Eddas (thought formerly to mean Oldemoder, or "mother of mothers;" by others, "art"), two books of songs and sagas (prose and verse) containing the Scandinavian mythology (or history of Odin, Thor, Frea, etc.), written by skalds, or bards, about the eleventh or twelfth Translations have been made into French, century. English, etc. MSS. of the Eddas exist at Copenhagen and Upsal. Improved by David I... Holyrood abbey founded by David I.. A parliament held here under Alexander II.. Edinburgh made the metropolis by James III.. 1124 to 1153 1128 .about 46 1174-86 City burned by Richard II., 1385; and by Henry IV. The foundation having given way, a new one was designed by Edgecote, see Banbury. Edgehill Fight (23 Oct. 1642), Warwickshire, between the royalists under prince Rupert and the parliament army under the earl of Essex, was the first important engagement in the civil war. Charles I. was present, and the earl of Lindsay, who headed the royal foot, was mortally wounded. The king lost 5000 killed. The action was indecisive, though the parliament claimed the victory. Edict of Nantes, by which Henry IV. of France granted toleration to his Protestant subjects, 13 April, 1598, was confirmed by Louis XIII. in 1610, and by Louis XIV. in 1652. It was revoked by Louis XIV. 22 Oct. 1685. This act cost France 50,000 Protestant families, and gave to England and Germany thousands of industrious artisans. It also caused a fierce insurrection in Languedoc; see Camisards. Some of the refugees settled in Spitalfields, where their descendants yet remain; others settled in Soho and St. Giles's, and pursued the art of making crystal glasses, and carried on the silk manufacture and jewelry, then little understood in England. Edicts, public ordinances and decrees, usually set forth by sovereigns; originated with the Romans.-The PERPETUAL EDICT: Salvius Julianus, of Milan, a civilian at Rome (author of several treatises on public right), was employed by the emperor Adrian to draw up this body of laws for the prætors, promulgated 132. Edinburgh, the metropolis of Scotland, derives its name-in ancient records Edinbure and Dun Edin," the hill of Edin"-from its castle, founded or rebuilt by Edwin, king of Northumbria, who, having greatly extended his dominions, erected it for the protection of his newly acquired territories from the incursions of the Scots and Picts, 626. But it is said the castle was first built by Camelon, king of the Picts, 330 B.C. It makes a conspicuous appearance, standing on a rock 300 feet high at the west end of the old town, and, before the use of great guns, was a fortification of considerable strength. Christianity introduced (reign of Donald I.)... 201 City fortified, and castle rebuilt by Malcolm Canmore... 1074 [The palace of Holyrood was built in the reign of James IV.] High-school founded.... about 1518 A British force, landing from a fleet of 200 ships, burns Marriage of queen Mary and lord Darnley.. David Rizzio murdered... Mary marries James, earl of Bothwell..... May, 1544 1547 1561 1565 1566 gunpowder, 10 Feb. 1567 .15 May, 66 1570 1572 University chartered (see Edinburgh University). 14 April, 1582 1603; he revisits it.. 1596 ..16 May, 1617 James VI. leaves Edinburgh as king of England, 5 April, Parliament-house finished.. The castle is surrendered to Cromwell.. 1624 June, 1633 23 July, 1637 Mercurius Caledonius, first Edinburgh newspaper, ap peared.... Coffee-houses first opened.. Bank of Scotland founded.. 1640 1641 Dec. 1650 .30 June, 1685 Board of trustees of trade and manufactures appoint- Royal Infirmary incorporated... Great fire in the Lawn market. ..7 Sept. 66 1737 17 Sept. 1745 .21 Sept. 66 commenced...... 1753 1754 1761 ..21 Oct. 1763 1769 1771 1774 Register-office, Princes street, commenced. .25 July, 1776 .2 Feb. 1779 1780 1783 .1 Aug. 1785 1788 16 Nov. 1789 .11 June, 1793 1796 Royal College of Surgeons incorporated... afterwards Charles X.... Nelson's monument completed.. .1795 to 1799 ..3 June, 1801 10 Oct. 1802 1805 .31 Dec. 1811 1815 1818 1819 .20 July, 1821 1822 Gas Company incorporated.. 