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sanguinary battles of the American revolution was fought at Eutaw Springs, near the Santee, in South Carolina, on 8 Sept. 1781. The Americans were commanded by gen. Greene, and the British by col. Stewart. The victory, at the end of the conflict, belonged to neither party. Stewart kept the field, but that night prudently retreated towards Charleston. On the following morning Greene took possession of the battle-ground, and sent detachments in pursuit of his enemy. Congress presented a gold medal to Greene, and a British flag captured on that occasion, in token of their appreciation of his valor. The Americans lost in the battle, in killed, wounded, and missing, 555. The British lost 693.

Eutychians, so called from Eutyches, an abbot of Constantinople, who asserted in 446 that there was but one nature in Christ, the human having been absorbed in the divine. This doctrine was condemned by councils-at Constantinople in 448, and at Chalcedon in 451. It has been also called Monophysite (of one nature), and Jacobite, from Jacobus Baradæus, its zealous defender in the sixth century. It is the form of Christianity now existing among the Copts and Armenians.

Euxine, see Black Sea.

Evacuation Treaty, see France, Sept. 1871. Evangelical, a term applied to a portion of the clergy of the Church of England (also called the low church), who profess to preach the gospel more purely than their brethren termed the high-church party; see Church of England.

The Evangelical Alliance was founded by sir Culling Eardley Smith and others at Liverpool in 1845, with the view of promoting unity among all denominations of Protestant Chris tians against Romanism and infidelity. It holds annual meetings. It met in Sept. 1857, at Berlin, where it was well received by the king. The 19th meeting was held at Hull, 3 Oct. 1865; the 20th at Bath, 16 Oct. 1866; the 21st at Amsterdam, Aug. 1867; at Derby, 23-28 Nov. 1869. Lord Ebury presided at a day of united prayer for the issue of the general election about to take place, 1 Oct. 1868. The proposed conference at New York in Sept. 1870, deferred on account of the war, took place (The Alliance met at Geneva, 23-28 Sept. 1872; at Reith, 2 24 April, 1873; at Oxford, 29 Aug. 1874; at Consent no March, 1575; at Southport, 3 Oct. 1876; at Ox ford, 5c 1517; at Basle, 2 Sept.; and at Edinburgh, 28 Oct. The "Evangelical Church in Germany began with a fusion of the Lutherans and Calvin'sts in Nassau in 1817; followed by similar movements in different parts of Germany, 1818-22 Evangelists, preachers of the "gospel," or good

1879.

news; see Gospels.

Evelina Hospital, Southwark, established in 1869 by baron Ferdinand de Rothschild, in memory of his wife, and since maintained by him. Its enlargement by public aid was proposed in 1871.

Evening Schools for adults of the lower classes were strongly recommended by bishop Hinds in 1839, and by the committee of the Privy Council on Education in 1861. One was set up at Bala, in Wales, by the rev. T. Charles in 1811.

Evesham (Worcestershire), where prince Edward, afterwards Edward I., defeated the barons headed by Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester, 4 Aug. 1265, when the earl, his son Henry, and most of his adherents were slain. Henry III. at one period of the battle was on the point of being cut down by a soldier who did not know him, but was saved by exclaiming, "Do not kill me, soldier; I am Henry of Winchester, thy king!" This victory broke up the combination of the barons.

Evidence, LAW OF, regulated by 14 & 15 Vict. c. 99 (1851), 16 & 17 Vict. c. 83 (1853), 32 & 33 Vict. c. 68 (1869).

Mr. Labouchere's application for a mandamus of the Court of Queen's Bench to compel sir Robert Carden to hear irrelevant evidence, refused...........20 Nov. 1879 Evil May-day (1 May, 1517), thus called on account of the violence of the apprentices and populace, directed against foreigners, particularly the French. The rioters were headed by one Lincoln, who, with 15 others, was hanged; and 400 more in their shirts, and bound

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with ropes, and halters about their necks, were carried to Westminster; but they crying "Mercy, mercy!" were all pardoned by the king, Henry VIII.

Evolution Theory includes the nebular theory and Mr. Darwin's doctrine of natural selection; see Development, and Progressionists.

In 1877 three forms of evolution were discussed:-1. That of all animals gradually from the lowest form, the amoeba, up to man, in opposition to the Biblical account of the creation; 2. that of every animal from protoplasm in a cell, or egg; 3. that of all the parts of an animal from its blood. Exaltation, see Cross.

Examination of candidates for employment in the civil service have been enforced since 1855. Mr. Gladstone in 1862 said that the present might be termed the "age of examinations;" see Civil Service.

Examiner, liberal weekly journal, established Jan. 1808; extinct; last number, 26 Feb. 1881.

Examiner of Stage Plays, an office under the lord chamberlain, now held by Mr. E. F. S. Pigott, appointed 25 Aug. 1874. His more recent predecessors were, George Colman, Chas. Kemble, and his son John Mitchell Kemble, and Mr. Wm. Bodham Donne (185774).

Exarchs, appointed by the Byzantine emperors of the East, to govern central Italy after its conquest by Belisarius and Narses, 548. They ruled Ravenna from 568 to 752, when Eutychus, the last, was overcome by Astolphus the Lombard.

