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Nelson's victory at Copenhagen.... Habeas Corpus act again suspended.. Peace of Amiens concluded

Queen's visit to Belgium.

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..1 Oct. .18 May, 1803

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Duke of Cambridge dies..

.21 Oct. 1805 23 Jan. 1806 ..May,

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.13 Sept. 7 Jan. 1807

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War against France under Bonaparte.
Nelson's victory and death at Trafalgar.
Death of Mr. Pitt.....

Delicate investigation" (which see).

Lord Melville impeached, 29 April; acquitted...12 June,
Death of Charles James Fox..

Orders in council against Berlin decree..

Abolition of the slave-trade by parliament....25 March,
Victory and death of sir J. Moore (see Corunna)..16 Jan. 1809
Duke of York impeached by col. Wardle..
Jubilee celebrating king's accession
Unfortunate Walcheren expedition.
Sir Francis Burdett's arrest, and riots

..Jan. .25 Oct. .Aug.-Nov.

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.6 April, 1810

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Great excitement occasioned by the pope's establishment of a Roman Catholic hierarchy in England.......Nov. Sixth census of United Kingdom (see Population) (27,637,761)

The firstGreat Exhibition" opened..
Australian gold arrives

Death of the poet Thomas Moore.

Camp at Chobham..

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.30 March, 1851 .1 May, .......Dec.

.26 Feb. 1852

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John Camden Neild, an eccentric miser,
about 250,000l. to the queen; he died
Slight earthquake at Liverpool, etc.............
Death of Wellington (aged 83), Sept. 14; public funeral,
18 Nov.
.14 June-19 Aug. 1853
Death of sir Charles Napier, conqueror of Scinde,
29 Aug.
English and French fleets enter Bosphorus..
......22 Oct.
Protocol signed between England, France, Austria, and
Prussia for re-establishment of peace between Russia
and Turkey....

Many meetings on Eastern question, favorable to Turkey,
Sept.-Dec.

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.7 June, .1 Aug. (6 .24 Dec. .18 June, 1815

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Queen reviews Baltic fleet...

Great strike at Preston; 14,972 hands unemployed at one time... .15 Oct. 1853–1 May, 1854 .11 March,

Treaty of alliance between England, France, and Turkey signed...

..2 May, 1816

War declared against Russia (see

.12 March, Russo-Turkish War),

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.9 July, ..2 Dec. .2 Feb. 1817 24 Feb. 66 .22 Sept. 66

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28 March, 26 April,

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Duke of Kent dies

GEORGE IV. accession.

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Cato-street conspirators arrested, 23 Feb.; executed,

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Great explosion and fire at Gateshead and Newcastle,

King of Portugal visits England. Crystal Palace opened by the queen.. Cholera prevails in the south and

......28 May, June,

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...10 June,

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Thanksgiving for abundant harvest.

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..29 Jan. 1855

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Duke of York dies.

Mr. Canning premier, 30 April; dies.

Battle of Navarino.

Roman Catholic Relief bill passed..

Political panic in London; riots..

WILLIAM IV, accession..

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15 Sept.

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Nov. .Aug. 1831 .26 Oct. "6

Reform bill rejected by the lords, 7 Oct.; fatal Bristol

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Visit of emperor and empress of French....16-21 April,
Loan of 16 millions agreed to.
Distribution of Crimean medals.
Metropolitan cattle-market opened.
Agitation and rioting concerning
which is withdrawn..

Sunday-trading bill,

The queen and prince visit Paris.
Peace with Russia proclaimed, 19 April;
day, 4 May; illuminations, etc...
War with China (which see)...

War with Persia (which see)..

.2 July, 66 .18 Aug.

thanksgiving

Mutiny of Indian army begins (see India). Dissolution of parliament, 21 March; new

meets.

29 May, 1856 ...Oct.

Nov. 66 March, 1857

parliament

.30 April,

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.29 Oct. 7 June, 1832 ..19 June, 21 Sept. .25 July, 1834 .1 Aug. .9 Sept. 1835

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.20 June, 1837

.28 June, 1838

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VICTORIA, accession; Hanover separated from Great Britain.

