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Elephant, in the earliest times trained to war. The history of the Maccabees informs us that "to every elephant they appointed 1000 men armed with coats of mail, and 500 horse: and upon the elephants were strong towers of wood, etc." The elephants in the army of Antiochus were provoked to fight by showing them the "blood of grapes and mulberries." The first elephant said to have been seen in England was one of enormous size, presented by the king of France to our Henry III. in 1238.-Baker's Chron. Polyænus states that Cæsar brought one to Britain 54 B.C., which terrified the inhabitants greatly. 13 elephants in lord mayor's procession, 9 Nov. 1876; see Knighthood.

A young elephant brought into Court of Exchequer to show his peaceful character, in a suit for damages for frightening a pony at the Alexandra Palace, 13 July, 1879. Only two elephants have ever been born in captivity; one of these was born in Philadelphia, about 1878; the other in Bridgeport, Conn., 2 Feb. 1882.

Eleusinian Mysteries. The institution of these annual secret religious ceremonies (in honor of Ceres) at Athens is attributed to Cadmus, 1550; to Erechtheus, 1399; or to Eumolpus, 1356 B.C. If any one revealed them, he was to be put to death. They were introduced from Eleusis into Rome, lasted about 1800 years, and were abolished by Theodosius A.D. 389. The laws were-1. To honor parents; 2. To honor the gods with the fruits of the earth; 3. Not to treat brutes with cruelty. Cicero makes the civilization of mankind one of the beneficial effects of the Eleusinian mysteries.

was wrecked near Cerigo, and Mr. W. R. Hamilton, who was on board, remained several months at Cerigo, and recovered them from the sea.

Elgueta (N. Spain); near here the Carlists defeated the republicans under gen. Sorna, and took 600 prisoners, 5-6 Aug. 1873.

Elis, a Greek state termed the "Holy Land," in the Peloponnesus, founded by the Heraclidæ, 1103 B.C. Here Iphitus revived the Olympic games, 884, which were regularly celebrated after Corobus gained the prize in 776. Elis surrendered many towns to the Spartans in war, 400. After various changes, Elis joined the Achæan league, 274; and with the rest of Greece was subjugated by the Romans in 146.

Ell (so named from ulna, the arm) was fixed at 45 inches by king Henry I. in 1101. The old French ell, or aune, was 46.790 inches.

Ellison Gallery. In April, 1860, Mrs. Elizabeth Ellison (in conformity with the wish of her deceased husband, Richard), presented to the South Kensington Museum a series of 50 original water-color drawings by the first masters.

Ellora, or ELORA (Central India); remarkable for its very ancient rock-cut temple; excavated according to Hindoo legends nearly 7000 years ago; but more probably about A.D. 800. The town was ceded to the British by Holkar in 1818, and transferred by them to the nizam of the Deccan in 1822.

Elmina, and DUTCH GUINEA (W. Africa), were ceded by the Dutch government by treaty, signed Feb. 1872, and consolidated with the West African settlements; first governor, Mr. Pope Hennessy, April, 1872; see Ashantees.

El Molino del Rey, BATTLE AT. On the morning of 8 Sept. 1847, less than 4000 Americans attacked over 14,000 Mexicans under Santa Anna, at El Molino del Rey (the King's Mills), near the fortress of Chapultepec, close by the city of Mexico. They were to the attack, fought desperately for an hour, and conat first repulsed with much slaughter; but, returning quered. The Americans lost about 800 men; the Mexicans left more than 1000 dead on the field; see Chapul

tepec.

Elopement. A wife who departs from her husband loses her dower by the statute of Westm. 1285— unless her husband, without coercion of the church, be reconciled to her. Earlier laws published elopement with death when adultery followed.

Elphin (Ireland). St. Patrick founded a cathedral near Elphin, "by a river issuing from two fountains,” in the fifth century, and placed over it St. Asicus, whom he created bishop, and who soon after filled it with monks. After many centuries, Roscommon, Ardcarn, Drumclive, and others of less note, were also annexed to Elphin, valued in the king's books, by an extent returned 28 Eliz., at 103/. 18s. sterling. The see was united to Kilmore in 1841, under the provisions of the Church Temporalities act, passed Aug. 1833.

which became one of the richest sees in Ireland. It is

Elsinore (Zealand, Denmark), formerly the station for receiving the Sound dues (which see).

