; in 1854, the scene of the earlier incidents of the Russo-Turkish war (which see). At the close of the war of 1877-8 it Bessarabia restored to Russia, and occupied 26 Dec. 1878. was given to Roumania in exchange for the part of Docetæ, a sect of the first century, said to have held that Jesus Christ was God, but that his body was an appearance, not a reality. Docks of England. The following are the principal commercial docks: Royal Victoria Docks (in Plaistow marshes) completed and opened Nov. 1855; great enlargement proposed, July, 1876; completed and nained Royal Albert Docks by the duke and duchess of Connaught, 24 June, 1880. Magnificent docks at Liverpool and Birkenhead erected, 1810-57. Milwall Docks, near London, formally opened, 14 March, 1868. A great floating iron dry-dock, which cost 250,000l., was launched at North Woolwich, 3 Sept. 1868, and towed from the Medway by two ships of war, 23 June, 1869, and arrived at the Bermudas (in thirty-six days), 30 July. Doctor. Doctor of the Church was a title given to Athanasius, Basil, Gregory Nazianzen, and Chrysostom in the Greek church; and to Jerome, Augustin, Ambrose, and Gregory the Great in the Latin church; see Fathers. Afterwards the title was conferred on certain persons with distinguishing epithets - viz.: Thomas Aquinas (Angelicus), Bonaventura (Seraphicus), Alexander de Hales (Irrefragabilis), Duns Scotus (Subtilis), Roger Bacon (Mirabilis), William Occam (Singularis), Joseph Gerson (Christianissimus), Thomas Bradwardine (Profundus), and so on.-Doctor of the Law was a title of honor among the Jews. The degree of doctor was conferred in England, 8 John, 1207.-Spelman. Some give it an earlier date, referring it to the time of the Venerable Bede and John de Beverley, the former of whom, it is said, was the first that obtained the degree at Cambridge in the eighth century. Doctrinaires, a name given since 1814 to a class of politicians in France (Guizot, Molé, the duc de Broglie and others), who upheld constitutional principles, in opposition to arbitrary monarchical power. The party came into office in 1830 under Louis Philippe, and fell with him in 1848. The term has been applied in this country to the writers in the Westminster Review (1824 et seq.), Bentham, Molesworth, and others. Dodona, Epirus. The temple of Jupiter here, renowned for its ancient oracle, delivered by the sound of wind in a grove of trees, was destroyed by the Ætolians, 219 B.C. Dodson's Act (brought forward by Mr. John G. Dodson, and passed 1 Aug. 1861) provides that votes for electing members of parliament for the universities may be recorded by means of polling-papers. The act was amended in 1868. Dog. Buffon considers the shepherd's dog as "the root of the tree," assigning as his reason that it possesses from nature the greatest share of instinct. Dr. Gall mentions that a dog was taken from Vienna to England; that it escaped to Dover, got on board a vessel, landed at Calais, and, after accompanying a gentleman to Mentz, returned to Vienna. Statute against dog stealing, 10 Geo. III.. realized 219,3137., in... 1770 1854 1866 Assessed taxes on dogs repealed, 29 March, 1867; an an- Dog shows held in London in 1861; since 1862 at the "Dogs' temporary home" opened, Hollingsworth street, Dog licenses (annual 58.) issued in financial year 1871-2, produced 279,425l.; in 1875-6, 343,2577.; in 1876-7, 349,6137.; 1877-8, 372,6997. Number of dogs licensed in United Kingdom: in 1866, 445,656; in 1876, 1,362,176. Dog-days. The canicular or dog days now commence on 3 July and end 11 Aug. The rising and setting of Sirius or the dog-star with the sun has been erroneously regarded as the cause of excessive heat and of consequent calamities. Doge, or DUKE. Venice was first governed by a doge named Anafesto Paululio, or Paoluccio, 697; see Venice. The Genoese chose their first doge, Simone Boccanegra, in 1339.