15-27 Aug. ..June and Nov. 1824 1826 Scottish Academy founded. 1828 .July, 1831 1832 .21 Sept. 66 1833 .8 Sept. 1834 1837 Secession, and formation of the Free Church....18 May, 1843 New College instituted.... North British railway commenced.. .21 Aug. 1844 1836 Edinburgh University. A college was commenced by the town council of Edinburgh in 1581, for 1842 which queen Mary had given the site of ancient religious houses, and Robert Reid, bishop of Orkney, the funds in 1558. In 1582 the university was chartered by James VI., afterwards James I. of England. The first principal was appointed in 1585. The foundation-stone of the new buildings was laid by Francis, lord Napier, grand-master of the Masons of Scotland, 16 Nov. 1789. In 1845 the library contained upwards of 80,000 volumes, besides numerous curious and rare MSS. and documents. Dr. Lyon Playfair elected the first M.P. for Edinburgh and St. Andrew's universities in conformity with the act of 1868, Dec. 1868. Great movement to extend the university; meeting in London; large subscriptions, 7 Dec. 1874. 1845 Sir Walter Scott's monument completed. Meeting to vindicate Scottish rights Old buildings near Lawn market burned 66 .30 Aug. ...5 Aug. 1857 Agitation against Ministers' Annuity tax.. .1 Nov. Ministers' tax abolished, and other arrangements made 66 66 which did not give satisfaction: riots ensued....Nov. 1860 20,000 volunteers reviewed by the queen in Queen's park.... .7 Aug. 66 28 Aug. 20 Nov. Industrial Museum act passed. Edinburgh visited by empress Eugénie. The prince consort lays foundation of new Post office and Industrial Museum... 66 .23 Oct. 1861 Fall of a house in High street, 35 persons killed..24 Nov. Edinburgh's, DUKE OF, Annuity Act, passed 5 Aug. 1873. It gave power to the queen to grant an additional annuity to the duke of 10,000l. on his marriage to the grand-duchess Marie Alexandrovna, and an annuity of 6000l. to the grand-duchess if she should survive the duke. The marriage took place 23 Jan. 1874. Edmunds's Case, see under Patents. Edom, see Idumæa. Education, the art of developing the physical, intellectual, and moral faculties of man, has occupied the geatest minds in all ages: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Cicero, Quintilian, Bacon, Milton, Locke, Rousseau, etc. In England the earliest schools for the lower classes were those attached to the monasteries; for the higher classes halls and colleges were gradually founded; see Arts, Schools, Orford, Cambridge, Endowed Schools, Ascham Society, etc. William of Wykeham planted the school at Winchester, whence arose his colleges at that place and Oxford.... 1370 Eton college founded by Henry VI.... 1443 1 Nov. Visit of John Bright; made freeman.. .13 Oct. .......2 Aug. 1871 .9 (for 15) Aug. Restoration of St. Giles's cathedral begun.......17 June, 1872 Lady Burdett-Coutts made a burgess.. 15 Jan. 1873 The earl of Derby elected lord rector of the university, 14 Nov. 1874 Christ's Hospital, the Blue-coat school, established.. The Charterhouse founded by Thomas Sutton.... ones. 17 Dec. 66 Freedom of city given to right hon. W. E. St. Mary's cathedral (Episcopal) founded by the duke of Edinburgh, BISHOPRIC OF, was created by Charles I. when in Scotland in 1633; and William Forbes, minister of Edinburgh, first bishop. The king allotted the parishes of the shires of Edinburgh, Linlithgow, Haddington, and a part of Berwick and of Stirlingshire, to compose the see. The sixth and last prelate was Alexander Ross, who was ejected on the abolition of episcopacy, at the period of the revolution, in 1689. Edinburgh became a post-revolution bishopric in 1720; see Bishops. Edinburgh Review (by Francis Jeffrey. rev. Sydney Smith, Henry Brougham, and other whigs) published first on 10 Oct. 1802. To provide teachers, he invented the monitorial system. 