Ely, an island in Cambridgeshire, on which a church was built about 673, by Etheldreda, queen of Egfrid, king of Northumberland; she also founded a religious Elgin Marbles, derived chiefly from the Parthe-house, filled it with virgins, and became herself first non, a temple of Minerva, on the Acropolis at Athens, abbess. The 1200th anniversary was celebrated 17-21 of which they formed part of the frieze and pediment, the work of Phidias, under the government of Pericles, about 440 B.C. Thomas lord Elgin began the collection of these marbles during his mission to the Ottoman Porte, in 1802; and from him they were purchased by the British government for 35,000l. and placed in the British Museum, in 1816. The ship conveying them

Oct. 1873; about 60,000l. had then been spent on the restoration of the cathedral. The Danes ruined the convent about 870; but a monastery was built in 879, on which king Edgar and succeeding monarchs bestowed great privileges and grants of land; whereby it became the richest in England. Richard, the eleventh abbot, wishing to free himself from the bishop of Lincoln, made

1809, and the Non-intercourse act passed. Another embargo, for 90 days, was laid in April, 1812; see Armed

great interest with Henry I. to get Ely erected into a
bishopric, 1108, and his successor Hervæus was the first
prelate, 1109. It is valued in the king's books at 21341. | Neutrality.
188. 5d.; present stated income, 55007.

RECENT BISHOPS.

1781. James York, died 26 Aug. 1808.

1808. Thomas Dampier. died 13 May, 1812.

1812. Bowyer Edward Sparke, died 4 April, 1836. 1836. Joseph Allen, died 20 March, 1845.

1845. Thomas Turton, died 7 Jan. 1864.

Ember-weeks, instituted, it is said, by pope Calixtus I. (219-223) to implore the blessing of God on the produce of the earth by prayer and fasting, in which penitents used to sprinkle the ashes (embers) of humiliation on their heads. In the English church the Ember days are the Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday after the

1864. Edward Harold Browne, translated to Winchester Aug. following days: the first Sunday in Lent, Whitsunday,

1873.

1873. James Russell Woodford, Aug.

Ely Chapel, Holborn, London, erected in the fourteenth century, sold for 5250l., 29 Jan. 1874; acquired by the Roman Catholic fathers of the order of Charity, 1874; and finely restored at the expense of the duke of Norfolk and others, opened as St. Etheldreda's chapel, 23 June, 1876.

14 Sept. (Holy Cross), and 13 Dec. (St. Lucia).

Embroidery is usually ascribed to the Phrygians; but the Sidonians excelled in it, and it is mentioned in 1491 B.C. (Exod. xxxv. 35, and xxxviii. 23); see Bayeux Tapestry. Embroidery is now done by machinery. The first embroidery machine is said to have been invented by John Duncan, of Glasgow, in 1804. Heilman's emBerlin Elzevir, or ELSEVIER, a family of printers, in Hol-broidery machine was patented by Köchlin. land, whose reputation is based on fine pocket editions

of the classics.

Louis, the founder, was born in 1540; began business at Leyden in 1580; he printed about 150 works, and died 4 Feb. 1617. His sons (especially Bonaventure) and grandsons were celebrated for their work.

Emancipation, see Roman Catholics and Slavery. The Emancipation Society for slaves lasted 1862–5.

Emanuel Hospital, Westminster, founded in 1594 by lady Anne Dacre for aged people and children. Its original annual income had increased from 360l. to about 40007. in 1870, when changes in the disposition of the funds were proposed by the charity commissioners,

and some effected.

wool-work has been much improved of late years by the production of more elegant patterns, first published by Mr. Wittich in Berlin, about 1810.

Emerald, a precious stone, of a green color, found in the East and in Peru. It has been erroneously alleged that there were no true emeralds in Europe before the conquest of Peru; but there is one in the Paris Museum, taken from the mitre of pope Julius II., who died in 1518, and Peru was not conquered till 1545.