Penny postage begins.

March, 1839 .10 Jan. 1840

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Great commercial panic; relieved by suspension of Bank Charter act of 1844

Marriage of princess royal to prince Frederick William of Prussia

25 Jan. 1858

Excitement respecting attempted assassination of Louis Napoleon, 14 Jan.; indiscreet addresses of French colonels published.. ..27 Jan.

"Conspiracy to Murder" bill (introduced by lord Palmerston, 8 Feb.) rejected, 19 Feb.; Palmerston ministry resigns.

Derby Disraeli administration formed..

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10 Feb. 66 .10 June, .9 Nov. 1841 .24 Jan. 1842 30 May, .3 July,

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..Aug.

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29 Aug. .. Dec. .21 April, 1843

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Dr. Simon Bernard acquitted of conspiracy life of Louis Napoleon..

.22 Feb. .26 Feb. against the

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...17 April,

The Jewish Disabilities Bill passed..

The India bill passed.

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2 Sept. .1 June, 1844 ...7 Oct.

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The queen visits Birmingham, 15 June; Cherbourg, 4, 5 Aug.; the princess royal (at Potsdam), 12 Aug. etc.; and Leeds

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...Sept Excitement about the confessional; public meetings held against it 12 July and 18 Sept. The Association for the Promotion of Social Science meet at Liverpool.. 12 Oct. Excitement respecting the Italian war; proclamation for manning the navy.. .30 April, 1859 Thanksgiving for suppression of Indian mutiny...1 May, Declaration of neutrality of England. 12 May, May-Oct.

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20 Oct.; returns..

Severe cold (see Cold)

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National rifle-shooting match at Wimbledon (see Volun teers)... 2-7 July,

Visit of the Belgian volunteers (see Belgium), 10-22 July, Visit of the sultan (see Turkey).. 12-23 July,

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Thos. Cochrane, earl of Dundonald, dies (aged 82)..31 Oct. Prince of Wales visits Canada and United States, 24 July15 Nov.

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"Early Years of the Prince Consort" published end of July, New Reform act passed (see Reform) .15 Aug. Michael Faraday, natural philosopher (nearly 76), died 25 Aug.

Preparations for the expedition to Abyssinia (see Abys sinia)...

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.Aug.

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Dec. 1860 and Jan. 1861 .14 Feb. .16 March,

.8 April, .Aug.

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The queen holds a drawing-room again .......12 March, Mr. Gladstone's resolution for disestablishing the Irish church adopted by the commons.. .30 April, Death of lord Brougham (aged 89).. .7 May, Arrival of the duke of Edinburgh from Australia, 26 June, Irish and Scotch reform acts passed.. ..13 July, Nearly 21,000 extra deaths attributed to the hot summer (23 July said to be the hottest)........1 July-30 Sept. Parliament dissolved 11 Nov.; new parliament meets

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Charter granted for Exhibition of 1862 Death of duchess of Kent (aged 75).. Excitement about "Essays and Reviews" Seventh Census taken (29,192,419) King of Sweden and his son visit London.. Great excitement through capt. Wilkes (of U. S. navy) forcibly taking Messrs. Slidell and Mason from the Royal British Mail steamer Trent (see United States), 8 Nov. Death of the prince consort of "typhoid fever, duration 21 days," 14 Dec. ; buried (see Albert Memorial). 23 Dec. The United States government release Messrs. Slidell and Mason .28 Dec. Second great International Exhibition opened by the duke of Cambridge.

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Inundations in Norfolk (see Levels). Marriage of princess Alice to Louis of Hesse. Prince Alfred declared king of Greece at Athens (throne declined) .23 Oct. Final closing of International Exhibition........ 15 Nov. Remains of the prince consort transferred to the mausoleum at Frogmore.. ..18 Dec. Great distress in the cotton-manufacturing districts begins, April; contributions received, Central Relief fund, 407,830.; Mansion House fund, 236,926ł.......20 Dec. Rupture with Brazil.. ....Jan. 1863 Prince Alfred elected king of Greece ...3 Feb. Princess Alexandra of Denmark enters London, 7 March; married to the prince of Wales... 10 March, The British, French, and Austrian governments remon strate with Russia on cruelties in Poland......7 April, Inauguration of the Great Exhibition memorial to the prince consort in the Horticultural Gardens, London, 11 June, Arrival of captains Grant and Speke from exploring the source of the Nile.. ..June, ......Oct. ..6 Oct.