-Muratori. Dogger-bank (German Ocean). Here a gallant but indecisive battle was fought between the British, under admiral sir Hyde Parker, and the Dutch, 5 Aug. 1781. Doggett's Coat AND Badge. Thomas Doggett, an eminent actor of Drury lane, at the first anniversary of the accession to the throne of George I., 1 Aug. 1715, gave a waterman's coat and silver badge to be rowed for by six young watermen in honor of the day, and bequeathed at his death, in 1722, a sum of money to continue the custom. Doctors' Commons, the college for the professors of civil and canon law in the eighth century. In Feb. 1568, Dr. Henry Hervie, dean of the arches and master of Trinity Hall (a seminary founded at Cambridge chiefly for the study of the civil and canon laws), procured from the dean and chapter of the diocese of London a lease of Montjoy House and buildings in the parish of St. Benet, Paul's wharf, for the accommodation of the society. Other courts being held here, the whole place received the appellation of " DOCTORS' COMMONS." The original college was destroyed in the great fire of 1666; in 1672 it was rebuilt on the old site. After the great fire, until 1672, the society held its courts at Exeter House, in the Strand. It was incorporated by charter in June, 1768.-Coote. The buildings of the College of Advocates, which included all the courts of Doctors' Commons (arches, admiralty, consistory, etc.), were purchased by the Metropolitan Board of Works, and were pulled down in April, 1867, for the new Queen Victoria street; some new buildings were erected. Till 1857 the causes taken cognizance of here were blasphemy, divorces, bastardy, adultery, penance, tithes, mortuaries, probate of wills, etc. The building in Knightrider street being dilapidated and too small, the wills were removed to Somerset House, where the office was opened 24 Oct. 1874. See Ecclesiastical Courts, Civil Law, etc. | English money. Doit. A silver Scottish penny, of which twelve were Some of those struck by equal to a penny sterling. Charles I. and II. are in the cabinets of the curious. The circulation of "doydekyns" (small Dutch coins) was prohibited by statute in 1415. Dollar, the German thaler. Stamped Spanish dollars (value 4s. 9d.) were issued from the mint in March, 1797, but called in Oct. following. The dollar is the customary unit in calculations of United States money. It is coined both in gold and in silver. It is worth about 4s. 4d. Dolly's Brae, see Riots, 1849. Dom and DUOMO, see Cologne and Milan. Dom-boc or DOOM-BOOK (Liber Judicialis), the code of law compiled by king Alfred from the WestSaxon collection of Ina and other sources. Alfred reigned from 871 to 901. Dominion of Canada, see Canada. 66 Dominoes, "a sport imported from France a few years back."-Strutt's Sports, 1801. Don Quixote, by Saavedra Miguel de Cervantes (born 1547; died 1616). The first part of this work appeared in 1605, and the second part in 1608. It is said that upwards of 12,000 copies of the first part were circulated before the second was printed.-Watts. Donatists, an ancient strict sect, formed about 313318, by an African bishop, Donatus, who was jealous of Cæcilian, bishop of Carthage: it became extinct in the seventh century. The Donatists held that the Father was above the Son, and the Son above the Holy Ghost. Their discipline was severe, and those who joined them were rebaptized. Donauwerth (Bavaria). Here the French and Bavarians were defeated by the duke of Marlborough, after a severe conflict, 2 July, 1704. Dome's-day (or Doom's-day) Book [Domus Dei book, Stow] (Liber Censualis Anglia), a book of the general survey of England, commenced in the reign of William I., 1080 (some say 1085), and completed in 1086. It was intended to be a register to determine the right in the tenure of estates;* and from it the question whether lands be ancient demesne or not is sometimes still decided. The book, formerly kept in the Chapterhouse of Westminster, is now in the Public Record Office. It consists of two volumes, a greater and less, wherein all the counties of England, except Northumberland, Durham, Westmoreland, and Cumberland, are surveyed. "This Dome's-day Book was the tax-book of kinge William."-Camden. The taxes were levied according to this survey till 13 Hen. VIII., 1522, when a more accurate survey was taken, called by the people the New Doom's-day Book. It was printed in four vols. An exhibition of donkeys and folio, with introductions, etc., 1783-1816. Photo-zinco- mules took place at the Agricultural Hall, Islington, 9 graphic copies of various counties have been published | Aug. 1864; and since. since 1861. In Sept. 1872, government ordered a return of all the owners of land in England and Wales-in fact, a new Dome's-day Book; the work to be done by the Local Government Board. The return for Scotland, 1872-3, was published by government, April, 1874; for England and Wales (exclusive of the metropolis) in 1875; for Ireland, 1876. Domestic Economy, or the study of food and clothing, was introduced into the government educational department in 1874; the congresses began at Birmingham, 16 