Exchange, formerly Bourse, the Royal Exchange being "Britain's Burse;" that at Paris is still named La Bourse, from bursa, a purse. One called Collegium Mercatorum existed at Rome, 493 B.C. The Exchange at Amsterdam was reckoned the finest structure of the kind in the world. Many edifices of this name in the United Kingdom are magnificent; see Royal Exchange, and Bills of Exchange.

Exchequer, an ancient institution, consisting of officers with financial and judicial functions: the chancellor of the exchequer, the financial officer, formerly sat in the court of exchequer above the barons. The first chancellor was Eustace de Fauconbridge, bishop of London, in the reign of Henry III., about 1221. Sir Robert acted judicially (in 1735). The legal function of the Walpole was the last chancellor of the exchequer who chancellor was abolished by the Judicature act, Aug. 1873. The exchequer stopped payment from Jan. to 24 May (Charles II.), 1673.-Stow. The English and Irish exchequers were consolidated in 1816; see Chancellors of the Exchequers and Tally Office.

EXCHEQUER BILLS. The government securities, so called, said

to have been invented by Montague, afterwards earl of Halifax, were first issued in 1697, and first circulated by the bank in 1796. These bills, of which more than twenty millions sterling are often in circulation, are in effect accommodation notes of government, that are issued in anticipation of taxes, at daily interest; and being received for taxes, and paid by the bank in lieu of taxes, in its dealings with the exchequer, they usually bear a premium. Amount in circulation, 56,974,7807. in 1817; in 1854, 16,008,7007. Robert Aslett, a cashier of the Bank of England, tried for embezzling exchequer bills and found not guilty, on account of the invalidity of the bills, though the actual loss to the bank amounted to 342,6977., 18 July, 1803.

Mr. Beaumont Smith tried for forging exchequer bills to the amount of 350,000l.; pleaded guilty; sentenced to transpor. tation, 4 Dec. 1841.

EXCHEQUER BONDS, a species of public securities, introduced by Mr. W. E. Gladstone in 1853, have not been well received. TELLERS OF THE EXCHEQUER. Besides chamberlains of the exchequer, clerks of the pells, and auditor of the exchequer (offices which have all been discontinued since their last avoidance in Oct. 1826, or by surrender or abolition in Oct. 1834), there were the four lucrative offices of tellers of the exchequer, also abolished, 10 Oct. 1834.

John Jeffreys Pratt, earl (afterwards marquess) Camden, was appointed a teller of the exchequer in 1780, and held the ap pointment until his death, in 1840. During nearly half of this long term he relinquished the income (amounting in the whole to upwards of a quarter of a million sterling) and placed it at the service of the state, as it annually accrued. COMPTROLLER GENERAL OF THE EXCHEQUER. This office was created on the abolition of the offices of the auditor and the

four tellers of the exchequer, and the clerk of the pells, men- 1844. Sir Frederick Pollock. 15 April. tioned in the preceding paragraph. The first comptroller- 1866. Sir FitzRoy Kelly. 16 July [died 17 Sept. 1830]. general was s.r John Newport, appointed 11 Oct. 1834.-34, The last of the chief barons. 4384. per annum have been saved to the state by the retrenchments in this department of the government. COURT OF EXCHEQUER CHAMBER. Erected by Edward III. in 1357. It was remodelled by Elizabeth in 1584, and then made to comprise the judges of all the courts. This court is for error from the judgments of the courts of Queen's Bench, Common Pleas, and Exchequer of Pleas in actions commenced therein. Remodelled by act 2 Geo. IV. and 1| Will. IV. c. 70 (23 July, 1830).

The Exchequer office, Westminster, was instituted by Henry

IV. in 1399.

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William Ewart Gladstone (and premier)..

Sir Stafford Northcote..

28 Dec.

..5 March, 1855 .27 Feb. 1858 ..June, 1859 6 July, 1866

29 Feb. 1868 ...9 Dec.

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..Aug. 1873 21 Feb. 1874 William Ewart Gladstone (and premier). .......28 April, 1880 Exchequer, COURT OF (Curia Regis), instituted by William I. on the model of the Transmarine Exchequer of Normandy, in 1079; according to some authorities by Henry I. It included the common pleas until they were separated (16 John, 1215).-Coke's Reports. chequer is so named from a chequered cloth which anciently covered the table where the judges and chief officers sat.* Here are tried all causes relating to the king's revenue; such as are concerning accounts, bursements, customs, and fines imposed, as well as all matters at common-law between subject and subject. The judges are styled barons, first appointed in 1234. There are a chief and four puisne barons, the fifth judge having been added 23 July, 1830. The office of Cursitor Baron was abolished in 1856. For changes, see Supreme Court. The ancient court sat for last time, 10 July, 1875. The Exchequer division was abolished in 1881.

CHIEF BARONS.