Great decrease of distress in cotton districts. Earthquake in central and N. W. England.

Death of William M. Thackeray (aged 52).

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The earl of Derby dies (aged 70).

Parliament meets..

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Charles Dickens died (aged 58)..

Earl of Clarendon died (aged 70)

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Irish land bill brought in, 15 Feb.; received royal assent,

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8 July,

Neutrality in Franco-Prussian war (which see) proclaimed 19 July,

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2,000,000l. voted to increase the army by 20,000 men, 1 Aug. Foreign Enlistment act passed, 1 Aug.; stringent proc lamation of neutrality issued.. Parliament prorogued..

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The government declines the French emperor's proposal for a congress of sovereigns...

Birth of prince Albert Victor of Wales.

Final judgment of the judicial committee of the privy council that the government had no authority to seize the Alexandra (Confederate) steamer....

Garibaldi's visit to England....

The Ionian isles made over to Greece...

8 Feb. .3-27 April,

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.1 June, European conference at London on the Schleswig-Hol stein question; no result... ..24 April-25 June, Great excitement through the murder of Mr. Briggs in a first-class carriage on the North- London railway, 9 July,

.9 Aug. ...10 Aug. Treaty with Pruss a and France for neutrality of Belgium signed.. .9, 11 Aug. Long drought; bad hay harvest; good wheat harvest, March-Aug. Earl Granville repels the charge of violating neutralities made by the Prussian government.........1-15 Sept. The queen's consent to the marriage of the princess Louise to the marquess of Lorne announced....24 Oct. Foot and mouth disease prevalent among cattle

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Great explosion of gunpowder at the Belvedere magazine, near Woolwich..

Election of elementary school boards.
Excitement through the Russian note respecting the
Black Sea (see Russia)....

Aug.-Nov. Nov.

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Death of John Leech (aged 47).

....1 Oct. 29 Oct.

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Foundation of new Post-office laid...

Nov. .16 Dec.

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.2 April, 1865 .3 June, .....4 July, administra ...10 July,etc.

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...6 Aug.

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10 Oct.

English fleet visits Cherbourg, 15 Aug.;

visits Portsmouth...

Fine art and industrial exhibitions opened in London

and the provinces.

French fleet 29, 30 Aug. ...July-Sept.

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29 March, .3 April, Death of sir John F. Herschel, astronomer and philosopher (aged 79) 11 May, Death of George Grote, historian of Greece (aged 77), 18 June,

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First annual International Exhibition at South Kensington, opened 1 May; closed. .30 Sept. Black Sea conference met 17 Jan. ; closed (neutralization of Black Sea abrogated, etc.)... ..13 March, Disestablishment of the Church of England bill rejected in the commons (374-89), 1 May; parliament prorogued 21 Aug.

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.26 June,

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Illness of the queen at Balmoral, 4 Sept.; recovery 13 Sept. Serious illness of the prince of Wales from typhoid fever, Dec.; began to recover.. ..14 Dec. Letter from the queen and princess to the people, thanking them for sympathy. .26 Dec.

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The third Derby cabinet formed

.6 July,

Thanksgivings for recovery of prince of Wales...21 Jan. 1872

Excitement respecting the American claims under the treaty of Washington. Meeting of parliament..