July, 1877; Manchester, 26 June, 1878; London (Society of Arts), 26 June, 1879; 21 June, 1881. Domingo, ST., see Hayti. Dominica (West Indies), discovered by Columbus in his second voyage, on Sunday, 3 Nov. 1493. It was taken by the British in 1761, and confirmed to them by the peace of Paris, Feb. 1763. The French took Dominica in 1778, but restored it at the subsequent peace in 1783. Their admiral Villeneuve ineffectually attacked it in 1805. It suffered great damage by a hurricane in 1806. Dominical Letter, noting the Lord's day, or Sunday. The seven days of the week, reckoned as beginning on 1 Jan., are designated by the first seven letters of the alphabet, A (1 Jan.), B, C, D, E, F, G; and the one of these which denotes Sunday is the Dominical letter. If the year begin on Sunday, is the Dominical letter; if on Monday, G; on Tuesday, F; and so on. Generally, to find the Dominical letter call New-year's day A, the next B, and go on thus until you come to the first Sunday, and the letter that answers to it is the Dominical letter; in leap-years count two letters. The letter for 1881, B; 1882, A; 1883, G; 1884, F-E; 1885, D. Dominicals, see Exeter. Dominican Republic, see Hayti, 1844-61. Dominicans, formerly a powerful religious order (called in France Jacobins, and in England Black friars), founded to put down the Albigenses and other heretics by St. Dominic, approved by Innocent III. in 1215, and confirmed by Honorius III. in 1216, under St. Augustin's rules and the founder's particular constitution. In 1276 the corporation of London gave the Dominicans two streets near the Thames, where they erected a large convent, whence that part is still called Blackfriars. A Dominican establishment at Haverstock hill, near London, was consecrated 10 Oct. 1867. *Sir Martin Wright says, "to discover the quantity of every man's fee, and to fix his homage," i.e., the question of military aid he was bound to furnish. Doncaster (Yorkshire), the Roman Danum, the Doom's-day Bock, see Dome's-day Book. Dorchester (Oxfordshire) was once a bishopric, founded about 636. The first bishop, Birinus, the apostle of the West Saxons (which see), was succeeded in 650 by Agilbert. In 659 the see was divided by the king. Dorchester remained with Agilbert, and Wina, established at Winchester, in 660 obtained the whole. The see of Dorchester was revived about 764. In 1072 the bishop Remigius de Feschamp removed the see to Lincoln. Dorchester (Dorsetshire), the Roman Durnoraria, the Saxon Dornceaster. Here are found remains of a Roman theatre and of a British camp. Here Jeffries held his "bloody assize" (after Monmouth's rebellion), 3 Sept. 1685. Much excitement was caused by six laborers of Dorchester being sentenced to transportation, 17 March, 1834, for administering illegal oaths. Dorians, Greeks, who claimed descent from Dorus, The return of the Dorians, son of Hellen; see Greece. named Heraclidæ, to the Peloponnesus is dated 1104 B.C. They sent out many colonies. To them we owe the Doric architecture, the second of the five orders. Dorking, Surrey, an ancient town; the manor having been given by the Conqueror to earl Fitzwarren. An imaginary battle of Dorking, in which the German invaders totally defeat the British army, is the subject of a clever article, attributed to col. George Chesney, in Blackwood's Magazine for May, 1871. It provoked much controversy, and caused the publication of several pamphlets. Dormans (N.E. France). The Huguenots and their allies, under Montmorency, were here defeated by the duke of Guise, 10 Oct. 1575. Dort, or DORDRECHT, an ancient town in Holland. Here happened an inundation of the Meuse in 1421, through the breaking-down of the dikes. In the territory of Dordrecht 10,000 persons perished; and more than 100,000 round Dollart, in Friesland, and in Zealand. The independence of the thirteen provinces was declared here in 1572, when William Prince of Orange was made stadtholder. A Protestant synod sat at Dort 13 Nov. 1618, to 25 May, 1619; to which deputies were sent from England, and from the reformed churches in Europe, to settle the difference between the doctrines of Luther, Calvin, and Arminius, principally upon points of justification and grace. Arminius. This synod condemned the tenets of Dorylæum (Phrygia). Soliman, the Turkish sultan of Iconium, having retired from the defence of Nicæs his capital, was here defeated with great loss by the crusaders, 1 July, 1097.