1831 1811 ...about 1815 The Charity Commission, appointed at the instance of Mr. (afterwards lord) Brougham, published their "Reports on Education,' in 37 vols, folio 1819-40 Irish National School System (to accommodate both Roman Catholics and Protestants) organized mainly by archbishop Whately and the Roman Catholic archbishop Murray... City of London school, Honey lane, opened. The Home and Colonial School Society was instituted... 1836 Practical technical instruction given in the Chester DioIn 1834 the government began ANNUAL GRANTS (the first cesan Training College (rev. Arthur Rigg, principal). 1839-69 20,0007.), which continued till the Committee of the Privy Council on Education was constituted for the distribution of the money. ers. 16 Feb. 1864 66 The London school-board determine to open separate 66 ..Jan. 1865 Royal commission appointed to inquire into the state 10 July, Resolutions moved in the lords by earl Russell (asserting that every child has a right to education, and recommending appointment of a cabinet minister of education), withdrawn.... Second Metropolitan school-board elected; religious party New code of raised standards for schools issued..March, 1875 66 2 Dec. Important report of schools inquiry commissioners signed 2 Dec. Conference at Manchester recommend compulsory education, to be paid for by rates.. 15 Jan. 1868 Public Schools bill brought into the commons....7 Feb. 66 Public Elementary Education bill brought into the lords by duke of Marlborough, 24 March; withdrawn 18 May, Technical Education. -Minute of Committee of Education, recommending the foundation of scholarships for giving scientific instruction to artisans.......21 Dec. Mr. (now sir) Joseph Whitworth's offer to found 30 scholarships of annual value of 1001. each for instruction of young men in mechanics, etc., 18 March, accepted by the lords of the council. .27 March, Foundation of the first new building for a middle-class school in London laid by the lord mayor, Lawrence (very successful, 1873). 15 Dec. Public Schools act (modifying the government of Eton, Winchester, Westminster, Charterhouse, Harrow, Rugby, and Shrewsbury schools) passed 31 July, 1868; amendment acts.. ...9 Aug. 1869, 1870, 1873 New statutes for them issued. ...Oct.-Nov. 1869 National Education League (advocating compulsory secular education by the state) first met at Birmingham (see below, 1877).. . 12, 13 Oct. "6 National Education Union for supplementing the present denominational system first met at Manchester, 3 Nov. April, Another Elementary Education act introduced by lord Sandon, 18 May; a clause permitting unnecessary school boards to be suppressed introduced by Mr. Pell; carried 24 July; 3d reading (119-46), 5 Aug. (considered reactionary) royal assent... ...15 Aug. International congress on education at Philadelphia, 66 July, Third Metropolitan school board elected; majority against denominational school systems (sir Charles Reed, chairman)... .30 Nov. National Education League dissolved.........28 March, 1877 Election of school attendance committees under the new act.. .. April, Technical Education.-City and Guilds of London Institute for the advancement of Technical Education; plan recommended by a committee, lord Selborne, chairman, published June; the institute formally consti tuted, 11 Nov. 1878; foundation of the building laid by prince Leopold.. ...10 May, 1881 Primary schools in Great Britain: in 1854, 3825; in 1855, 4800; in 1860, 7272; in 1870, 10,949; in 1877, 18,118; in 1878, 19,291; in 1879, 20,169. Annual grant for primary schools in Great Britain: in 1861, 813,442/.; in 1865, 636,8067.; in 1870, 840,3367.; in 1878, 2,463,6567.; in 1879, 2,732,5307.; in 1880, 2,854,9381. Intermediate Education act for Ireland passed...16 Aug. 1878 Education act (Scotland) amended. .16 Aug. Revised Code, 7 Feb. 1877; 2 April, 1878. .. April, 1879 161st metropolitan-board school opened by sir Charles Reed, at Portland town.. 23 June, The Queen v. sir Charles Reed; the Queen's Bench decide that the school-board has power to borrow money, 27 June, Metropolitan school board children on the rolls: 1871, 1117; 1873, 50,606; 1876, 146,031; 1878 (Christmas), 207,289. Fourth Metropolitan school-board elected (sir Charles Reed, chairman) Technical College for north of England inaugurated at Newcastle. | Syphoas introduces the use of an alphabet (Usher). ..27 Nov. 1879 1891 Memnon invents Egyptian characters? (Blair, Lenglet).. 1822 Amenophis I. acknowledged king of all Egypt (Lenglet). 1821 Joseph is sold into Egypt as a slave.. 1728 He interprets the king's dreams. 1715 .24 Sept. 1880 Important decision respecting school fees and attendance (see Trials). .27 June, 1881 The grant for public education in Great Britain, in 1852, was 150,000l.; 1856-7, 451,213.; 1860, 798,951.; 1861, 803,7947.; 1864, 705,4047.; 1867, 705,8651. For Ireland, 1860, 270, 7227.; 1861, 285,3777; 1863, 316,7701. From 1839 to 1860, 3,655,0677. were granted for education. The grant for education, science, and art, in 1861, was 1,358,996; for 1867-8, 1,487,554/.; 1872, 1,551,560.; 1874-5, 2,228,4701. (in addition, 3,060,5667. were locally raised); 1876-7, England, 707,0551.; Scotland, 438, 2277.; Ireland, 649,949.; for year 1876-7 (United Kingdom), 3,349,3977; 1879-80 (Great Britain), 2,854, 9381. EDUCATION SOCIETY, formed in July, 1875, for examining and propounding the principles upon which the practice of education should be founded, by prof. Alexander Bain, Dr. J. H. Gladstone, and others. have been formed in Dublin and other places. Ascham Society (which see) formed....... Branches 1880 Education IN THE UNITED STATES. In the United States popular education is provided for by the several states acting independently; but the systems in the several states differ only in details. Early in the history of the country, free district schools became common in the North, and out of these has grown the vast system of absolutely free, popular education now in existence in all the states, by means of which every child in the country is offered thorough elementary secular education, without cost. The common-school system is supplemented by state normal schools, and the higher education is provided for by the colleges (which see). National grants of land in aid of education, first made... National Educational Association formed National Bureau of Education established 1803 Rameses, who imposed on his subjects the building of Reign of Egyptus, from whom the country, hitherto 1491 1485 1169 Pseusennes (Shishak) enters Palestine, ravages Judæa, and carries off the sacred vessels.. 971 1860 1867 The line of the Pharaohs ends in the murder of Psammenitus by Cambyses (Blair).. 526 Dreadful excesses of Cambyses; he puts the children of the grandees, male and female, to death, and makes the country a waste (Herodotus).. 524 Mr. Peabody had already given $1,250,000 in aid of higher education in the United States, founding museums at Harvard and Yale colleges, and institutes at Baltimore and elsewhere. (See College, Academy, etc.) Égalité (Equality), see Orleans. Eggs. The duty on imported eggs was repealed in 1860, whereby the revenue lost about 20,000l. a year. Number imported into Great Britain: in 1861, 203,313,360; in 1865,364,013,040; in 1869, 442,172,640; in 1870, 430,842,240; in 1876, 753,026,640; 1877, 751,185,600; 1879, 766,707,840. Eglintoun Tournament, see Tournament. Egypt.* The early seat of political civilization. 