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.Feb. 1872 .....6 Feb. The queen, prince and princess of Wales, and court and parliament go in state to St. Paul's; national thanksgiv ing for recovery of the prince of Wales; London decorated; illuminations, etc.; a successful day...27 Feb. The queen in a public letter, gazetted 1 March, says, "Words are too weak for the queen to say how very deeply touched and gratified she has been by the immense enthusiasm and affection exhibited towards her dear son and herself," dated... 29 Feb. The queen, while entering Buckingham Palace, threatened by Arthur O'Connor, aged about 18, who presents an unloaded pistol, with a paper to be signed; immediately apprehended.. .29 Feb. The queen sailed for Germany and stayed several weeks, 23 March-7 April, Strikes among agricultural laborers in Warwickshire and other counties; union formed.. ....29 March, Arthur O'Connor pleads guilty (sentenced to imprisonment and flogging). .9 April, Correspondence between the British and American gov ernments respecting the claims for indirect losses, which the former rejects.. .3 Feb.-May, Supplemental treaty proposed; accepted by U. S. senate, 25 May; further discussion in parliament; unsatisfactory correspondence; the U. S. congress adjourns

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Early meeting of parliament on account of Russo-Turkish war.. ...17 Jan. 1878 Vote of 6,000,000l. asked for before entering into conference respecting Eastern affairs, 24 Jan.; debate.31 Jan. Liberal amendment withdrawn on report of Russian advance on Constantinople, 7 Feb.; vote passed (204-124), 8 Feb. Warlike policy of the ministry; resignation of lord Carnarvon, 24 Jan.; and earl of Derby (see Disraeli Administration).. .28 March, Message of the queen respecting calling out the reserves, etc., 2 April; adopted by parliament. Earl of Salisbury's circular indicting the treaty of San Stefano, 2 April; moderate reply of Gortschakoff printed.. .10 April, Indian troops ordered to Malta. about 17 April, Censured by the opposition; debate in commons: for 20-23 May, 28 May,

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government, 347; against, 226. Earl Russell died (aged 85)..

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..April,

The ministry announce the meeting of a European congress on the Eastern question, to meet on 13 June; the earl of Beaconsfield and the marquess of Salisbury to attend for England (see Berlin)..... .3 June, Anglo-Turkish convention (see Turkey) signed...4 June, The conference meets at Berlin (which see) 13 June; treaty signed... .13 July, 10,000l. a year voted for the duke of Connaught for his proposed marriage with princess Louise Margaret of Prussia.. .25 July, Debate on the Berlin treaty in the commons; great speech of Mr. Gladstone, 30 July; majority for government (338-195)... 29 July-3 Aug. Parliament prorogued. ..16 Aug.

Meeting of parliament on account of Afghan war..5 Dec. Majority for ministers on vote of censure, lords (201-65), 10 Dec.; commons (328-227).. .13-14 Dec. Death of princess Alice by diphtheria at Darmstadt. after attendance on her husband, the grand-duke, and children, 7.30 A. M.......

Severe winter, many persons unemployed..
Parliament adjourned (to 13 Feb.)...

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13 Jan. 1879 .27 Feb. 66 Feb.-March, (6 Marriage of duke and duchess of Connaught at Windsor, 13 March, The queen at Paris, 26 March; arrives at Baveno, on Lago Maggiore... .28 March, Proposed censure of government respecting Zulu war, etc., negatived, lords (156-61), 25 March; commons (306-246).. 31 March-1 April, Great depression of trade (attributed to bad harvest, famine, pestilence, war, and over-trading).. .1878-9 Commons debate on the budget; for government, 303; against, 230.. .28-29 April, 1879

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21 Feb. .....28 Feb. .5 March,

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12 March,

Fruitful season; excellent corn crop.

The queen receives a testimonial of gratitude from the French nation for British assistance during the war (see France)..

21 March, 66 .13-21 May, ....7 Aug. Aug-Sept.

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.3 Dec.

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Meeting of pariiament.....

..5 Feb. 1875

Parliament opened by the queen, 5 Feb.;

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dissolved, 23 Feb. March-16 22 April, ..29 April,

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Railway jubilee at Darlington..

Departure of the prince of Wales for India....... ...11 Oct.
The khedive's shares in the Suez canal bought by the
British government (see Suez), 1 Nov. ; announced

Parliament opened by the queen in person
The queen sails for Germany (all her sous
March; returns.

Royal Titles bill received royal assent.
The queen proclaimed "empress of India".
Arrival of prince of Wales at Portsmouth.
Parliament prorogued...