1689. Sir Robert Atkins. 10 April. 1695. Sir Edward Ward. 10 June. 22 Nov.

1714. Sir Samuel Dodd. 1716. Sir Thomas Bury. 11 June. 1722. Sir James Montagu. 9 May. 1723. Sir Robert Eyre. 5 Dec. 1725. Sir Geoffrey Gilbert, 1 June. 1726. Sir Thomas Pengelly. 29 Oct. 1730. Sir James Reynolds. 30 April. 1738. Sir John Comyn. 7 July. 1740. Sir Edmund Probyn. 24 Nov. 1742. Sir Thomas Parker. 29 Nov. 1772. Sir Sidney Stafford Smythe. 29 Oct. 1777. Sir John Skynner.

17 Dec.

1787. Sir James Eyre. 26 Jan. 1793. Sir Archibald Macdonald. 12 Feb. 1813. Sir Vicary Gibbs. 8 Nov.

1814. Sir Alexander Thomson. 24 Feb. 1817. Sir Richard Richards. 22 April. 1824. Sir William Alexander. 9 Jan.

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1831. John, lord Lyndhurst. 18 Jan. Previously lord chancellor; again lord chancellor, 1834.

1834. Sir James Scarlett. 24 Dec. Created lord Abinger, Jan. 1835.

In process of time the court of exchequer became gradually enlarged in its jurisdiction, until at length it was not merely a revenue court and one at common-law between subject and subject, but one in which suits in equity were also instituted. In fact, until the act 5 Vict. c. 5 (1841), the court of exchequer possessed a triple jurisdiction; but by this statute its equity business was transferred to the court of chancery.

27 Dec.

CHIEF BARONS OF EXCHEQUER IN IRELAND.
1690. John Hely. 5 Dec.
1695. Robert Doyne. 10 May.
1703. Nehemiah Donnellan.
1706. Richard Freeman. 25 June.
1707. Robert Rochfort. 12 June.
1714. Joseph Deane. 14 Oct.
1715. Geoffrey Gilbert. 16 June.
9 June.
1722. Bernard Hale.
2 Sept.

1725. Thomas Dalton.
1730. Thomas Marlay. 29 Sept.
1741. Joha Bowes. 21 Dec.

1757. Edward Willis. 11 March.
1768. Anthony Foster. 5 Sept.

1777. James Dennis (afterwards baron Tracton). 3 July. 1782. Walter Hussey Burgh. 2 July.

1783. Barry Yelverton (aft. viscount Avonmore). 29 Nov. 1805. Standish O'Grady (aft. viscount Gullamore). 5 Oct. 1831. Henry Joy. 6 Jan. 1838. Stephen Woulfe. 20 July.

1840. Maziere Brady. 11 Feb.

1846. David Richard Pigott. 1 Sept. [died 22 Dec. 1873]. 1874. Christopher Palles. Jan.

Excise. The system was established in England by the Long Parliament in 1643, duties being levied on wines, beer, etc., and tobacco, to support the army against Charles I. It was continued under Charles II. The present system was settled about 1733. The old excise office was built on the site of Gresham College in 1774; the present is at Somerset House. The officers of excise and customs were deprived of their votes for returning members to parliament in 1782, but received them again in 1868. In 1849 the boards of excise, stamps, and taxes, were united as "the board of commissioners of inland revenue." Notwithstanding the abolition of the excise duty upon numerous articles, and the reduction of duty upon various others of late years, the total excise revenue, so far from having decreased, has progressively advanced (1847 and 1861 excepted) in its aggregate annual amount. Additional excise duties were charged by 17 and 18 Vict. c. 27, 3 July, 1854. The excise duties were further modified in 1860; see Revenue.

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Exclusion Bill (to exclude the duke of York, afterwards James II., from the throne) was passed by the commons, but rejected by the lords in 1680. The revival of the question led to the dissolution of parliament in 1681.

Excommunication, or separation from Christian communion (Matt. xviii. 17; 1 Cor. v., etc.), was instituted to preserve the purity of the church. The Roman church excommunicated by Bell, Book, and Candle (which see); see Interdict.

1077

1208-14

..1228-45

Gregory VII. excommunicated the emperor Henry IV., and absolved his subjects from their allegiance... Innocent III. excommunicated John of England, placing the country under an interdict. Gregory IX, excommunicated the emperor Frederick II. four times, between.. Louis XII. of France was excommunicated by Julius II. 1510; Luther by Leo X. 1521; Henry VIII of England by Paul III. in 1535; and Elizabeth by Pius V. 25 April, 1570 The emperor of France, the king of Sardinia, and others were virtually excommunicated (but not by name) on account of the annexation of the Romagna by Sardinia, 29 March, 1860

Executions, see Crime. In the reign of Henry VIII. (38 years) it is said that no less a number than

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72,000 criminals were executed.-Stow. In the ten | John Hatfield (a rank impostor, who married, by means of the most odious deceit, the celebrated " Beauty of years between 1820 and 1830, there were executed in Buttermere "); forgery; Carlisle. .3 Sept. 1803 England alone 797 criminals; but as our laws became Robert Emmett, high-treason; Dublin.. .....20 Sept. less severe the number of executions decreased. In the Richard Patch; inurder of Mr. Bligh; Horsemonger lane, 8 April, 1806 three years ending 1820, the executions in England and John Holloway, Owen Haggerty; murder of Mr. Steele; Wales amounted to 312; in the three years ending 1830, Old Bailey (thirty of the spectators of this execution they were 178; in the three years ending 1840, they were trodden to death, and numbers were pressed, maimed, and wounded).. were 62. The place of execution in London (formerly generally at Tyburn) was in front of Newgate from 1783 to 1868, when an act was passed directing executions to take place within the walls of prisons. The dissection of the bodies of executed persons was abolished in 1832; see Death, 1868.