1st epoch: the dynasty of its Pharaohs, or "great kings," commenced with Mizraim, the son of Ham, second son of Noah, 2188 B.C. to the conquest by Cambyses, 525 B.C. 2d epoch: to the death of Alexander the Great, and establishment of the Ptolemies, 323 B.C. 3d epoch to the death of Cleopatra and the subjugation by the Romans, 30 B.C.; see Alexandria and Cairo. Population (1877) of Egypt proper, about 5,517,627; Nubia, 1,000,000; total, with other territories, about 17,000,000. Ptolemy VIII. Soter II. and Cleopatra his mother.. Alexander I. and Cleopatra. He defeats the Egyptians and recovers his throne, 128; dies..... 130 117 107 Osymandyas, the first warlike king, passes into Asia, conquers Bactria, and causes his exploits to be represented in sculpture and painting (Usher, Lenglet). 2100 The Phoenicians invade Lower Egypt, and hold it 260 years (Usher): the dynasty of Shepherd kings begins. The Lake of Moris constructed. The patriarch Abraham visits Egypt... 2080 Ptolemy IX. Auletes.. 80 1938 Berenice and Tryphæna. 58 1920 Auletes restored, 55; leaves his kingdom to Ptolemy and Cleopatra.. 51 Cæsar defeats the king, who, in crossing the Nile, is drowned; and the younger Ptolemy and Cleopatra reign.... Cleopatra poisons her brother, and reigns alone During a civil war between Ptolemy and Cleopatra H., Alexandria is besieged by Cæsar, and the library nearly destroyed by fire (Blair).. Government of the Mamelukes established.. Selim I., emperor of the Turks, conquers Egypt.. It is governed by beys till a great part of the country is conquered by the French, under Bonaparte (see Alexandria).. .1798-99 The invaders dispossessed by the British, and the Turk1801 ish government restored.. Mehemet Ali massacres the Mamelukes, and obtains the supreme power.. 1 March, 1811 Arrival of Belzoni, 1815; he removes statue of Memnon, 1817 1816; explores temples, etc... Formation of the Mahmoud canal, connecting Alexandria with the Nile. Mehemet Pacha revolts and invades Syria.. His son Ibrahim takes Acre, 27 May; overruns Syria; defeats the Turks at Konieh.. 1820 1831 .21 Dec. 1832 He advances on Constantinople, which is entered by Russian auxiliaries, 3 April; war ends with convention of Kutayah.. 4 May, 1833 Mehemet again revolts, claiming hereditary power; Ibrahim defeats the Turks at Nezib.. 24 June, 1839 England, Austria, Russia, and Prussia undertake to expel Ibrahim from Syria; Napier bombards Beyrout, 10 Oct.; Acre taken by the British and Austrian fleets, under sir R. Stopford, 3 Nov.; the Egyptians quit Syria... .21 Nov. et seq. 1840 Peace restored by treaty; Mehemet made hereditary viceroy of Egypt, but deprived of Syria. ......15 July, 1841 Ibrahim Pacha dies (see Suez).. ...10 Nov. 1848 The Suez canal begun... 1858 Hereditary succession and right of coining money granted, but tribute raised from 400,000l. to 750,000l. 27 May, 1861 Malta and Alexandria telegraph opened... .....1 Nov. The viceroy Saïd visits Italy, France, and England, May to Sept.; returns to Alexandria.. Sultan of Turkey visits Egypt..... Increased cultivation of cotton in Egypt ..1 Oct. 1862 ..7 April, 1863 1863-7 At the demand of the sultan, the viceroy sends troops to repress the insurgents in Arabia.. May, 1864 Opening of part of the Suez canal (which see)....15 Aug. 1865 Direct succession to the viceroyalty granted by the Porte.. .21 May, 1866 Egyptian legislative chamber opened with a speech from the viceroy. 27 Nov. Viceroy invested with Order of the Bath (as G. C.B.) by lord Clarence Paget.. .30 Jan. 1867 Designated "sovereign .9 June, by the sultan... The viceroy visits Paris.. 16 June-5 July, He arrives in London 6 July; received by the queen at Windsor, 8; by lord Derby, 10; by the lord mayor, 11; departs.. .. 18 July, The viceroy (now termed the Khedive) visited England, 22 June, 1869 Present at the inauguration of the Suez canal...17 Nov. The differences between the sultan and himself respecting prerogatives arranged, the viceroy giving up the power of imposing taxes and of contracting loans, Dec. Sir Samuel Baker appointed sole commander of a military expedition to suppress the slave trade up the Nile, with absolute authority over the country south of Gondokoro (for four years from 1 April, 1869).....10 May, Departure from Khartoum. The sultan, by a firman, renders the khedive practically independent (he must not coin money, make treaties, or build iron-clads).. 