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Fine autumn; good average harvest; improved trade,

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25 Nov. ......8 Feb. 1876 abroad), 28 22 April, .27 April, ...1 May, 46

11 May, 15 Aug.

Great heat; failure in fruit crops; harvest beneath average.. ...middle Aug.

Great excitement and many public meetings respecting the Turkish atrocities in Bulgaria.. .Aug.-Oct.

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871. Alfred the Great, brother; died 21 or 28 Oct. 901. 901. Edward the Elder, son; died 925.

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Mr. Gladstone's "Horrors in Bulgaria" published & Sept. National conference against war to defend Turkey, St. James's Hall... ..8 Dec. 8 Feb. 1877 30 April,

Parliament opened by the queen.

Proclamation of neutrality in Russo-Turkish war,

Debate on Mr. Gladstone's resolutions: 1st. That this house found much cause for dissatisfaction and complaint in the conduct of the Ottoman Porte with regard to the despatch written by the earl of Derby, 21 Sept. 1876, and relating to the massacres in Bulgaria (for the resolution, 225; against, 354).......7-14 May, Fleet sent to Besika bay. .3 July, Statue of King Alfred by count Gleichen, at Wantage, unveiled by the prince of Wales, his descendant..14 July,

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940. Edmund I., fifth son of Edward the Elder; died from a wound received in an affray, 26 May, 946. 946. Edred, brother; died 955.

955. Edwy, eldest son of Edmund; died of grief in 958. 958. Edgar the Peaceable, brother; died 1 July, 975. 975. Edward the Martyr, his son, stabbed at Corfe Castle, at the instance of his stepmother, Elfrida, 18 March, 979.

979. Ethelred II.; half-brother; retired. 1013, Sweyn, proclaimed king; died 3 Feb. 1014. 1014. Canute the Great, his son.

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1016. Edmund Ironside, his son, divided the kingdom with Canute; murdered at Oxford, 30 Nov. 1016; reigned seven months.

1017. Canute sole king; married Emma, widow of Ethelred; 1307. died 12 Nov. 1035.

1035. Harold I., son; died 17 March, 1040.

1040. Hardicanute, son of Canute and Emma; died of repletion at a marriage feast, 8 June, 1042.

1042. Edward the Confessor, son of Ethelred and Emma; died 5 Jan. 1066.

1066. Harold II., son of earl Godwin; reigned nine months; killed near Hastings, 14 Oct. 1036.

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Queen: Matilda, daughter of Eustace, count of Boulogne; married in 1128; died 3 May, 1151. [Maud, daughter of Henry I. and rightful heir to the throne; born 1101; betrothed, in 1109, at eight years of age, to Henry V., emperor of Germany, who died 1125. She married, secondly, Geoffrey Plantagenet, earl of Anjou, 1130. Was set aside from the English succession by Stephen, 1135; landed in England and claimed the crown, 1139. Crowned, but soon after defeated at Winchester, 1141; concluded a peace with Stephen, which secured the succession to her son Henry, 1153; died 1165.]

THE PLANTAGENETS.

1154. Henry II. Plantagenet, grandson of Henry I. and son of Maud; reign began 19 Dec.; died 6 July, 1189. Queen: Eleanor, the repudiated queen of Louis VII., king of France, and heiress of Guienne and Poitou; married to Henry, 1151; died 26 June, 1202; see Rosamond. 1189. Richard I. Cœur de Lion, his son; reign began 3 Sept.; died of a wound, 6 April, 1199.

Queen Berengaria, daughter of the king of Navarre; married 12 May, 1191; survived the king.

1199. John, the brother of Richard; reign began 27 May; died 19 Oct. 1216.

Queens: Avisa, daughter of the earl of Gloucester; married in 1189; divorced. 2. Isabella, daughter of the count of Angoulême: she was the young and virgin wife of the count de la Marche; married to John in 1200. Survived the king, on whose death she was remarried to the count de la Marche.

1216. Henry III., son of John; reign began 28 Oct.; died 16 Νον. 1272.

Queen Eleanor, daughter of the count de Provence: married 14 Jan. 1236; survived the king; and died in 1291, in a monastery.

1327.

1377.

