with about 2,000,000 inhabitants-fierce, warlike Ma-sians, the czar declared war in April, 1871. After a brief hometans. After being long tributary to China, they campaign in May and June, and several conflicts in rebelled in 1864, massacred the Chinese residents, and which the Russians were victors, the sultan surrendered set up their countryman Abel Oghlan as sultan. As he himself to gen. Kolpakoviskie, 4 July, and the country was unable to restrain predatory attacks upon the Rus- was annexed to the Russian empire. E. One which made Euboea an island.. ....B.C. 425 373 364 Eagle, an ancient coin of Ireland, made of a base metal, nomena, by R. and J. W. Mallet, was published by the and current in the first years of Edward I., about 1272, British Association in 1858. In 1860 the velocity of was so named from the figure impressed upon it. The their propagation was estimated by Mr. J. Brown at beAmerican gold coinage of eagles, half-eagles, and quar-tween 470 and 530 feet per second.* ter-eagles began 6 Dec. 1792; an eagle is of the value of ten dollars, or about 27. 18.-The standard of the eagle was borne by the Persians at Cunaxa, 401 B.C. The Romans carried gold and silver eagles as ensigns, and sometimes represented them with a thunderbolt in their talons, on the point of a spear, 102 B.C. Charlemagne added the second head to the eagle for his arms, to denote that the empires of Rome and Germany were united in him, A.D. 802. The eagle was the standard of Napoleon I. and Napoleon III., as well as of Austria, Russia, and Prussia; see Knighthood. Earl (Latin, comes), introduced at the Conquest, superseded the Saxon ealdorman, and continued the highest rank in England until Edward III. created dukes in 1337 and 1351, and Richard II. created marquesses (1385), both above earls. Alfred used the title of earl as a substitute for king. William Fitz-Osborn was made earl of Hereford by William the Conqueror, 1066. Gilchrist was created earl of Angus, in Scotland, by king Malcolm III., in 1037, and sir John de Courcy created baron of Kinsale and earl of Ulster in Ireland, by Henry II., 1181. EARL MARSHAL of England, the eighth great officer of state. This office, until it was made hereditary, always passed by grant from the king. Gilbert de Clare was created lord marshal by king Stephen, 1135. The last lord marshal was John Fitz-Alan, lord Maltravers.-Camden. Richard II., in 1397, granted letters-patent to the earl of Nottingham by the style of earl marshal. In 1672, Charles II. granted to Henry, lord Howard, the dignity of hereditary earl marshal. The earl marshal's court was abolished in 1641; see Howard. EARL MARISCHAL of Scotland was an officer who commanded the cavalry, whereas the constable commanded the whole army; but they seem to have had a joint command, as all orders were addressed to our constable and marischal." The office was never out of the Keith family. It was reserved at the Union, and when the heritable jurisdictions were bought, it reverted to the crown, being forfeited by the rebellion of George Keith, earl marischal, in 1715. Helice and Bura in Peloponnesus swallowed up. ........about ...A.D. One accompanied the eruption of Vesuvius when Pom peii and Herculaneum were buried 345 283 17 79 105 or 106 115 126 Four cities in Asia, two in Greece, and two in Galatia overturned One felt by nearly the whole world. In Africa; many cities overturned.. Awful one in Syria, Palestine, and Asia; more than 500 In France, Germany, and Italy. One at Antioch; many towns destroyed.. One severely felt at Lincoln. In Syria, etc., 20,000 perished.. 157 358 543 557 560 742 801 936 Earl de la Warr's Act, see Children. Early English Text Society began to publish Awful one at Calabria. in 1864. Early-closing Association established 1842, to abridge the hours of labor, and to abolish Sunday trading. Earrings were worn by Jacob's family, 1732 B.C. (Gen. xxxv. 4). Earth, see Globe. "Earth to Earth" discussion in 1875; advocacy of cremation, see Burials. Earthen-ware, see Pottery. Earthquakes. Anaxagoras supposed that earthquakes were produced by subterraneous clouds bursting into lightning, which shook the vaults that confined them, 435 B.C.