-Michaud. Downs, see Naval Battles, 1652-3. Draco's Laws (enacted by him when archon of "Doterel," H.M.S., destroyed by explosion, 26 Athens, 621 B.C.), on account of their severity, were said April, 1881; see under Navy. Douay (N. France), the Roman Duacum, was taken from the Flemings by Philip the Fair in 1297; restored by Charles V. in 1368. It reverted to Spain, from which /it was taken by Louis XIV. in 1667. It was captured by the duke of Marlborough in June, 1710; and retaken by the French 8 Sept. 1712. This town gives its name to the Roman Catholic English version of the Bible authorized by the pope, the text being explained by notes of Roman divines. The Old Testament was published by the English college at Douay in 1609; the New had been published at Rheims in 1582. The English college for Roman Catholics was founded in 1568 by William Allen, afterwards cardinal.-Dodd. Douro, a river (separating Spain and Portugal) which, after a desperate struggle between Wellington's advanced guard under Hill, and the French under Soult, was successfully crossed by the former on 12 May, 1809. So sudden was the movement that Wellington at 4 o'clock sat down to the dinner prepared for the French general. -Alison. Dover (Kent), the Roman Dubris. Near here Julius Cæsar is said to have first landed in England, 26 Aug. 55 B.C., and its original castle to have been built by him soon after; but this is disputed. The works were strengthened by Alfred and succeeding kings, and rebuilt by Henry II. The earliest-named constable is Leopoldus de Bertie, in the reign of Ethelred II., followed by earl Godwin, Odo the brother of William I., etc. In modern times, this office, and that of warden of the Cinque Ports, have been frequently conferred on the prime-minister for the time being-e. g., lord North, Mr. Pitt, lord Liverpool, and the duke of Wellington. The earl of Dalhousie, late governor-general for India, appointed in Jan. 1853, died 19 Dec. 1860. Lord Palmerston, appointed constable March, 1861, died 18 Oct. 1865. Earl Granville appointed Dec. 1865; see Tunnels. The priory was commenced by archbishop Corboyl, or Corbois. ..about 1130 At Dover, king John resigned his kingdom to Pandolf, the pope's legate. .13 May, 1213 1533 .26 May, 1660 .30 July, 1800 1844 1870 to be written in blood. Idleness was punished as severely as murder. This code was set aside by Solon's, 594 B.C. banker's name were made payable only to or through Drafts (or cheques). In 1856, drafts crossed with a the same banker. This act was passed in consequence of a decision to the contrary in the case of Carlon v. Ireland, 12 Dec. 1855. In 1858 the crossing was made a material part of a cheque; but bankers are not held responsible when the crossing does not plainly appear, and a penny stamp was ordered to be affixed to drafts on bankers, commencing 25 May. In the case of Simmonds v. Taylor, May, 1858, it had been decided that the crossing formed no part of the draft. The crossing had been erased, and the money paid to the holder of the draft, who had stolen it. The "Cheque Bank," established for issuing drafts for limited amounts, opened... .23 July, 1873 The payment of a stolen draft crossed on one banker and presented by another banker declared legal; Smith v. Union Bank of London: verdict for defendants, Crossed Cheques act passed.... 29 Nov. 1875 ..15 Aug. 1876 Dragonnades. The fierce persecution of the Protestants in the reign of Louis XIV. by dragoons, by the minister Louvois, 1684, was consummated by the revocation of Henry IV.'s edict of Nantes, 22 Oct. 1685, which drove 50,000 families from France.-Duruy. Dragoons. The name is supposed to have been derived from dragon, "because mounted on horseback with lighted match he seemeth like a fiery dragon."— Meyrick. The DRACONARII were horse-soldiers who bore dragons for ensigns. The first regiment of dragoons was raised in England, it is believed, in 1681. "King Charles II., at the Restoration, established a regiment of Life Guards, to which he added a regiment of Horse Guards, and two regiments of Foot Guards; and a third regiment of Foot Guards was raised at Coldstream, on the borders of Scotland."