Emesa, now Hems, Syria, renowned for a temple of the sun, the priest of which, Bassianus, was proclaimed emperor with the name Heliogabalus or Elagabalus, 218. His atrocities led to his assassination, 11 March, 222. Embalming. The ancient Egyptians, believing Emigrants. The French aristocracy and clergy that their souls, after many thousand years, would re-(émigrés) began to leave their country in July, 1789, at inhabit their bodies, if preserved entire, embalmed the the breaking-out of the revolution: their estates were A large number returned in 1802 dead. Some of the bodies, called mummies, buried 3000 confiscated in Dec. years ago, are still perfect. "The physicians embalmed by an amnesty granted after the peace of Amiens. Many Israel," 1689 B.C. (Gen. 1. 2); see Mummies. Carbolic were indemnified after the restoration in 1815. acid was successfully employed by prof. Seely in America, in 1868.

The most perfect specimens of modern embalming are preserved in the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, one being the body of the wife of Van Butchell, preserved by John Hunter by injecting camphorated spirits of wine, etc., into the arteries and veins; and the other the body of a young woman, who died about 1780 of consumption, in the Lock hospital. The method of embalming royal personages in modern times is fully described in Hunter's "Posthumous Works." He died in 1793.-During the American war (1861-5), many soldiers' bodies were embalmed and sent home.

Embankments of earth were erected by the ancients for preservation from their enemies and the inundations of the tide. Those of the Egyptians and Babylonians are described by Herodotus and Strabo. To the Romans are attributed the first dikes of Holland, and the embankments of Romney Marsh, considered to be the oldest in Britain. In 1250, Henry III. issued a writ enforcing the support of these works, and his successors followed his example. James I. greatly encouraged the embankment of the Thames. Sir W. Dugdale's "History of Embanking" first appeared in 1662; see Drainage, Levels, and Thames. Since 1830, millions of pounds have been expended in embankments for railways.

Emigration. Phoenician and Greek emigrants colonized the coasts of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea; see Magna Græcia, Marseilles, etc. The discovery of America opened a vast field for emigration, which was restrained by Charles I. in 1637. It has been greatly encouraged since 1819. Regulations for emigration were made in 1831, and in Jan. 1840 the Colonial Land and Emigration Board was established. Emigration much promoted through want of employment in London, 1869–70.

The Society of the Sons of St. George," at Philadelphia,
which was established to succor emigrants, still exists.
It published a letter dissuading unsuitable emigration,
31 July, 1874
Emigration from the United Kingdom, in 1815, 2081; in 1820,
25,729; in 1830, 56,907; in 1840, 90,743; in 1850, 280,843; in
1860, 128,469; in 1866, 204,882; in 1867, 195,953; in 1868,
196,325; in 1869, 258,027; in 1870, 256,940; in 1871, 252,435;
1872, 295,213; 1873, 310,612; 1874, 241,014; 1875, 173,809;
1876 (of British origin only), 109,469; 1877, 95,195; 1878,
112,902; 1879, 164,274; see Immigration.

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Emigration to North American colonies, West Indies, Cape of Good Hope, New South Wales, Swan River. Van Diemen's Land. etc., in 1820-30, 154,291; in 1830–40, 277,695,

Embargo, from the Spanish embargar, to detain, applied to the restraining ships from sailing. This pow-To North American Colonies, in 1842, 54,123; in 1847, 109,680;

er is vested in the crown, but is rarely exercised except in extreme cases, and sometimes as a prelude to war. The most memorable instances of embargo were those for the prevention of corn going out of the kingdom in 1766; and for the detention of all Russian, Danish, and Swedish ships in the several ports of the kingdom, owing to the armed neutrality, 14 Jan. 1801. account of insults to the American flag by British cruisers, the congress of the United States, in Dec. 1807, decreed an embargo, detaining all vessels, American and foreign, in their ports, and ordering all American vessels home. The embargo decree was repealed in March,|

On

in 1856, 16,378; in 1861, 12,707; in 1863, 18,083; in 1864, 12,721; in 1866, 12,355; in 1867, 15,503; in 1868. 21,062; in 1869, 33,891; in 1870, 35,295; 1871, 32.671; 1872, 32, 205; 1873, 37,208; 1874, 25,450; 1876 (of British origin), 9335; To United States, in 1842, 63,852; in 1847, 142,154; in 1857, 1877, 7720; 1878, 10,652; 1879, 17,952.