-Diog. Laert. Kircher, Des Cartes, and others supposed that there were many vast cavities underground which have a communication with each other, some of which abound with water, others with exhalations, arising from inflammable substances, as nitre, bitumen, sulphur, etc. Dr. Stukeley and Dr. Priestley attributed earthquakes to electricity. They are probably due to steam generated by subterraneous heat. An elaborate Catalogue of earthquakes (from 1606 B.C. to A.D. 1842), with commentaries on the phe In Japan; several cities made ruins, and thousands Ragusa ruined; 5000 perished.. At Schamaki, lasted 3 months; 80,000 perished... 7 June, 1692 Sept. 1693 .2 Feb. 1703 .3 Nov. 1706 May and June, 1716 One in Sicily, which overturned 54 cities and towns, and Adrianople nearly overwhelmed. 29 July, 1752 ..Sept. 1754 April, 1755 At Grand Cairo; half of the houses and 40,000 persons swallowed up.. Quito destroyed.. Kaschan, N. Persia, destroyed; 40,000 perished..7 June, Great earthquake at LISBON. In about eight minutes most of the houses and upwards of 50,000 inhabitants were swallowed up, and whole streets buried. The cities of Coimbra, Oporto, and Braga suffered dreadfully, and St. Ubes was wholly overturned. In Spain, a large part of Malaga became ruins. One half of Fez, in Morocco, was destroyed, and more than 12,000 Arabs perished there. Above half of the island of Madeira became waste; and 2000 houses in the island of Mitylene, in the Archipelago, were overthrown. This awful earthquake extended 5000 miles; even to Scotland, 66 66 .30 Oct. 1759 .28 June, 1763 Aug. 1767 swallowed .7 June, 1773 .3 July, 1778 1780 .4 Feb. 1783 Ezinghian, near Erzeroum, destroyed, and 5000 persons buried in its ruins ..23 July, 1784 .26 July, 1805 At the Azores; a village of St. Michael's sunk, and a lake of boiling water appeared in its place..... ..11 Aug. 1810 Many earthquakes in the lower Mississippi valley, opening great chasms in the earth.. 1811 Awful one at Caracas (which see). .26 March, 1812 Several throughout India; district of Kutch sunk; 2000 persons buried. 16 June, 1819 Genoa, Palermo, Rome, and many other towns greatly damaged; thousands perish.... Aleppo destroyed; above 20,000 perish; shocks on 10 and 13 Aug, and 5 Sept. 1822 Coast of Chili permanently raised. ..19 Nov. 44 In Spain; Murcia and numerous villages devastated, 6000 persons perish... .21 March, 1829 Canton and neighborhood; above 6000 perished, 26 and 27 May, 1830 In the duchy of Parma; 40 shocks at Borgotaro; and at Pontremoli many houses thrown down. 14 Feb. 1834 Concepcion, etc., in Chili, destroyed.. ..20 Feb. 1835 In Calabria, Cosenza and villages destroyed; 1000 persons buried.. .29 April, .12 Oct. 66 In Calabria; 100 perish at Castiglione. At Martinique; nearly half of Port Royal destroyed; nearly 700 persons killed, and the whole island damaged... ....11 Jan. 1839 At Ternate; the island made a waste, and thousands of lives lost. 14 Feb. 1840 Awful and destructive earthquake at Mount Ararat, in one of the districts of Armenia; 3137 houses were overthrown, and several hundred persons perished, 27 July, Great earthquake at Zante, where many persons perished. ...30 Oct. 66 At Cape Haytien, St. Domingo, which destroyed nearly two-thirds of the town; between 4000 and 5000 lives were lost.. ...7 May, 1842 At Point à Pitre, Guadeloupe, which was entirely de stroyed. ..8 Feb. 1843 At Rhodes and Macri, when a mountain fell in at the latter place, crushing a village, and destroying 600 persons...... 28 Feb. -7 March, 1851 houses were de ......2 April, 14,000 lives lost, 14 Aug. .16-30 Sept. 1852 At Valparaiso, where more than 400 Philippine isles; Manilla much injured.. 