1399.

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1272. Edward I., son of Henry, surnamed Longshanks; reign 1485. began 20 Nov.; died 7 July, 1307.

Queens: Eleanor of Castile; married in 1253; died of a
fever, on her journey to Scotland, at Grantham, in

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James I. and his successors combined the arms of England
and France (1st and 4th quarter); 2d, the lion rampant of
Scotland; 3d, the harp of Ireland." He introduced the uni-
corn as a supporter of the arms.

George I., George II., and George III. introduced the arms of
Brunswick.

In 1801 the arms of France were omitted. In 1816 the arms
were modified through Hanover being made a kingdom.
VICTORIA. In 1837 the arms of Hanover were omitted. The
arms are now: 1st and 4th quarters, three lions passant for
England; 2d, lion rampant for Scotland; 3d, harp for Ire- 1547.
land.

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Lincolnshire, 1290. 2. Margaret, sister of the king of France; married 12 Sept. 1299; survived the king, dying in 1317.

Edward II. son of Edward I.; reign began 8 July; dethroned 20 Jan. 1327; murdered at Berkeley castle, 21 Sept. following.

Queen Isabella, daughter of the king of France; married in 1308. On the death, by the gibbet, of her favorite, Mortimer, she was confined for the rest of her life in her own house at Risings, near Lynn, and died in 1357.

Edward III., his son; reign began 25 Jan.; died 21 June,

1377.

Queen: Philippa, daughter of the count of Hainault; marRichard II., son of Edward the Black Prince, and grandried in 1326; died 15 Aug. 1369. son of Edward III.; reign began 22 June; dethroned 29 Sept. 1399; said to have been murdered at Pomfret castle, 10 Feb. 1400.

Queens: Anne of Bohemia, sister of the emperor Wenceslaus of Germany; married in Jan. 1382; died 7 June, 1394. 2. Isabella, daughter of Charles V. of France; married when only seven years old, 1 Nov. 1396. On the deposition of her husband she returned to her father.

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Queen Catherine, daughter of the king of France; married 30 May, 1420. She outlived Henry, and was married to Owen Tudor, grandfather of Henry VII., in 1423; died 1437.

Henry VI., his son; reign began 1 Sept.; deposed 4 March, 1461; said to have been murdered by Richard, duke of Gloucester, in the Tower, 20 June, 1471. Queen: Margaret, daughter of the duke of Anjou; married 22 April, 1445; survived the king; died 25 Ang.

1481.

Edward IV.; died 9 April, 1483.

HOUSE OF YORK.

Queen Lady Elizabeth Grey, daughter of sir Richard Woodville, and widow of sir John Grey, of Groby, married 1463 or 1464. Suspected of favoring the insurrection of Lambert Simnel; and closed her life in confinement, 8 June, 1492.

Edward V. his son; deposed 25 June, 1483, and said to have been murdered in the Tower; reigned two months and thirteen days.

Richard III., brother of Edward IV.; began to reign, 26 June; slain at Bosworth, 22 Aug. 1485.

Queen Anne, daughter of the earl of Warwick, and widow of Edward, prince of Wales, murdered 1471. She is said to have been poisoned by Richard (hav ing died suddenly, 16 March, 1485), to make way for his intended marriage with princess Elizabeth of York.

HOUSE OF TUDOR.

Henry VII. (son of Edmund Tudor, earl of Richmond, and Margaret, daughter of John Beaufort, duke of Somerset, legitimated descendant of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster); began to reign 22 Aug.; died 21 April, 1509.

Queen Elizabeth of York, princess of England, daugh ter of Edward IV.; married 18 Jan. 1486; died 11 Feb. 1503.

Henry VIII., his son; began to reign 22 April; died 28

Jan. 1547.

Queens, Catherine of Aragon, widow of Henry's elder brother, Arthur, prince of Wales; married 11 June, 1509; mother of queen Mary; repudiated, and afterwards formally divorced, 23 May, 1533; died 7 Jan. 1536.

2. Anne Boleyn, daughter of sir Thomas Boleyn, and maid of honor to Catherine; privately married, before Catherine was divorced, 14 Nov. 1532; mother of queen Elizabeth; beheaded at the Tower, 19 May,

1536.