John Calcraft, born 1800, executioner for London, 1828-74, died 13 Dec. 1879.

EXECUTIONS IN LONDON.

1820, 43; 1825, 17; 1830, 6; 1835, 0; 1836, 0; 1837, 2; 1838, 0; 1839, 2; 1840, 1; 1842, 2; 1843, 0; 1844, 1; 1845, 3; 1846, 2.

IN ENGLAND.

England. London.

.23 Feb. 1807

T. Simmons, the man of blood; murder; Hertford,
7 March, 1808
Major Campbell; murder of capt. Boyd in a duel; Ar-
magh...

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.2 Oct. Capt. Sutherland; murder; Execution dock....29 June, 1809 Richard Armitage; forgery; Old Bailey... 24 June, 1811 John Bellingham; murder of Mr. Perceval; Old Bailey, 18 May, 1812 Philip Nicholson; murder of Mr. and Mrs. Bonar; Pennenden heath.. .23 Aug. 1813 Francis Tuite; murder of Mr. Goulding; Dublin...9 Oct. Charles Callaghan; murder of Mr. Merry; Horsemonger lane... ..2 April, 1814 William Sawyer; murder of Jack Hacket; Old Bailey, 15 May, England. London. Eliza Fenning; administering poison; Old Bailey. 26 July, 1815 .19....... 8 [Universally believed to be innocent; she denied her guilt on the scaffold, and thousands accompanied her funeral. In the "Annual Register" for 1857, p. 143, it is stated, on the authority of Mr. Gurney, that she confessed the crime to Mr. James Upton, a Baptist minister, shortly before her execution.]

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EXECUTIONS OF REMARKABLE CRIMINALS.* Gunpowder-plot conspirators, Digby, R. Winter, Grant, and Bates, 30 Jan.; T. Winter, Rookwood, Keys, and Fawkes, 31 Jan.; Henry Garnett, Jesuit, at London, 3 May, 1606 John Felton; murder of duke of Buckingham; Tyburn, 28 Nov. 1628 James, duke of Monmouth; treason; Tower hill, 15 July, 1685 Charnock, King, and Keys, 18 March; sir John Friend, and sir William Perkins ("assassination plot "), 3 April, 1696 Capt. William Kidd and three others; piracy....23 May, 1701 James, earl of Derwentwater, and William, earl of Kenmure; rebellion; Tower hill.. .24 Feb. 1716 John Price, the hangman; murder, Bunhill row, 21 May, 1718 Jack Sheppard, highwayman; Tyburn.... Richard Turpin, highwayman; York......7 or 10 April, 1739 Lord Balmerino and others; rebellion; Tower hill, 18 Aug. 1746 Lord Lovat; rebellion; Tower hill.. 9 April, 1747 Richard William Vaughan, first forger of Bank of England notes.. ....11 May, 1758 Eugene Aram; murder; York.. ....6 Aug. 1759 Earl Ferrers; murder of his steward; Tyburn....5 May, 1760 Theodore Gardelle; murder; Haymarket.. ...4 April, 1761 John Perrott; fraudulent bankrupt; Smithfield..11 Nov. John M Naughten, esq.; murder of Miss Knox; Strabane... 13 Dec. Elizabeth Brownrigg; murder of her apprentice; Tyburn, 14 Sept. 1767 Daniel and Robert Perreau, wine-merchants; forgery; Tyburn... ...17 Jan. 1776 Rev. Dr. Dodd, found guilty of forging a bond, in the name of lord Chesterfield, for 42001. The highest influence was exerted to save him; but when the case came before the council, the minister of the day said to George III., "If your majesty pardon Dr. Dodd, you will have murdered the Perreaus;" Tyburn........ .27 June, 1777 Rev. Henry Hackman; murder of Miss Reay, mistress of earl of Sandwich; Tyburn... .19 April, 1779 Capt. John Donellan; murder of sir Theodosius Boughton; Warwick.. ..2 April, 1781 Christian Murphy (or Bowman), a woman; strangled and burned for coining.. ..18 March, 1789 Richard Parker and others; mutiny at the Nore, 30 June, 1797 Mrs. Phepoe, celebrated murderess; Old Bailey..11 Dec. Sir Edward Crosbie; high-treason; Ireland......4 June, 1798 Messrs. Sheares; high-treason; Dublin.. .......12 July, 1799 Galloping Dick; highwayman; Aylesbury.......4 April, 1800 Governor Joseph Wall; murder of sergeant Armstrong; Old Bailey.. 28 Jan. 1802 Mr. Crawley; murder of two females; Dublin..10 March, George Foster; murder of wife and child; Old Bailey, 18 Jan. 1803 Col. Despard and others; high-treason; Horsemonger lane...... .21 Feb.