66 Rhodes; 13 villages destroyed, about 300 persons perish- Slight earthquake in W. England and S. Wales; felt at In Santa Maura, an Ionian isle, the town Santa Maura At Quebec, not much damage.. In Calabria; several villages destroyed, early in.....Oct. Northwest of England; houses shaken, crockery broken, evening, 17 March; slight in Yorkshire.....22 March, 1871 California; several small towns destroyed; about 30 killed .. 26, 27 March, 1872 Lehree, Eastern Catchi, Sind frontier, India, destroyed; about 500 killed 14, 15 Dec. San Salvador nearly destroyed; about 50 killed; the rest escaped through timely warning.. .19 March, 1873 North of Italy: at Feletto, near Conegliano, Venetia, church destroyed; about 50 killed; lives lost at Belluno, etc.; shock felt at Venice, Verona, etc........29 June, 66 Azagra, Spain: 200 killed by a landslip. 22 July, 1874 Antigua and other places in Guatemala destroyed; great loss of life. ..3 Sept. Kara Hissa and other places in Asia Minor; great destruction of life. ..3-5 May, 1875 ..12 May, " Smyrna and ne ghborhood; many perish. San José de Cucuta and other towns near Santander, on the boundary of Colombia, destroyed; about 14,000 lives said to be lost.. ..16-18 May, Lahore and vicinity, India; several killed. .12 Dec. At Scheibs, on the Danube; felt throughout Austrian em. pire.... 17 July, 1876 Earthquake and great tidal wave near Callao; went southward; much shipping and several towns destroyed; not much mortality.. ..9, 10 May, 1877 Cua, Venezuela, nearly destroyed, about 300 killed, loss about 30,000Z.. 14 April, 1878 Shocks felt at Cologne and other parts of Germany and Holland; houses much shaken; bells rung, etc., 9-11 26 Aug. Aci Reale, Catania, Sicily, 5 villages destroyed, 10 persons killed.. .17 June, 1879 Severe shock at Brieg, in Switzerland; felt at Berne, Zurich, Geneva, etc.; several killed...... ..4 July, 1880 Manilla, etc., Philippines; cathedral destroyed; several killed, many hurt. 18-24 July, Smyrna and ne ghborhood; many houses destroyed, 2 persons killed... .. 29, 30 July, Valparaiso; at Illapel, Chili, about 200 perish...13 Sept. S. Austria; much damage with loss of life, at Agram, etc. 9-16 Nov.-8 Dec. Slight shocks at Inverary and other places W. Scotland, 28 Nov. Berne and other places, Switzerland; houses split up, etc., 27 Jan. and 3 March, 1881 Severe shocks in S. Italy; much destruction and loss of life at Casamicciola, a town in the Isle of Ischia, 289 houses destroyed, 114 lives lost, about 36,000l. loss, 4 March; more destruction by another shock.. 15 March, Scio-the town and several villages destroyed; about East Angles, the sixth kingdom of the Heptarchy, commenced by Uffa, 526; ended with Ethelbert in 792; see Britain. The bishop's see founded by St. Felix, who converted the East Angles in 630, was eventually settled at Norwich (which see) about 1094. East End Juvenile Mission established 1866, to reclaim destitute children. It maintains homes, schools, an infirmary, etc. Hon. director, Dr. T. J. Barnardo; see Barnardo's Homes. East India Association, for the advocacy of the interests of all the inhabitants of India, founded 7 Nov. 1866. A journal is published. The flight (Hegira) of Mahomet from Mecca to Medina, The Saracens invade the empire, 632; defeat Heraclius at 627 648 660 672-677 The Bulgarians establish a kingdom in Moesia (now East India Stock Dividend Redemption Bulgaria), 678; they ravage the country up to Constantinople... Act passed 15 May, 1873. It finally abolished the The Saracens vainly invest Constantinople, 716, 718; decompany on 1 June, 1874, and made needful arrange-Leo III. the Isaurian forbids the worship of images (this ments. East Indies, see India. East London Museum, see Bethnal Green. feated... 711 720 leads to the Iconoclast controversy, and eventually to The monasteries dissolved.. 