126,905; in 1861, 49,764; in 1863, 146,813; in 1864, 147,042; in 1866, 161,000; in 1867, 159,275; in 1868, 155,532; in 1869, 203,001; in 1870. 196,075; 1871, 198.843; 1872, 233,747; 1873, 233,073; 1874, 148,161; 1876 (of British origin), 54,554; 1877, 45,481; 1878, 54.694; 1879, 91,806.

To Australia and New Zealand, in 1842, 8534; in 1845, 830; in 1850, 16,037; in 1852 (gold discovery), 87,881; in 1853, 61,401; in 1854, 83.237; in 1855, 52,309; in 1856, 44.584; in 1857, 61,248; in 1861, 23,738; in 1863, 53,054; in 1864, 40.942; in 1866, 24,097; in 1867, 14,466; in 1868, 12,809; in 1869,

14,901; in 1870, 17,035; in 1871, 12,227; 1872, 15,876; 1873, 26,425; 1874, 53,958; 1876 (of British origin), 32,196; 1877, 30,138; 1878, 36,479; 1879, 40,959.

To other places, in 1854, 3366; in 1859, 12,427; in 1868, 6922; in 1870, 8505; 1871, 8694; 1872, 13,385; 1873, 13,903; 1874,

13,445; 1875, 173,809; 1876 (of British origin), 13,384, 1877,

11,856; 1878, 11,077; 1879, 13,557.

Emily St. Pierre, see United States, 1862.

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20 killed and 75 wounded. The Creeks left 190 warriors dead on the field.

Enamelling was practised by the Egyptians, Chinese, and other nations, and was known in England in the time of the Saxons. At Oxford is an enamelled jewel, which belonged to Alfred, and which, as appears by the inscription, was made by his order, in his reigu, about 887. Limoges enamelled ware was popular in the sixteenth century. Magnificent specimens by Lepec, Elkington, Emanuel, and others appeared at the exhibition at Paris, 1867; see Mosaic. On 19 June, 1862, madame Rachel (Levison or Leverson) sued capt. Carnegie for 9281. for enamelling his wife's face, and was nonsuited; see Trials, 1868. She was convicted of fraud in 1878; and died in prison, 12 Oct. 1880; see Trials.

Emir, a title of the caliphs among the Turks and Persians, first awarded to the descendants of Mahomet's daughter Fatima, about 650. To such only was originally given the privilege of wearing the green turban. Encænia, Greek festivals kept on days on which Emission Theory OF LIGHT (advocated by New-cities were built and temples consecrated; and in later ton, about 1672) supposes that individual particles pass times, as at Oxford, at the celebration or commemoration from the luminous body to the eye, and that each ray of of founders and benefactors.-Oldisworth. The public light passes from the sun to the earth. It is opposed to the commemoration at Oxford suspended in 1875; restored, Undulatory Theory (which see) now generally received. 21 June, 1876. They were the origin of church-wakes Emly, an Irish see, said to have been founded by St. in England, about 600. They were also feasts celebrated Patrick. Emly was called Imelaca-Ibair: St. Ailbe was by the Jews on the 25th of the ninth month, in comthe first bishop, in 448. In 1568 the see was united to memoration of the Maccabees cleansing the temple, which Cashel (which see). It is now an inconsiderable village. had been polluted by Antiochus Epiphanes, 131 B.C. Empalement. This mode of executing criminals, mentioned by Juvenal, and often inflicted in Rome, is still used in Turkey and Arabia. In England, the dead bodies of murderers were sometimes staked in this manner, previously to being buried; abolished 1823; see Suicide.

Emperor, from imperator (ruler), a title conferred on victorious Roman generals.

Augustus Cæsar the first Roman emperor.

. B. C.

Valentinian I. first emperor of the west, and Valens, first emperor of the east...