3. Jane Seymour, daughter of sir John Seymour, and maid of honor to Anne Boleyn; married 20 May, 1536, the day after Anne's execution; mother of Edward VI., of whom she died in childbirth, 24 Oct.

1537.

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1553. Jane, daughter of the duke of Suffolk, and wife of lord
Guildford Dudley; proclaimed queen on the death of 1.
Edward, ten days afterwards returned to private life;
was tried 13 Nov. 1553; beheaded 12 Feb. 1554, when
but 17 years of age.

1553. Mary, daughter of Henry (by Catherine of Aragon);
married Philip of Spain, 25 July, 1554; died 17 Nov.
1558.

1558. Elizabeth, daughter of Henry (by Anne Boleyn), died 24 March, 1603.

HOUSE OF STUART.

1C03. James I. of England and VI. of Scotland, son of Mary queen of Scots; died 27 March, 1625.

2.

Queen Anne, princess of Denmark, daughter of Frederick II.; married 20 Aug. 1590; died March, 3.

1619. 1625. Charles I., his son; beheaded at Whitehall, 30 Jan. 1649. Queen Henrietta Maria, daughter of Henry IV., king of France; married 13 June, 1625; survived the king; died in France, 10 Aug. 1669. 1649. COMMONWEALTH. Oliver Cromwell made protector, 16 Dec. 1653; died 3 Sept. 1658.

1658. Richard Cromwell, his son, made protector, 4 Sept.; resigned 22 April, 1659.

1660. Charles II., son of Charles I.; died 6 Feb. 1685.

Queen Catherine of Braganza, infanta of Portugal, daughter of John IV. and sister of Alfonso VI.; married 21 May, 1662; survived the king; returned to Portugal; died 21 Dec. 1705.

1685. James II., his brother; abdicated by flight, 11 Dec. 1688; died in exile, 6 Aug. 1701.

[1st wife, Ann Hyde, daughter of Edward Hyde,

4.

Issue.

VICTORIA Adelaide Mary Louisa, princess royal, born 21 Nov. 1840; married to prince Frederick William of Prussia, 25 Jan. 1858 (dowry 40,000l. and annuity of 80004). Issue: William, born 27 Jan. 1859; and 5 other children living.

ALBERT EDWARD, prince of Wales, duke of Saxony, duke of Cornwall and Rothsay, earl of Chester, Carrick, and Dublin, baron of Renfrew, and lord of the Isles, born 9 Nov. 1841; married princess Alexandra of Denmark (born 1 Dec. 1844) 10 March, 1863. Issue: Albert Victor, born 8 Jan. 1864; George, born 3 June, 1865; Louise, born 20 Feb. 1867; Victoria, born 6 July, 1868; Maud, 26 Nov. 1869; Alexander John, born 6 April, died 7 April, 1871; see

Wales.

ALICE Maud Mary, born 25 April, 1843; married prince Louis (since grand-duke) of Hesse-Darmstadt (which see). 1 July, 1862 (dowry 30,000l., annuity 60007.). Issue: Victoria, 5 April, 1863; and 5 other children; died of diphtheria, 14 Dec. 1878.

ALFRED Ernest, born 6 Aug. 1844; entered the Euryalus as midshipman, 31 Aug. 1858; created duke of Edinburgh, etc., 24 May, 1866; visited Cape of Good Hope, Aug.; Australia, Nov. 1867; escaped assassination by a Fenian at Port Jackson, 12 March, 1868; visited Japan, China, and India, 1869; married archduchess Marie of Russia (born 17 Oct. 1853), 23 Jan. 1874. Issue: Alfred, born 15 Oct. 1874; Mary, 29 Oct. 1875; Victoria, 25 Nov. 1876; Alexandrina, 1 Sept. 1878.

5. HELENA Augusta Victoria, born 25 May, 1846; married to
prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, 5 July, 1866. Is-
sue: Christian Victor, born 14 April, 1867; and other chil-
dren.

earl of Clarendon; married Sept. 1660; died 1671; 6. LOUISE Carolina Alberta, born 18 March, 1848; married to
mother of queens Mary II. and Anne.]
John, marquess of Lorne (born 6 Aug. 1845), 21 March,
1871.