825; Sicily and Crete.. Image-worship persecuted, 830; restored, 842; forbidden Easter, instituted about 68, the festival observed by the church in commemoration of Our Saviour's resur-The empire loses the exarchate of Italy, 752; Dalmatia, rection, so called in England from the Saxon goddess Eostre, whose festival was in April. After much contention between the Eastern and Western churches, it was ordained by the council of Nice, 325, to be observed on the same day throughout the whole Christian world. "Easter-day is the Sunday following that fourteenth day of the calendar moon which happens upon or next after the 21st March: so that, if the said fourteenth day be a Sunday, Easter-day is not that Sunday, but the Easter-day may be any day of the five weeks which commence with March 22 and end with April 25. The dispute between the old British church and the new Anglo-Saxon church respecting Easter was settled about 664.-Easter-Sunday, 1883, 25 March; 1884, 13 April; 1885, 5 April. next.' Easter Island, in the Pacific Ocean, was discovered by Davis in 1686; it was visited by Roggewein, April, 1722, and from him obtained the name it now bears; it was visited by captain Cook, March, 1774. At the southeast extremity is the crater of an extinguished volcano, about two miles in circuit and 800 feet deep. Eastern (or Greek) CHURCH, see Greek Church. Eastern Empire. After the death of the emperor Jovian, in Feb. 364, the generals at Nice elected Valentinian as his successor, who, in June, made his brother Valens emperor of the West; the final division was in 395, between the sons of Theodosius. The Eastern em pire ended with the capture of Constantinople, and death of Constantine XIII., 29 May, 1453; see Turkey. Nestorius, the bishop, nominated the first patriarch of Constantinople.. 381 The Venetians victorious over the Greeks. 739 770 787 827 879 890 928 .987, 1014 10.8 108 100 1007 1125 1156 1172 11:0 1202 The Hungarians repelled, 1152; peace made with the Wars with the Turks and the Venetians.. The fourth crusade begins. Revolt of Alexis against his brother Isaac; the crusaders take Constantinople, and restore Isaac and his son Alexis IV... .19 July, 1203 Alexis Ducas murders Alexis IV. and usurps the throne; Empire of Nice founded by Theodore Lascaris. 25 July, 1261 Establishment of the Turkish empire in Asia, under Othman I...... on the coast of Thrace. The Genoese trade in the Black Sea.. All the Greek possessions in Asia lost.. 1.99 1333 1353 1373 1390 Sultan Bajazet defeats the Christians under Sigismund of Hungary, at Nicopolis. 28 Sept. 1396 The emperor Manuel vainly solicits help from the West..9 July, A Turkish pacha established at Athens. Theodosius the Great succors Valentinian II., the Western 392 ern sovereigns.... 1400 1401 Eugenius defeated and slain by Theodosius, who reunites 394 Constantinople walled by Theodosius II.. 395 413 Amurath II. in vain besieges Constantinople, 1422; peace made. 1425 Alaric the Goth begins to ravage the empire.. 425 The Theodosian Code promulgated.. 438 Accession of Constantine XIII., last emperor.. 1448 The Justinian Code published.. 529 (See Turkey.) 1185. Isaac II. Angelus Comnenus, who is deposed, imprisoned, and deprived of his eyes by his brother, 1195. Alexis III. Angelus, the Tyrant: deposed, and his eyes put out; died in a monastery. 1203. Isaac II. again, with his son, Alexis IV.: deposed. 1204. Alexis V. Ducas: murders Alexis IV.; is killed by the crusaders. 602. Phocas the Usurper, a centurion, whose crimes and 1204. cruelties led to his own assassination in 610. 610. Heraclius, by whom Phocas was dethroned. 641. (Heracleonas) Constantine III. reigned a few months: poisoned by his stepmother, Martina. 66 Constans II.: assassinated in a bath. 668. Constantine III. (or IV.) Pogonatus. 685. Justinian II., son of the preceding: abhorred for his exactions, debaucheries, and cruelties; dethroned and mutilated by his successor. 695. Leontius: dethroned and mutilated by Tiberius Aspimar. 698. Tiberius III. Aspimar. 705. Justinian II. restored. Leontius and Tiberius degraded in the Hippodrome, and put to death. Justinian slain in 711. 920. Christopher, and 928. Stephen and Constantine VII. (or VIII.). [Five emperors now reign: Christopher dies, 931; Romanus exiled by his sons Constantine and Stephen, who are themselves banished the next year.] 945. Constantine VII. (or VIII.) reigns alone: poisoned by his daughter-in-law, Theophania, 959. 