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.3 Aug. 1818
John Scanlan, esq.; murder of Ellen Hanley; Limerick,
16 March, 1820
Arthur Thistlewood, John Brunt, James Ings, John David-
son, Richard Tidd (see Cato Street); Old Bailey.1 May,
John Channell, Thomas Calcraft; murder of Mr. Channell,
sen.; Godalming.
..17 Aug.
.21 Nov. 1821

Josiah Cadman; forgery; Old Bailey.
Samuel Greenwood; highway robbery; Old Bailey,

66

66

27 Dec. 1822
John Thurtell; murder of Mr. Weare; Hertford...9 Jan. 1824
John Wayte; forgery; Old Bailey..
.24 Feb. ..
Henry Fauntleroy, banker; forgery; Old Bailey..30 Nov.
William Probert (an accomplice of Thurtell's in the mur-
der of Mr. Weare; he became approver); horse-stealing;
Old Bailey..
20 June, 1825
Spitalfield's gang; highway robbery; Old Bailey. 29 Nov. 1826
Charles Thomas White; arson; Old Bailey.. .2 Jan. 1827
Edward Lowe; coining (the last coiner drawn on a sledge
to the scaffold); Old Bailey..
22 Nov.
Catherine Walsh; murder of her child; Old Bailey,
14 April, 1828
William Rea; highway robbery; Old Bailey......4 July,
Capt. Charles Montgomery was ordered for execution this
day for forgery; but he took a dose (an ounce and a
half) of prussic acid, to save himself from the ignominy
of the gallows, and was found dead in his cell..4 July,
William Corder, murder of Maria Marten; Bury St.
Edmund's.
..11 Aug.

Joseph Hunton, Quaker; forgery; Old Bailey.....8 Dec.
William Burke; murderer (see Burking); Edinburgh,
Anne Chapman; murder of her child; Old Bailey.30 June,
Stewart and wife; murder; Glasgow..
Thomas Maynard, the last executed for
Bailey..

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..5 Dec. 1831 8 April, 1835 Maryanne Burdock; remarkable case of poisoning; Bristol....... 15 April, John Pegsworth; murder; Old Bailey.. 7 March, 1837 James Greenacre; murder of Hannah Brown; Old Bailey, 2 May, William Lees; murder of his wife; Old Bailey...16 Dec. 1839 François Benjamin Courvoisier; murder of lord W. Russell; Old Bailey.. .....6 July, 1840 Josiah Misters; wounding Mr. Mackreth; Shrewsbury, 3 April, 1841 Robert Blakesley; murder of Mr. Burdon; Old Bailey, 15 Nov. John Delahunt; murder of Thomas Maguire; Dublin, 5 Feb. 1842 Daniel Good; murder of Jane Jones; Old Bailey..23 May, William Crouch; murder of his wife; Old Bailey. 27 May, 1844 James Tapping; murder of Emma Whiter; Old Bailey, 24 March, 1845 John Tawell; murder of Sarah Hart; Aylesbury, 28 March, *For some other executions, see England, 1535, 1536, 1618, Thomas Henry Hocker; murder of Mr. Delarue; Old Bailey.. 1641, 1645, 1683, and Oates's Plot. 28 April,

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John Currie; murder of major de Vere; Maidstone. 12 Oct. 1865 Stephen Forward, alias Ernest Southey; murder of wife and four children; Maidstone.. ..11 Jan. 1866 Mary Ashford; murder of husband; Exeter...28 March, John William Leigh; murder of wife's sister; Brighton, 10 April, Robert Coe; murder of a young man for his wages (30s.); Swansea.. ..12 April, John Grant, a soldier; murder of a boy; Exeter. 15 Aug. J. R. Jeffreys; murder of his son (aged 7); Old Bailey, 9 Oct. James Langhurst; brutal murder of Harriet Sax (6 years old).... .......16 April, 1867 Hubbard Lingley; murder of his uncle, Benjamin Black; Norwich.. .26 Aug. George Britten; murder of his wife; Taunton...29 Aug. John Wiggins, murder of his concubine, Agnes Oakes; Old Bailey..

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15 Jan. 1853 ..15 Jan. 66 .9 April, 1854 Emanuel Barthelemy; murder of Mr. Moore and C. Col lard; Old Bailey. ...22 Jan. 1855 William Bousfield; murder of his wife and three children; Old Bailey.. .31 March, 1856 William Palmer (of Rugeley); murder of J. P. Cook by poison; Stafford.. ...14 June,

.15 Oct.

66

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Louis Bordier; murder of his concubine, Mary Ann Snow; Horsemonger lane. 15 Oct.