A. D.

Charlemagne first emperor of Germany, crowned by Leo
III

Othman I. founder of the Turkish empire, the first emperor of Turkey......

27

364

800

1299 ..22 Oct. 1721 1804

The czar the first emperor of Russia.
Napoleon Bonaparte first emperor of the French...
Napoleon III., his nephew, founded the second French
empire, Dec. 1852; deposed..
.....4 Sept. 1870
Iturbide, emperor of Mexico, Feb. 1822; shot...19 July, 1824
Dom Pedro IV. of Portugal the first emperor of Brazil... 1825
Faustin I. the first emperor of Hayti, in 1849; deposed.. 1859
Maximilian I. emperor of Mexico, 10 April, 1864; shot,

19 April, 1867 Emperor's Hymn (of Austria), words by L. L. Haschka, music by Joseph Haydn, first sung 12 Feb. 1797. Empire City, a name given to New York. Empirics, a sect of physicians, formed in the third century before Christ, who contended that all reasoning respecting the animal economy was useless, and that experience and observation were the only foundations of medicine. The sect adopted the principles of Acron of Agrigentum, who flourished about 430 B.C.

Employers and Workmen Act, passed 13 Aug. 1875, relates to legal settlement of disputes, etc. Employers' Liability Act (to make compensation for personal injuries suffered by workmen), passed 7 Sept. 1880.

Employers of Labor, National Federation of Associated, formed in London about 10 Dec. 1873. The founders were said to employ about 2,000,000, principally in N. W. and N. England. Their object was to counteract the influence of trade unions. The first annual meeting held 24 Feb. 1875.

Iron Trades Employers' Association issued a circular proposing increase in hours of labor...

(See Strikes.)

..Dec. 1878

Encaustic Painting, enamelling by fire. Painting with burnt wax is said to have been known to Praxiteles about 360 B.C. This art was revived by M. Bachelier, 1749; by count Caylus, 1765; and by Miss Greenland, 1785 and 1792.

Enclosure, see Inclosure.

Encratites, followers of Titian, about 170, denounced marriage, and abstained from flesh, and from wine even at the Lord's supper.

Encumbered Estates Act, passed July, 1849, to enable owners of land or leases in Ireland, subject to encumbrance, to apply to commissioners appointed under it to direct a sale of such property. These commissioners held their first court in Dublin, 24 Oct. 1849, and their last 28 July, 1858, a new court being established under the Landed Estates act. The number of estates sold up to 1858 was 2380, producing twenty-two millions of pounds. In 1854 a similar act was passed for the West Indies.

Encyclical LETTER, see Rome, 1864.

Encyclopædia or CYCLOPÆDIA, a general dictionary of art, science, and literature. This name has been given to a work by Abulpharagius in the thirteenth century.

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Lexicon Technicum of John Harris (earliest English en-
cyclopædia), 1704; supplements..
Ephraim Chambers's Cyclopædia..

Zedler's Universal Lexicon...
Encyclopédie (by Diderot and D'Alembert)..

1728 ...1732-50 1751-80

[The contributors were termed ENCYCLOPEDISTES, and
their daring writings are believed to have hastened the
French revolution in 1789.]
Encyclopædia Britannica (1st edition by William Smel-
lie).

[The 8th completed, 1861; 9th begun, 1875.]
Encyclopédie Méthodique (by Pancoucke).
Chainbers's Cyclopædia (edited by Rees).
Rees's Cyclopædia....
Brockhaus's Conversations Lexicon, 1st edition..
[New editions frequent.]
Encyclopædia Metropolitana..
Encyclopædia Americana (by F. Lieber, etc.)...
Cabinet Cyclopædia (a collection of treatises).
Penny Cyclopædia...

Knight's English Cyclopædia (4 divisions).

Empress of India (Imperatrix India), addition to Duyckinck's Cyclopædia of American Literature.

the royal titles, proclaimed in London, 1 May, 1876.