959. Romanus II., son of preceding: contrived his father's death; banished his mother, Helena. 963. Nicephorus II. Phocas: married Theophania, his predecessor's consort, who has him assassinated. 969. John I. Zimisces, celebrated general: takes Basil II. and Constantine VIII. (or IX.), sons of Romanus II., as colleagues; John dies, supposed by poison, and 976. Basil II. and Constantine VIII. reign; the former dies in 1025, the latter in 1028. 1028. Romanus III. Argyropulus: poisoned by his profligate consort Zoe, who raises 1034. Michael IV. the Paphlagonian to the throne; on his death, Zoe places 1041. Michael V. Calaphates as his successor: Zoe dethrones him, has his eyes put out, and marries 1042. Constantine IX. (or X.) Monomachus, and Zoe reigns jointly; Zoe dies, 1050. 1054. Theodora, widow of Constantine. 1067. Eudocia, consort of the preceding, and Romanus IV. Diogenes, whom she marries, reign to the prejudice of Michael, Constantine's son. 1071. Michael VII. Parapinaces recovers his throne, and reigns jointly with Constantine XI. (or XII.). 1078. Nicephorus III.: dethroned by 1081. Alexis or Alexius I. Comnenus; succeeded by 1118. John Comnenus, his son Kalos: died of a wound from a poisoned arrow. 1143. Manuel I. Comnenus, son of John. 1180. Alexis II. Comnenus, son of the preceding, under the regency of the empress Maria, his mother. 1183. Andronicus I. Comnenus: causes Alexis to be strangled, and seizes the throne; put to death by LATIN EMPERORS. Baldwin I., earl of Flanders, on the capture of Constantinople by the Latins, elected emperor; made a prisoner by the king of Bulgaria, and never heard of afterwards. 1206. Henry I., his brother (dies in 1217). 1216. Peter de Courtenay, his brother-in-law. 1221. Robert de Courtenay, his son. 1228. Baldwin II., his brother (a minor), and John de Brienne, of Jerusalem, regent and associate emperor. [Constantinople recovered, and the empire of the Franks or Latins terminates.] 1261. GREEK EMPERORS AT NICE. 1204. Theodore Lascaris I. 1222. John Ducas Vataces. 1255. Theodore Lascaris II., his son. 1259. John Lascaris, and (1260) Michael VIII. Palæologus. GREEK EMPERORS AT CONSTANTINOPLE. 1261. Michael VIII., now at Constantinople; puts out the eyes of John, and reigns alone. 1282. Andronicus II. Palæologus, the Elder, son of preceding: deposed by 1328. Andronicus III., the Younger, his grandson. 1341. John Palæologus I., under the guardianship of John Cantacuzenus: the latter proclaimed emperor at Adrianople. 1347. John Cantacuzenus abdicates. 1355. John Palæologus I. restored. 1391. Manuel II. Palæologus, his son: succeeded by his son and colleague. 1425. John Palæologus II. The throne claimed by his three brothers. 1448. Constantine Palæologus XII. (XIII. or XIV.; some of the other emperors being called Constantine by some writers): killed, when Constantinople was taken, 29 May, 1453. Eastern Question Association formed, the duke of Westminster president, Dec. 1876. Eastern Roumelia, see Roumelia. Ebelians, a German revivalist sect, which began at Königsberg, in Prussia, about 1836, its leaders being archdeacon Ebel and Dr. Diestel, who were tried and condemned for unsound doctrine and impure lives in 1839. The sentence was annulled in 1842, it is said by royal influence. The sect is popularly termed "Mucker," German for hypocrites. Their theory and practice of spiritual marriage are described by Mr. Hepworth Dixon, in his “Spiritual Wives,” 1868. Ebionites, heretics, in the first century, a branch of the Nazarenes, were of two kinds: one believed that our Saviour was born of a virgin, observed all the precepts of the Christian religion, but added the ceremonies of the Jews; the other believed that Christ was born after the manner of all mankind, and denied his divinity. Photinus revived the sect in 342. of Ebonite (vulcanized India-rubber), see