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William Dove; murder of his wife by poison; York.9 Aug. Joseph Jenkins, alias Robert Marley; murder of Cope, a shopman, in Westminster; Old Bailey.........15 Dec. William Jackson; murder of two children; Chester,

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20 Dec. Lagava, Bartelano, and Pettrick; murder of two officers, and piracy; Winchester.. .23 Dec. Dedea Redaines; murder of two girls at Dover; Maidstone, 1 Jan. 1857 Thomas Mansell (after seven months' respite); murder of a soldier; Maidstone. 6 July, Capt. H. Rogers; murder of A. Rose, a black, with great cruelty; Liverpool... ..11 Sept. Thomas Davis; murder of wife; Old Bailey. .16 Nov. John William Beale; murder of Charlotte Pugsley, his sweetheart; Taunton. .12 Jan. 1858 John Thomson, alias Peter Walker; murder of Agnes Montgomery by poison-discovered by a child; Paisley, 14 Jan.

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Christian Sattler, a German; murder of inspector Thain; Old Bailey. ..8 Feb. Giovanni Lani; murder of Héloïse Thaubin; Old Bailey, 26 April, John B. Bucknall; murder of his grandfather and grandmother; Taunton.. .24 Aug. William Burgess; murder of his daughter; Taunton, 4 Jan. 1859 Joseph Castle; murder of his wife; Bedford...31 March, 1860 William Youngman; murder of sweetheart, Mary Streeter, and mother and two brothers, on Aug. 16; Horse. ..4 Sept. 66 monger lane.. James Mullins; murder of Mrs. Emsley, at Stepney; Old Bailey.. 19 Nov. 1 Jan. 1861 ...5 April, 66

James Johnson; murder of two non-commissioned officers; Winchester.

Matthew and Charles Wedmore; murder of their aunt; Taunton..

Martin Doyle; barbarous attempted murder (last execution for this crime); Chester.

.27 Aug. ...14 Oct.

46

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William O'Meara Allen, William Gould (or O'Brien), and Michael Larkin, Fenians, for murder of Brett, a policeman; Salford.. 23 Nov. Frederick Baker; murder of a little girl, whom he afterwards cut up; Winchester.. ...24 Dec. William Worsley; murder of William Bradbury; Bedford... 31 March, 1868 Frances Kidder; murder of her husband's child; Maidstone.. .2 April, Timothy Faherty; for murder of his sweetheart, Mary Hanmer (for rejecting him): and Miles Weatherill; murder of rev. Mr. Plow, of Todmorden, and his maid (for revenge); Manchester... ....4 April, Frederick Parker; murder of Daniel Driscoll; York, 4 April, John Mapp; murder of little girl; Shrewsbury..9 April, O'Farrell; for attempting to assassinate the duke of Edinburgh; Sydney, N. S. Wales.. ...21 April, Richard Bishop; murder of Alfred Cartwright; Maidstone, 30 April, Michael Barrett, Fenian; for Clerkenwell explosion; THE LAST PUBLIC EXECUTION IN ENGLAND; Old Bailey. 26 May, Thomas Wells; for murder of Mr. Walsh, station-master at Dover (the first private execution).. .13 Aug. William Sherward; for murder of his wife; Norwich (see Norwich)..

Josiah Detheridge; murder of warder in Portland prison;

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.20 April, 1869 .12 Aug. William Taylor, soldier; murder of his corporal; Exeter, 11 Oct. Frederick Hinson; murder of his concubine, Maria Death, and of William Douglas Boyd, her paramour; at Wood Green, Middlesex; Old Bailey.... 13 Dec. William Mobbs, purposeless murder of a child; Aylesbury.... .28 March, 1870 Walter Millar; murder of rev. Elias Huelin and Ann Boss (at Chelsea); Old Bailey. .1 Aug. John Owen (or Jones); for murder of a family (7 persons) at Denham; Aylesbury.. ..8 Aug.

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11 April, Dennis Delane; hired Beckham and Walsh to murder his landlord, F. Fitzgerald... ..13 April, John Ducker; murder of Tye, a policeman; Ipswich, 14 April, William Hope; violation and murder of Mary Corbett; Hereford.. ...15 April, D. MacPhail and G. Woods; murder of Mrs. Walne; Kirkdale.. .25 April, Joseph Brooks; murder of Davy, a policeman; Old Bailey, 27 April, Joseph Kelly; murder of Fitzhenry, a schoolmaster; Wexford. ...11 Aug. Thomas, Alvarez, Hughes, and O'Brien, ferocious mur11 Sept. ders; Liverpool... Alice Holt; murder of her mother; Chester... .28 Dec. Samuel Wright; murder of his paramour. .12 Jan. 1864 John Lyon, and four others (foreigners); murder and piracy; Old Bailey.. .22 Feb. Charles Bricknell; murder of his sweetheart.....1 Aug. Franz Müller; murder of Mr. Briggs in a railway-carriage (see Trials); Old Bailey... 14 Nov. Ferdinand Kohl; murder of M. Fuhrkop; Chelmsford, 26 Jan. 1865 Edward William Pritchard, M.D.; murder of wife and her mother; Glasgow.... .......28 July,

William Cogan; murder of wife; Old Bailey.
Thomas Jackson, a soldier; murder of sergeant John
.27 Dec.
Dickson; Winchester..