Emucfau AND Eccanachoco, BATTLES ON, on 22 and 24 Jan. 1814. These were fought by 930 Tennessee volunteers and 200 or 300 friendly Indians, under gen. Jackson, against 900 Crecks. The Americans lost

1771

1782-1832 1785 .1802-19 1818

1817-45

1829-32

..1829-46

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Endosmosis.

1877

.1873-8
1879
1881

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.12 Oct. 1859

Isambard Kingdom Brunel, projector of the Great East-
ern, aged 53, died 15 Sept.; Robert Stephenson, railway
engineer, aged 59, died...
Engineers' Amalgamated Society, in 1867, consisted of
above 30,000 members; annual income, 86,000l.; dis-
bursed to disabled workmen, etc., about 50,000%;
amassed capital, about 125,0007.
Engineer, weekly journal, established..
Engineering, weekly journal, established..
Newcastle strike (see Newcastle).....
Strike of engineers in London (18 firms)...7 Feb.-4 Oct. 1879

..4 Jan. 1856 ...Jan. 1866 May-Oct. 1871

M. Dutrochet, about 1826, found that if two fluids, gases or vapors, of unequal density, are separated by an animal or vegetable membrane, the denser will attract the less dense through the medium. England (from Angles and lond, land), so named, it This property he called endosmose, when the attraction is said, by Egbert, first king of the English, in a general is from the outside to the inside, and exosmose when it council held at Winchester, 829; or by Athelstan, 925; operates from the inside to the outside. Many natural see Anglo-Saxons. England was united to Wales, 1283; phenomena are thus more clearly understood.-Brande. to Scotland in 1603; they have had the same legislature Endowed School Commission (consisting of since 1707, when the three were styled Great Britain. lord Lyttelton, canon Robinson, and others) was ap- Ireland was incorporated with them, by the act of legispointed under the act 32 & 33 Vict. c. 56 (2 Aug. 1869). lative union, 1 Jan. 1801, and the whole was called the It threw open many endowments to the nation, and car- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The ried out reforms, being frequently much opposed. By British empire is computed to contain about 7,000,000 an act passed 7 Aug. 1874, its duties were transferred to square miles of territory, with 200,000,000 inhabitants. the charity commissioners, two new commissioners (Mr. Statistical details are given under the respective headLongley, lord Clinton) and canon Robinson being ap-ings Army, Nary, Revenue, etc. For previous history, pointed. The commissioners had dealt with 74 schools, prepared schemes for 66, leaving about 660 to be dealt with, Aug. 1874.

Endowed Schools Act, containing the "Conscience Clause," passed 1860; another similar act passed 2 Aug. 1869.

Enfida Case, see Tunis.

Enfield (N. Middlesex), a manor belonging to the duchy of Lancaster, is mentioned in Domesday, and was given to De Mandeville by William I. after 1066. After various changes it became the property of the crown by the marriage of Mary, heiress of the Bohuns, to Henry, duke of Lancaster, afterwards king Henry IV. (1399). Edward VI. gave it to his sister Elizabeth, who resided here in 1552, in a palace, part of which still remains (1878). The grammar-school was founded about 1586. The ancient chase was dischased and enclosed after 1 Jan. 1779.

see Britain, Histories of England, by Rapin (in English),
1725-31; Thomas Carte, 1747-55; David Hume, 1755-
62; Tobias Smollett, 1757-65; John Lingard, 1819-30;
Parts
Charles Knight, 1856-62; J. R. Green, 1874-80.
by T. B. Macaulay, earl Stanhope, J. A. Froude, Miss H.
Martineau, and others; see Chronicles.

Egbert, "king of the English," 828; defeats the Welsh,
Danes, etc., at Hengestdown..

Alfred, king, 871; after many vicissitudes, vanquishes the

Danes....

835

.871-596

He frames a code of laws, 890; forms a militia and navy, surveys and subdivides the country, and promotes ed

ucation..

Athelstan's great victory over the Danes, Scots, etc., at
Predominance of Dunstan; he promotes monachism and
Brunanburg...
the celibacy of the clergy.
Ethelred compounds with the Danes for peace...
Causes their massacre..

896

937 ..about 952 901 13 Nov. 1002

Avenged by Sweyn, king of Denmark; Ethelred flees to
Normandy.