Caoutchouc. the Spaniards by the French, under Lannes, near TuEbro, a river in Spain-the scene of a signal defeat dela, 23 Nov. 1808; and also of several important movements of the allied British and Spanish armies during the Peninsular war (1809-13). Ecclesiastical Commissions, appointed by queen Elizabeth, 1559; by James I. in Scotland, 1617; by the English parliament in 1641; and by James II., to coerce the universities, in 1687. A Church Inquiry Commission, appointed 23 June, 1832, reported June, 1835. The present ecclesiastical commissioners (bishops, deans, and laymen) for the management of church property were appointed in Feb. 1835, incorporated in 1836, and their proceedings regulated in 1840 and 1841. The law relating to them was amended in 1868. Ecclesiastical Courts. There existed no distinction between lay and ecclesiastical courts in England until 1085, after the Norman conquest; see Arches and Consistory Courts. Till the establishment of the Divorce and Probate courts (which see), in 1857, the following were the causes cognizable in ecclesiastical courts: blasphemy, apostasy from Christianity, heresy, schism, ordinations, institutions to benefices, matrimony, divorces, bastardy, tithes, incest, fornication, adultery, probate of wills, administrations, etc. A royal commission of inquiry respecting these courts agreed to, house of lords; 7 March, 1881, appointed. Ecclesiastical Dilapidations, law respecting amended by acts passed in 1871 and 1872. Ecclesiastical Gazette, Church of England semi-official journal; sent gratuitously to all dignitaries and incumbents; established 10 July, 1838. An annular eclipse; it was seen and photographed at 18 Aug. 1868 tronomer royal, and others in Spain; Mr. Warren De la Rue took photographs.. ...18 July, 1860 Total eclipse of the sun of the longest possible duration; (the Royal Society provided means for its observation in India, by col. Walker, Mr. Herschel, and others), During the solar eclipse, 18 Aug. 1868, as observed in India, M. Janssen invented a method of studying the phenomena of the sun at any time, by employing several spectroscopes, whereby the spectrum is lengthened and the dazzling brilliancy diminished. Mr. Joseph Norman Lockyer had suggested a similar method of observation in 1866, but did not use it till 20 Oct. 1868, being then not aware of M. Janssen's discovery. Ecclesiastical State, or STATES OF THE CHURCH, The solar eclipse well observed in North America..7 Aug. 1869 see Rome, Modern. Ecclesiastical Titles Act, 14 & 15 Vict. c. 60 (1851); repealed 24 July, 1871; see Papal Aggression. Echo. The time which elapses between the utterance of a sound and its return must be more than one twelfth of a second to form an echo. The whisperinggallery of St. Paul's is a well-known example. The Echo, independent evening paper, price d., established Dec. 1868. Eckmühl (Bavaria), the site of a battle between the main armies of France (75,000) and Austria (40,000); Napoleon and marshal Davoust (hence prince d'Eckmühl) defeated the archduke Charles, 22 April, 1809. Eclectics (from Greek, ikλéyw, I choose), ancient philosophers (called Analogetici, and also Philalethes, the lovers of truth), who, without attaching themselves to any sect, chose what they judged good from each of them was Potamon of Alexandria, about A.D. 1. Also a Christian sect, who considered the doctrine of Plato conformable to the spirit of Christianity. Eclipse (the race-horse), see Races. Eclipses. Their revolution was calculated by Calippus, the Athenian, 336 B.C. The Egyptians said they had accurately observed 373 eclipses of the sun, and 832 of the moon, in the period from Vulcan to Alexander, who died 323 B.C. The theory of eclipses is said to have been known to the Chinese before 120 B.C. The first eclipse recorded happened 19 March, 721 B.C., at 8.40 P.M., according to Ptolemy; it was lunar, and was observed with accuracy at Babylon. A list of eclipses to the year 2000 is given in "L'Art de Véri fier les Dates." The Royal Astronomical Society published a volume of "Ob servations made during Total Solar Eclipses," 1880. ECLIPSES OF THE SUN. The Nineveh eclipse (recorded, according to sir Henry Rawlinson, on a Nineveh tablet in the British Museum)... ...B.C. 15 June, That predicted by Thales (Pliny, lib. ii. 9), believed to have occurred (see Halys)..... 