William Charlton, engine-driver; murdered Jane Emmer-
son, to obtain the money she had saved for her funeral;
Carlisle...
15 March, 1862
G. J. Gilbert; brutal murder of Miss M. S. Hall, on her
way to church; Winchester...
4 Aug.
William Taylor; murder of Mr. Meller from revenge; he
previously killed his own children; Kirkdale. 13 Sept.
Catherine Wilson; murder of Mrs. Soames by poison [and
.20 Oct.
of several other persons]; Old Bailey..
William Ockold (aged 70); murder of his wife, after 50
years' marriage; Worcester..
.2 Jan. 1863
Noah Austen; murder of Mr. Allen; Oxford...24 March,
Robert A. Burton; murder of a boy; Maidstone.11 April,
Edward Cooper; murder of his deformed son; Shrews-
bury.

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3 April, 1871 Michael Campbell; murder of Mr. Galloway at Stratford; Springfield jail, Essex. .24 April, Richard Addington; murder of wife; Northampton, 31 July, Frederic Jones; murder of Emily Gardner, through jealousy; Gloucester.. ..8 Jan. 1872 Edward Roberts; murder of Ann Merrick, who refused to marry him; Oxford. .18 March, William Frederick Horry; murder of wife; Lincoln, 1 April, Charles Holmes; murder of wife; Worcester....12 Aug. Thomas Moore; murder of wife. James Tooth, soldier; murder of drummer. Francis Bradford, soldier; murder of comrade; Maidstone.. Christopher Edwards; murder of wife; Stafford..13 Aug. Wm. Lace; murder of wife; Taunton.. .26 Aug. Augustus Elliott; murder of paramour; Old Bailey,

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Gloucester.

Edward C. Butt; murder of Miss Phipp, through jeal-
ousy. Edwin Bailey and Ann Barry; murder of child;
..12 Jan. 1874
Thos. Chamberlain; murder; Northampton...30 March,
James Godwin; murder of wife; Newgate.. 25 May,
Frances Stewart; murder of grandchild; Newgate,

29 June,
Thos. Macdonald; murder of paramour; Exeter.. 10 Aug.
Wm. Jackson; murder of sister; York..........18 Aug.
James H. Gibbs; murder of wife; Usk..
.24 Aug.
Henry Flanigan; murder of aunt. Mary Williams; mur-
der of Nicholas Manning; Liverpool.... .31 Aug.
John W. Coppen; murder of wife; Horsemonger lane,
13 Oct.
Private Thos. Smith, 40th Hussars; murder of capt.
Bird, in revenge for slight punishment; Winchester,

16 Nov. Robert Taylor; murder of Mrs. Kidd; Stafford...29 Dec. James Cranwell; murder of Emma Bellamy; Newgate. Michael Mullen, John McCrave, and William Worthington; Liverpool.

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Cadwallader Jones; murder of paramour; Dolgelly,

23 Nov. 1877

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4 Feb. 1878

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James Sachwell, John Upton, and John Wm. Swift;
brutal murder of an old man; Leicester ......27 Nov.
Geo. Pigott; murder of Florence Galloway; Manchester,
James Caffyn; murder of Maria Barber; Winchester,
11 Feb.
James Trickett; murder of wife; Liverpool .12 Feb.
John Brooks; murder of Caroline Woodhead; Notting-
ham...
.13 Feb.
Harry Rowles; murder of sweetheart; Oxford..1 April,
Vincent Knowles Walker; murder of woman; York,
15 April,
Charles J. Revell; murder of wife; Chelmsford. .29 July,
Robert Vest, ship steward; murder of Wm. Wallace, a
pilot; Durham..
.30 July,

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Thos. Cholerton; murder of paramour; Nottingham,
Selina Wadge; murder of illegitimate child; Bodmin,

12 Aug.

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Thomas Smithers, murder of woman; Wandsworth,

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..4 Jan. 1875
Richard Coates; murder of girl 10 years old; Chelms-
ford..
29 March,
John Morgan; murder of comrade; Maidstone. John
Stanton; murder of uncle; Stafford
Alfred T. Heap, quack; murder of Margaret
Liverpool..

Wm. Hole; murder of wife; Bristol..
Jeremiah Corkery; murder of policeman; Warwick,

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.30 March,
McKivett;
19 April,
..26 April,

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27 July,

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McHugh, Gilligan, and Pearson (woman); murders; Durham

2 Aug. Lincoln..9 Aug. .12 Aug.

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Peter Blanchard; murder of Louisa Hodgson; shire..

Philip Lebrun; murder of sister; Jersey.

16 Aug.

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Patrick John Byrne; murder of two brother sergeants; Northampton.. .12 Nov. Joseph Garcia, Spanish sailor; murder of William Watkins and his wife and three children; Usk....18 Nov. James McGowan; murder of wife; Manchester..19 Nov. Henry Gilbert; murder of illegitimate child; Hunting25 Nov. Stephen Gambrill; murder of Arthur Gillow while defending his machinery (Wednesborough); Maidstone, 4 Feb. 1879 Enoch Whiston; murder of Alfred Meredith; Worcester, 10 Feb. Wm. McGuiness; murder of wife; Lancaster....11 Feb. Charles Peace; murder of A. Dyson; Leeds (see Trials, 1878-9) .25 Feb. James Simms, American seaman; murder of woman; Newgate... ..24 March, Edward Smart; murder of woman; Gloucester. . 12 May, Wm. Cooper; murder of Ellen Mather; Manchester, 66 20 May, Catherine Churchill; murder of husband; Taunton, 26 May, John Darcy; murder of Wm. Mitechalle; York. .27 May, Thomas Johnson; murder of Eliza Patten; Liverpool, 28 May, Catherine Webster; murder of Mrs. Julia Martha Thomas; Wandsworth (see Richmond). . 29 July, Annie Took; murder of nurse-child; Exeter.....11 Aug. James Dilley; murder of illegitimate child; Newgate, 25 Aug.