-Capt. Curling. Drainage oF LAND, in England, is of early dateremains of British works being still extant in the Fens district. Cornelius Vermuyden, the Dutch engineer, was invited to England in 1621, and, amidst much opposition, he and his successors drained the districts termed the Great Levels; see Levels. In the present century great progress has been made in drainage. In 1861 was passed "An act to amend the laws relative to the drainage of land for agricultural purposes;" see Sewers. Drake's Circumnavigation. Sir Francis Drake sailed from Falmouth 13 Dec. 1577, circumnavigated the globe, and returned to England after many perils, 3 Nov. 1580. He was vice-admiral under lord Howard; high admiral of England, in the conflict with the Spanish Armada, 19 July, 1588. He died at Panama, 28 Jan. 1596, during an expedition against the Spaniards. A submarine telegraph laid down between Dover and Down (N.E. Ireland), an ancient see, first bishop St. Cailan, in 499. At the instance of John de Courcy, the conqueror of Ulster, the cathedral, consecrated to the Trinity, was re-dedicated to St. Patrick about 1183. The sepulchre of St. Patrick (buried here in 493, in the abbey of Saul, founded by himself) brought this place into great repute. The see was united with that of Connor in 1441 (see Connor); and the see of Dromore was united to both by the Irish Church Temporalities act, 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 37, Aug. 14, 1833. The cathedral of Downpatrick was destroyed by lord Grey, lord-deputy of Ireland; for this and other crimes he was impeached and beheaded in 1541.-Beatson. Drama, ANCIENT. Both tragedy and comedy be The first comedy performed at Athens, by Susarion and Dolon, on a movable scaffold.. .....B.C. 562 556 The chorus introduced. Thespis of Icaria, the inventor of tragedy, performed at Eschylus introduced dresses and a stage.. Plays were represented by Livius Andronicus, who, aban- 536 66 486 364 340 240 65 The greatest ancient dramatic writers were-Greek, Eschylus, Sophocles, Euripides (tragedy), and Aristophanes (comedy), 525-427; Latin, Plautus and Terence (comedy), 184-160; Seneca (tragedy)........7 B. C.-A.D. Drama, MODERN, arose early in the rude attempts of minstrels and buffoons at fairs in France, Italy, and England, and also in the performance of classical plays at the universities, still represented by the Westminster play. Stories from the Bible (Mystery Plays), represented by the priests, were the origin of sacred comedy. -Warton. 1879 Gregory Nazianzen, father of the Church, is said to have constructed a drama on the Passion of Christ to counteract heathen profanities.. ....about 364 Ancient Mahometan miracle-play of "Hasan and Husan," sons of Ali; published by sir L. Pelly. Fitzstephen, in his "Life of Thomas à Becket," asserts that London had for its theatrical exhibitions holy plays, and the representation of miracles, wrought by holy confessors;" he died... The Chester Mysteries performed. ..about 1190 ..about 1270 1397 The Coventry, Chester, Townley, and other mysteries have been printed during the present century. Plays performed at Clerkenwell by the parish clerks, and "miracles" represented in the fields... The "Passion of Christ," a miracle-play, still frequently performed at Ober-Ammergau, in Bavaria, is said to have had its origin after a pestilence in. This play was witnessed by the prince of Wales and other distinguished persons in the summer and autumn.. 1871 Performance, 17-26 May.. .25 Sept. 1880 Its proposed performance at the Westminster aquarium, 4 Nov., was stopped by the disapprobation of many, 1633 Oct. 1878 1574 .about 1590 1603 A license granted to Shakespeare and others. Plays opposed by the Puritans in 1633; suspended during the commonwealth, 1649; restored... Two companies of regular performers were licensed by Charles II., Killigrew's and sir William Davenant's. The first was at the Bull, Vere street, Clare market, which was immediately afterwards removed to Drury lane; the other in Dorset gardens, 1662. Till this time, boys performed women's parts; but Mrs. Coleman (the first female on the stage) had performed Ianthe in Davenant's "Siege of Rhodes" in.. 1660 1666 1695 1737 Sir William Davenant introduced operas, and both companies united, 1684, and continued together till 1694, when a schism under Betterton led to the opening of a theatre in Lincoln's-inn fields, the parent of Covent garden.... Act for the revision of plays and for licensing them previously to being performed.. Authors' Dramatic Copyright Protection act, 3 Will. IV. c. 15, 10 June, 1833; extended to operas. .1 July, 1842 (See Theatres, Covent Garden, Drury Lane, and Copyright.) Dramatic College, for the benefit of distressed actors and their children, was proposed 21 July, 1858, at the Princess's theatre, by Messrs. C. Dickens, Thackeray, C. Kean, B. Webster, and others. Mr. Henry Dodd's offer of