66 1 Jan. 1876 66 ......4 Jan. ......1875-7 .8 June, 1873 First Egyptian budget produced; asserted revenue, 10,..Oct. 166,000.; expenditure, 9,040,000Z.. Mr. Acton and Mr. Pennell employed to arrange finances of Egypt.. ..spring of 1875 International court of justice opened by the khedive, 28 June, The khedive's shares of Suez canal (which see) purchased by the British government; announced.... .Nov. Egyptian expedition into Abyssinia surprised and defeated with much slaughter.. .....16 Oct. Rt. hon. Stephen Cave sent on special mission to Egypt, Dec. New (Gregorian) style adopted; mixed courts opened, Resignation of Nubar Pacha, able minister of commerce, announced.... War with Abyssinia (which see).. Mr. Cave's report (refers to waste and extravagance; great works undertaken with insufficient means; loss by adventurers; military expenditure; and necessity for intervention of superior power to restore credit and restrain expenditure), sent 13 March; published in Times... ..4 April, 1876 The khedive decrees consolidation of his debt, 91,000,0001., at 7 per cent., and a sinking fund, 7 May; decrees signed.. 14 and 25 May, His son Hassan received by the queen.. 27 June, Decisions of the international law-court not accepted by the government; the court closed by M. Haakman; he is superseded.. ..July, Mr. Göschen, with M. Joubert (on behalf of the khedive's creditors), arrives at Cairo, 14 Oct. ; their scheme accepted (debt of about 91,000,000l. to be reduced to about 59,000,0007., interest of 7 per cent. to be reduced to about 6 per cent.); agreement signed about 10 Nov.; announced (termed since, “Göschen decree") 18 Nov. Ismail Sadyk, autocratic finance minister, suspected of conspiracy; resigns insolently; seized and banished, Nov. 66 ..8 Feb. 1870 Many delays and impediments; proceeds to explore White Nile.. 11 Aug. Arrives at Gondokoro 15 April; names it Ismailia, and officially annexes it to Egypt.. ..26 May, 1871 War with the warlike and treacherous Baris of Belinian; beats them in several engagements. Supported by his model corps, "the forty thieves," he quells disaffection and mutiny in his troops. ...Oct. Sends vessels with women, children, and sick to Khartoum. ....3 Nov. Makes peace with the Baris and returns to Gondokoro, 19 Nov. Advances south; suffers much by negro treachery and inefficiency of his Egyptian troops; heroism of lady .Jan.-Feb. 1872 Arrives at the African Paradise, Faliko; meets there his enemy, Abou Saoud, the slave-dealer, 6 March; at Masindi, in Unyoro.. .25 April, Received by Kabba Rega, the young king, who attempts to poison Baker's party, and attacks them in the night; he is defeated and Masindi burned............8 June, Definitive peace between the khedive and Abyssinia announced.. ..Feb. Prince Tewfik, president of the council, and Nubar Pacha, foreign minister.. .about 5 March, Mr. Rivers Wilson and M. de Blignières remonstrate with the khedive. .6 April, He puts forth a new financial scheme; Tewfik Pacha, Mr. Rivers Wilson, and M. de Blignières dismissed; new ministry, under Cherif Pacha, formed...about 7 April, Col. Gordon's lieutenant, Gessi (Nov. 1878), completely defeats the rebel slave dealers in the Soudan, Central Africa.... ......5 May, England and France, in a note, require the appointment of European ministers. ..about 5 May, England, France, Germany, Austria, and Italy recommend the khedive to abdicate... ...about 20 June, He refers to the sultan, who declines to interfere; the khedive offers to pay his debts in full ......22 June, The khedive deposed by the sultan; prince Tewfik, his son, proclaimed his successor.. .26 June, |