Sweyn dies, and Ethelred returns, 1014; dies..
Canute, the Dane, sole monarch.

1003

1016

1017

Enfield Musket, see Firearms. Engen, Baden. Here Moreau defeated the Austri- Harold II. crowned, 6 Jan.; defeats the Norwegians, 25 Sept.; defeated and slain at Hastings by William of ans, 3 May, 1800. Normandy..

Edward the Confessor, king; Saxon dynasty restored... 1042

Enghien, or STEENKIRK (S.W. Belgium). Here the British, under William III., were defeated by the French under marshal Luxemburg, 24 July, 1692. The duc D'Enghien, a descendant of the great Condé, was seized in Baden by order of Bonaparte, conveyed to Vincennes, and, after a hasty trial, shot by torchlight, immediately after condemnation, 21 March, 1804. body was exhumed, 20 March, 1816.

The

Engineers, MILITARY, formerly called trench-masters. Sir William Pelham officiated as trench-master in 1622; the chief-engineer was called camp-master-general in 1634. Capt. Thomas Rudd had the rank of chief-engineer to the king about 1650. The corps of engineers was formerly a civil corps, but was made a military force and directed to rank with the artillery, 25 April, 1787. It has a colonel-in-chief, 16 colonels-commandant, and 16 colonels. Civil Engineering became important in the middle of the last century, when Smeaton began the Eddystone light-house, and Brindley the Bridgewater canal. Since then the Rennies, Telford, the Stephensons and Brunels, Locke, and others have constructed breakwaters, docks, bridges, railways, tunnels, etc., which are the marvel of our age.

"Engineering is the art of directing the great sources of power in nature for the use and convenience of man" (Thomas Tredgold, died 1829).

The first Society of Civil Engineers formed by Smeaton and others, afterwards termed the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers...

1793

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.8 July, 1307

Contest between the king and parliament; impeachment
and execution of lord Strafford,
Attempted "arrest of the five members",
Civil war begins (see Battles)..
Archbishop Laud beheaded..

1641

..4 Jan. 1642 23 Oct. .10 Jan. 1645

"

.24 June, 1314

Charles defeated at Naseby.

EDWARD II. crowned..

Defeated by Bruce at Bannockburn..

Insurrection of the barons against his favorites, 1303, 1315, 1325
EDWARD III. crowned...

Defeat of the Scots at Hallidown-hill.
Invades France; victorious at Crecy.
Takes Calais..

Order of the Garter instituted.

Victory at Poictiers..

Peace of Bretigny.

Law pleadings in English.

RICHARD II. crowned.

Insurrection of Wat Tyler suppressed.

Death of Wickliffe...

HENRY IV. crowned...

Order of the Bath instituted by Henry IV.
Insurrection of the Percies and the Welsh.

HENRY V. crowned...

France invaded by Henry V., who gains the Agincourt....

Treaty of Troyes; the French crown gained.
HENRY VI. crowned at Paris.

Appearance of the Maid of Orleans; the
France lost, except Calais...

Cade's insurrection..

War of the Roses (see Roses and Battles).
EDWARD IV. deposes Henry VI..

Printing introduced by Caxton.

EDWARD V. accession...

Murdered in the Tower (soon after).

RICHARD III. deposes Edward V.

Valuable statutes enacted..

.25 Jan. 1327

1333

26 Aug. 1346 1347 1349

He flees to the Scotch, 5 May; is given up.. Execution of Charles I..

Cromwell's victory at Worcester.

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OLIVER CROMWELL, protector of the Commonwealth,

Naval victories of Blake.....

RICHARD CROMWELL, protector...

Richard resigns...

16 Dec. 1653 .1652-7

...3 Sept. 1658

25 May, 1659

CHARLES II.; monarchy re-established......29 May, 1660 Act of uniformity passed; church of England restored.. 1662 The great plague...

..19 Sept. 1356 ..8 May, 1360 1362

.22 June, 1377

.15 June, 1381

1385

The great fire of London....