land and money, with certain stipulations, was declined Jan. 1859. The first stone of the buildings at Maybury, near Woking, was laid by the prince-consort, 1 June, 1860, and on 29 Sept. 1862, seven annuitants were installed. The central hall was opened by the prince of Wales, 5 June, 1865. The queen is the patron. The viceroy of Egypt was present at the annual fête at the Crystal Palace, July, 1867, and gave 500l. to the college. The scheme was unsuccessful. On 12 Nov. 1877, it was determined to close the college, and provide for the inmates. The buildings were sold by private contract about 23 July, 1880. Dramatic Reform Association, started at Manchester, Jan. 1878. Drapier's Letters, by dean Swift, published in 1723-4 against Wood's Halfpence (which see). "Dreadnought." In this ship, which was engaged in the battle of Trafalgar, 21 Oct. 1805, was established a hospital for the seamen of all nations by the Seamen's Hospital Society, established 1821. The old vessel was replaced by others. The removal of the men to Greenwich hospital was proposed in 1867; effected April, 1870. Dreams are mentioned in Scripture-e. g., Joseph's and Pharaoh's, 1715 B.C. (Gen. xxxvii. and xli.), and Nebuchadnezzar's, 603 and 570 B.C. (Dan. ii. and iv.). The first attempt to interpret dreams and omens is ascribed to Amphictyon of Athens, 1497 B.C. Thomas, lord Lyttelton, dreamed that a young female, dressed in white, solemnly warned him of his dissolution in three days from that time. On the third day, his lordship had a party to spend the evening with him, and about the time predicted he observed to the company present that he believed he should jockey the ghost;" but in a few minutes afterwards he was seized with a sudden faintness, carried to bed, and rose no more. He died 27 Nov. 1779, aged 35. [The whole story is now discredited.] Dred Scott Case, see United States, 1857. Drepanum (Sicily). Near this place the Carthaginian admiral Adherbal totally defeated the Roman fleet under Publius Claudius, 249 B.C. Dresden, termed the German Florence, became the capital of Saxony in 1548.* Alliance of Dresden between Saxony and Denmark and Taken by Frederick of Prussia in 1756; by the Austrians, 1759 ..July, 1760 ..June-July, 1809 Severe contests between the allied army under the prince of Schwarzenberg and the French commanded by Napoleon.. ..26, 27 Aug. 1813 The allies, 200,000 strong, attacked Napoleon in his position at Dresden, and the event had nearly proved fatal to them but for an error in the conduct of gen. Vandamme. They were defeated with dreadful loss, and were obliged to retreat into Bohemia; but Vandamme pursuing them too far, his division was cut to pieces, and himself and all his staff made prisoners. In this battle, gen. Moreau received his mortal wound, while in conversation with the emperor of Russia...27 Aug. Marshal St. Cyr and 25,000 French troops surrendered Dresden to the allies... 11 Nov. During a political commotion the king abdicated, and prince Frederick, his nephew, was declared regent, 9 Sept. et seq. 1830 An insurrection, 3 May; suppressed.... ...6 May, 1849 Dress. The attire of the Hebrew women is censured in Isaiah iii., about 760 B.C. Excess in dress among the early Romans was restrained by sumptuary laws; and also in England by numerous statutes, in 1363, 1465, 1570, etc. (see Cap).-Stow. F. W. Fairholt's "Costume in England" (1846) contains a history of dress, with numerous illustrations derived from MSS., the works of Strutt, etc. J. R. Planché's elaborate "Cyclopædia of Costume" first appeared in 1876. A "dress-making company" was established in London, 6 Feb. 1865, with the view of improving the condition of the workwomen. Sir Walter Raleigh wore a white satin-pinked vest, closesleeved to the wrist, and over the body a doublet finely flowered, and embroidered with pearls, and in the feather of his hat a large ruby and pearl-drop at the bottom of the sprig in place of a button. His breeches, with his stockings and ribbon garters, fringed at the end, all white; and buff shoes, which, on great court-days, were so gorgeously cov ered with precious stones as to have exceeded the value of 66007.; and he had a suit of armor of solid silver, with sword and belt blazing with diamonds, rubies, and pearls. King James's favorite, the duke of Buckingham, had his diamonds tacked so loosely on that when he chose to shake a few off on the ground, he obtained all the fame he desired from the pickers-up, who were generally les dames de la |