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Wm. McCullogh; murder of Wm. Watson; and Mark
Fiddler; murder of wife; Lancaster...
Wm. Baker and Edward Cooper; murders; Liverpool,
6 Sept.
Henry Wainwright; murder of Harriet Lane, his mis-
tress (see Whitechapel); Newgate.
.21 Dec.
Wm. Smedley; murder of Elizabeth Firth, his mistress;
Armley, near Leeds..
...21 Dec.
John William Anderson; murder of wife; Newcastle-on-
Tyne.
.22 Dec.
Richard Charlton; murder of wife; Morpeth....23 Dec.
George Hunter; murder of fellow-workman; Morpeth,
28 March, 1876
4 April,
10 April,
.24 April,
.26 April,
1 May,
Henry Webster; murder of wife; Norwich.
Lennie mutineers and murderers. Matteo Cargalis, Pas-
calis Caludis, George Kaida, and Giovanni Carcaris;
Newgate...
.23 May,
John Williams; shot his brother-in-law, Durham,

Thos. Fordred; murder of Ann Bridger; Maidstone,

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Henry Bedingfield; murder of Eliza Rudd; Ipswich,

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14 Aug. Ireland); 25 Aug. 26 Aug. 11 Dec.

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John Ralph; murder of Sarah Vernon; Birmingham,
26 Aug.
3 Dec.
Charles Shurety; murder of child; Newgate......5 Jan. 18. 0
William Cassidy; murder of wife; Manchester..17 Feb.
Hugh Burns and Patrick Kearns; murder of Patrick
Tracey at Widnes; Liverpool...
....2 March,
John Wingfield; murder of his wife; Newgate..22 March,
Wm. Dumbleton; murder of John Edmunds; Aylesbury,
10 May,

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16 Nov. Wm. J. Distin; murder of paramour; Bristol. ...22 Nov. Thos. Wheeler; murder of Edward Anstee, near St. Albans. 29 Nov. George Pavey; murder of Ada Shepherd, aged 11; and Wm. Herbert; murder of Jane Messenger, sister-inlaw; Newgate... 13 Dec. 64 Wm. Stanway; murder of Ann Mellor; Chester..21 Feb. 1881 James Williams; murder of Eliz. Bagnall; Stafford, 22 Feb. Albert Robinson; murder of wife; Derby.......28 Feb. Albert Moor; murder of old woman; Maidstone..17 May, James Hall; murder of wife; Leeds.. .23 May,

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John Ebelthrift; murder of wife; Newgate..
Charles O'Donnell; murder of wife; Newgate
Robert Browning; murder of Emma Rolfe, aged 16;
Cambridge..
.14 Dec.

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Silas Barlow; murder of Ellen Sloper, paramour; Horse-
monger lane. James Dalgleish; murder of Sarah
Wright; Carlisle...
.19 Dec.
John Thomas Green; murder of wife; Leicester. 20 Dec.
Wm. Flanagan; murder of paramour; Manchester. 21 Dec.
Isaac Marks, Jew; murder of Fredk. Barnard, for re-
venge (Newington murder); Horsemonger lane..2 Jan. 1877
Henry and Francis George Tidbury; murder of two
policemen; Reading..
12 March,
Wm. Clark (or Slenderman); murder of Henry Walker,
gamekeeper; Lincoln..
26 March,
John McKenna; murder of wife; Manchester..27 March,
James Bannister; murder of wife; Chester.....2 April,
John Henry Johnson; murder of Amos White, through
jealousy..
..3 Apríl,
Frederick Baker; murder of Mary Saunders, jealousy;
Warwick..
66
.17 April,
Henry
..31 July,
13 Aug.

John Henry Starkey; murder of wife; Leicester.
Rodgers; murder of wife; Stafford..

Henry Leigh; murder of child; Chester..

Caleb Smith; murder of nominal wife (Eliza Osborne);
Horsemonger lane.

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Exeter (Devonshire), said to have been named Augusta from having been occupied by the second Augustan legion commanded by Vespasian; its present name is derived from Excestre. It was for a considerable time the capital of the West Saxon kingdom. The BISHOPRIC anciently comprised two sees - Devonshire (founded about 909) and Cornwall. The church of the former was at Crediton, of the latter at Bodmin, and afterwards at St. German's. About 1040 the sees were united. 44 St. Petroc was the first bishop of Cornwall, before 900; Eadulphus, the first bishop of Devonshire, 905; and Leofric, the first bishop of Exeter, in 1049. The cathedral originally belonged to a monastery founded by Athelstan; Edward the Confessor removed the monks

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