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.21 March, 1413
battle of
.25 Oct. 1415
1420
Dec. 1430

conquests in

.1429-31 June, 1450 .1455-71

.4 March, 1461

HENRY VII. accession; Richard defeated and slain at
Bosworth Field.

Yeomen of the guard, the first appearance of a standing army in England instituted...

Disgrace of lord Clarendon.

1665

.2, 3 Sept. 1666 Nov. 1667 .8 Nov. 1674 ..13 Aug. 1678

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tion parliament...

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National debt begins..

1484

Bank of England incorporated

Death of the queen regnant, Mary.

..22 Aug.

1485

Peace of Ryswick...

Death of James II. in exile..

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ANNE, accession..

Henry marries Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV.

1486

Victory of Marlborough at Blenheim.

..2 Aug. 1704

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Union of the two kingdoms under the title of Great Britain.. Sacheverell riots...

1 May, 1707

1710

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Insurrection of Perkin Warbeck quelled...

Gardening introduced into England, principally Netherlands..

Death of prince Arthur..

HENRY VIII. accession.

Rise of Wolsey.

from the ..about 1502 2 April, .22 April, 1509 1514 Ardres (see .4-25 June, 1520 about 66 1521 .29 Nov. 1530 Nov. 1532, .23 May, 1533

Henry VIII.'s interview with Francis I. at
"Field of the Cloth of Gold")...
First map of England drawn by G. Lilly.
Henry VIII. becomes "Defender of the Faith".
Fall of Wolsey; he dies......

Henry VIII. marries Anne Boleyn privately,
or Jan. 1533; divorced from Catherine,
Henry VIII. styled Head of the Church",
The pope's authority in England is abolished.
Sir Thomas More beheaded..

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1534

66

Death of the duke of Marlborough Order of the Bath revived (which see).. GEORGE II. accession...

Death of Newton..

1725 .11 June, 1727 ..20 March, 64 16 June, 1743

George II. at the victory of Dettingen.. Second Scots' rebellion: prince Charles Edward gains Edinburgh, 17 Sept.; victor at Prestonpans...21 Sept. 1745 Victory at Falkirk, 18 Jan.; defeated totally at Culloden, 16 April, 1746 Death of prince Frederick Louis, son of George II. and father of George III... .20 March, 1751 New style introduced into England, 3 Sept. (made 14)... 1752 Seven years' war begins.... ...May, 1756 Conquest of India begins, under col. (afterwards lord) Clive (see India)...

Abbots of Glastonbury, Reading, etc., executed. The first authorized edition of the Bible (Cranmer's) printed.....

.6 July, 1535 ....19 May, 1536

.24 Oct. 1537

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.9 July,

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Peace of Paris; Canada gained.

.10 Feb. 1763

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Cromwell, lord Essex, beheaded.

Anne of Cleves divorced..

Queen Catherine Howard beheaded.

Henry marries Catherine Parr..

The title of "king of Ireland" confirmed to the English sovereigns...

EDWARD VI. accession, 28 Jan.; promotes the Refor

mation (Somerset, protector).

Book of Common Prayer authorized.

Somerset deprived of power, 1549; beheaded. MARY, accession, 6 July; restores popery.

Execution of lady Jane Grey and her friends. Mary marries Philip of Spain; persecutes the Protestants.

1552 Preliminary treaty recognizing the independence of the

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Margaret Nicholson's attempt on the life of George III.

Trial of Warren Hastings beg ns..
Death of the Young Pretender at Rome...
The king's illness made known...
He recovers, and goes to St. Paul's to make

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2 Aug. 1786 .13 Feb. 1788 .3 March, ...12 Oct. thanksgiving,

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23 April, 1789 .26 June, 1792 .23 May, 1794 1 June,

Marriage of the prince of Wales with the princess Caroline of Brunswick..

Warren Hastings acquitted.
Princess Charlotte of Wales born.

Cash payments suspended...
Death of Edmund Burke.

Irish rebellion..

Habeas Corpus act again suspended Battle of the Nile; Nelson victor Hatfield's attempt on the king's life. Union of Great Britain with Ireland..

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..8 April, 1795 23 April, ....7 Jan. 1796

25 Feb. 1797 .9 July,

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.May, 1798

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