28 May, [Sir G. B. Airy thinks the date should be 610; others say 603 or 584 B. C. It is the one recorded by Herodotus as interrupting a battle between the Medes and Lydians.] Eclipse of Xerxes, when setting out on his expedition against Greece.. One at Athens (Thucydides, lib. iv.). Eclipse of Agathocles (Airy)... One observed at Constantinople... At the battle of Sticklestadt.. 17 Feb. ..15 Aug. 763 585 478 424 310 Total one: three days' supplication decreed at Rome (Liry) 188 One general at the death of Jesus Christ (Josephus), A. D. 3 April, 33 968 .29 July, 1030 In France, when it was dark at noon-day (Du Fresnoy), 29 June, 1033 In England: a total darkness (W. Malmsb.)....20 March, 1140 Again; the stars visible at ten in the morning (Camden), 23 June, 1191 The true sun, and the appearance of another, so that astronomers alone could distinguish the difference by colored glasses.. noon... Observed in Scotland; termed the "black hour"..7 June, 1433 Observed in Scotland; termed "Mirk Monday"..8 April, 1652 Total eclipse, visible in England; the darkness so great that the stars shone, and the birds went to roost at ......3 May, 1715 Last total eclipse observed in England; seen near Salisbury.. 22 May. 1724 Remarkable one, central and annular in the inter or of Europe. 7 Sept. 1802 Total eclipses-17 July, 1833; 8 July, 1842; 28 July, 1851. Two expeditions to observe the solar eclipse of 22 Dec. 1870, sent out by the British government, were not successful... 22 Dec. 1870 The solar eclipse well observed at Ceylon and in southern India, 12 Dec. 1871; and in North America.. 29, 30 July, 1878 [The same eclipses (about 70) recur in a period of 18 years 10 days.] Except the total eclipse, 12 Aug. 1999, there can be no total eclipse of the sun visible in England for 250 years. -Hind: July, 1871. École Polytechnique, a military academy at Paris, established in 1794, and reorganized and given its The "Journal" (1795present name on 1 Sept. 1795. The 1867) contains profound mathematical papers. school was reorganized 4 Sept. 1816. The pupils helped to defend Paris in 1814 and 1830. Economic Museum (or Museum of Domestic and Sanitary Economy), at Twickenham, open free, was established chiefly by the agency of Mr. Thos. Twining, in 1860. It originated from the Paris exhibition of 1855. Economist, London weekly journal, devoted to financial matters, first appeared 2 Sept. 1843. Économistes, a philosophical sect, founded by François Quesnay (1694-1774), who exalted agriculture above all other arts; he asserted that it gave two things, the support of the laborer and an excess of value which belonged to the proprietor of the land ("product net "), and which alone should be taxed. He also favored great freedom for industry and trade. His "Physiocratie" (1768) and other works were at the time very popular, even at court, and are said to have influenced Adam Smith, author of "The Wealth of Nations." Écorcheurs (Flayers), bands of armed adventurers who desolated France and Belgium during the fifteenth century, beginning about 1435. Among their leaders were Chabannes, comte de Dammartin, the bastard of Armagnac, and Villandras; and they at one time numbered 100,000. They are said to have stripped their victims to their shirts, and flayed the cattle. They were favored by the English invasion and the civil wars. Ecuador, or EQUATOR, a South American republic, formerly Quito and other provinces, part of Colombia. 1821; independent in 1831, when the Colombian republic was divided into three; the other two being Venezuela and New Granada. The population of Ecuador is about 1,040,400, of which 76,000 are in Quito, the capital. |