Queen Mary Beatrice, princess of Modena, daughter of Alfonso d'Este, duke; married 21 Nov. 1673; in 1688 retired with James to France; died at St.-Germain, 1718.

1689. William III., prince of Orange, king, and Mary, queen, daughter of James; married 4 Nov. 1677; began their reign 13 Feb. 1689; Mary died 28 Dec. 1694.

7. ARTHUR William Patrick Albert, born 1 May, 1870; created duke of Connaught, earl of Sussex and Strathearn, 23 May, 1874; 10,000l. a year on his proposed marriage to princess Louise Margaret of Prussia; agreed to, 25 July, 1878; married 13 March, 1879, to princess Louise Margaret of Prussia (born 25 July, 1860).

1694. William III.; died of a fall from his horse, 8 March, 8.

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LEOPOLD George Duncan Albert, born 7 April, 1853; voted
15,000l. a year by parliament, 23 July, 1874; created bar-
on Arklow, earl of Clarence, and duke of Albany, 24 May,
1881.

9. BEATRICE Mary Victoria Feodore, born 14 April, 1857.
First great-grandchild, Feodore, born 12 May, 1879; daughter
of Charlotte, daughter of princess royal Victoria, and
prince Bernard of Saxe-Meiningen.

THE QUEEN'S AUNT and COUSINS, Augusta, duchess (widow, 8
July, 1850, of duke) of Cambridge, born 25 July, 1797;
married 1 June, 1818.

Her son, George, duke of Cambridge, commander-in-chief, born 26 March, 1819; and

Her daughters, Augusta, grand duchess of Mecklenburg Strelitz, born 19 July, 1822; married 28 June, 1843; and the princess Mary of Cambridge, born 27 Nov. 1833; married to the prince Francis, now duke, of Teck, 12 June, 1866. Issue: Adolphus, and 3 other children.

English Church Union, established 1859; re

Queen Charlotte Sophia, daughter of the duke of Meck-vived 1873. lenburg-Strelitz; married 8 Sept. 1761; died 17 Nov.

1818.

1820. George IV., his son; died 26 June, 1830.
Queen: Caroline Amelia Augusta, daughter of the duke
of Brunswick; married 8 April, 1795; died 7 Aug. 1821
(see article Queen Caroline).

1830. William IV., brother of George IV.; died 20 June, 1837.
Queen Adelaide Amelia Louisa Theresa Caroline, sister
of the duke of Saxe Meiningen; married 11 July,
1818; died 2 Dec. 1849.

1837. Victoria, the reigning queen, WHOM GOD PRESERVE.

THE PRESENT ROYAL FAMILY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

The queen, Alexandrina VICTORIA, only daughter of Edward, duke of Kent (fourth son of king George III.),† born 24 May, 1819; succeeded to the throne on the decease of her uncle, William IV., 20 June, 1837; crowned at Westminster, 28 June, 1838; married (10 Feb. 1840) to her cousin, Francis ALBERT Augustus Charles Emmanuel, duke of Saxe, prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha; born 26 Aug. 1819; naturalized, 24 Jan. 1840 (ordered to be styled Prince Consort 25 June, 1857); elected chancellor of the university of Cambridge, 28 Feb. 1847; died 14 Dec. 1861.

*On 1 Nov. 1858, the queen was proclaimed throughout India as "Victoria, by the grace of God, of the United King. dom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the colonies and dependencies thereof, in Europe, Asia, Africa, America, and Aus tralasia, QUEEN, defender of the faith," etc. "Empress of India" added to the royal style by proclamation, 28 April, 1876; see Style, Royal.

† He was born 2 Nov. 1767; and died 23 Jan. 1820; he mar ried Victoria Maria Louisa (widow of the prince of Leiningen, sister of Leopold, king of the Belgians, and aunt to the prince consort), 29 May, 1818. She was born 17 Aug. 1786; and died 16 March, 1861.

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