chute resembling wings, in 1874; but was killed by fall- Fly-sheets, see under Wesleyans. FŎ, RELIGION OF, the form of Buddhism (which see) existing in China. | its contents to Mr. Farquhar took place in 1822; 7200 catalogues, at a guinea each, were sold in a few days. On 21 Dec. 1825, the lofty tower fell, and in consequence the remaining buildings were sold. Food, see Provisions. A Food Journal published 1870; continued several years. Sale of Food and Drugs act passed 11 Aug. 1875. Dr. Arthur Hill Hassall's "Food and its Adulterations" published 1854, and since. International Food Exhibition at Agricultural Hall, Is Fog. In 1862, much attention was paid to the sub-lington, 13-20 Oct. 1880. ject of fog-signals by the Royal Commission on Lighthouses, etc. The use of bells, steam-trumpets, a battery of whistles blown by steam, the transmission of sound through water, the sirene, etc., were considered. A foghorn blown by steam is in use at Dungeness light-house (1869). For Dr. Tyndall's experiments, see Acoustics. Continued thick fog in London, Nov. 1879, to Feb. 1880, caused much mortality; very bad on..........25 Dec. 1879 Foix (S. France), a county established 1050, and united with Béarn, 1290. About 1494 Catherine de Foix, the heiress, married Jean d'Albret, whose descendant, Henry IV., as king of France, united Foix to the monarchy, 1589. Folk-lore, a general name given by Mr.W. J.Thoms, in 1846, to popular legends, fairy tales, local traditions, old outdying customs, superstitions, and similar matters. The formation of the Folk-lore Society was proposed by Mr. W. J. Thoms, in Notes and Queries, 1 Dec. 1877; established in 1878. Font. Formerly the baptistery was a small place partitioned off in a church, within which a large font was placed, where the persons to be baptized (frequently adults) were submerged. Previously, lakes and rivers were resorted to for immersion. Fonts are said to have been set up in churches in the sixth century. Fontainebleau, near the Seine, France. The royal palace, founded by Robert le Pieux about 999, enlarged and adorned by successive kings, was completed by Louis Philippe, 1837-40. Fontainebleau was entered by the Austrians, 17 Feb. 1814. Here Napoleon resigned his dignity, 4 April, and bade farewell to his army, 20 April, 1814. Fools, FESTIVALS OF, were held at Paris on the 1st of January, when, we are told, all sorts of absurdities were committed, from 1198 to 1438. Fools or licensed jesters were kept at court in England up to the time of Charles I., 1625. The "Order of Fools," founded by Adolphus, count of Cleves, for philanthropic purposes, 1381, existed in 1520. Foot and Mouth Disease, see Cattle. Forbes Mackenzie's Act (16 & 17 Vict. c. 67), "for the better regulation of public-houses in Scotland," passed in 1853. It permits grocers to sell spirits, etc., as usual, but forbids drinking on the premises, which is to be confined to places duly licensed. Much dram-drinking previously took place in grocers' shops. Force, see Conservation and Correlation. Foreign Cattle Market. The city of London having been required to provide this market before 1 Jan. 1872, by the Contagious Diseases act (for animals). 1869, the common council, 7 Nov. 1870, agreed to the expenditure of 160,000l. for the purpose. The site chosen, Deptford dockyard, was much opposed. The requisite alterations were made by Mr. Horace Jones, and the market was formally opened by the lord mayor, 28 Dec. 1871; for use on 1 Jan. 1872. Foreign Enlistment Act, 59 Geo. III. c. 69 (1819), forbids British subjects to enter the service of a foreign state, without license from the king or privy council, and prohibits the fitting out or equipping ships for any foreign power to be employed against any power with which our government is at peace; see Trials, 1862, 1863. In 1606, Englishmen were forbidden to enter foreign service without taking an oath not to .2 Sept. 1679 be reconciled to the pope. The act was suspended in 1835 on behalf of the British Legion (which see). The act passed 9 Aug. 1870, relates to illegal enlisting, shipbuilding, and expeditions. Peace between France, Denmark, etc... Fontenaille, or FONTENAY (Fontanetum), a village in Burgundy. Near here Charles the Bald and Louis the German totally defeated their brother, the emperor Lothaire I., 25 June, 841. This victory, termed "the judgment of God," conduced to the formation of the French monarchy. Fontenoy, near Tournay, in Belgium, the site of an obstinate sanguinary battle, on 30 April (11 May, N.S.), 1745, between the French, commanded by marshal Saxe, and the English, Hanoverians, Dutch, and Austrians, commanded by the duke of Cumberland. The king, Louis XV., and the dauphin were present. The success of the British at the commencement is still quoted as an illustration of the extraordinary power of a column; and the advance of the Austrians during several hours at Marengo (14 June, 1800) was compared to it by Bonaparte. The allies lost 12,000 men, and the French nearly an equal number; but the allies were compelled to retire. Marshal Saxe (ill of the disorder of which he afterwards died) was carried about to all the posts in a litter, assuring his troops that the day would be their own. Fonthill Abbey, Wiltshire, founded in 1796, the mansion of William Beckford, author of "Vathek," and son of alderman Beckford. He died 2 May, 1844. Within this edifice (which alone cost 273,0007.) were collected costly articles of virtù and art, and the rarest works of the old masters. The sale of the abbey and 1865, and 1866, were extended and amended by 41 & 42 Foreign Jurisdiction Acts, passed in 1843, Vict. c. 67, passed 16 Aug. 1878. Foreign Legion. Foreigners have frequently been employed as auxiliaries in the pay of the British government; see Hessians. An act (18 & 19 Vict. c. 2) for the formation of a foreign legion as a contingent in the Russian war (1855) was passed 23 Dec. 1854.* The queen and prince Albert reviewed 3500 soldiers, principally Swiss and Germans, at Shorncliffe, 9 Aug. 1855. On the peace in 1856, many were sent to the Cape of Good Hope; but, not prospering, returned. Foreign Loans, see Loans. Foreign Missions, see Missions. and it was occupied by lord Stanley, 24 June, 1868. See Administrations under separate heads, and Secretaries. Foreign Orders. No British subject is permitted to accept a foreign order from the sovereign of any foreign country, or wear the insignia thereof, without her majesty's consent, by orders issued in 1812 and 1834: regulations published in London Gazette, 10 May, 1855. Foreigners, see Alien. .1861 and 1870 ..Aug., Sept. 1862 The law respecting forgery amended in.... (Sec Executions (for forgery), 1776, 1777, et seq.) Forks were in use on the continent in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.-Voltaire. This is reasonably disputed. In Fynes Moryson's "Itinerary," reign of Elizabeth, he says, "At Venice each person was served Forestalling was forbidden by statutes (in 1350, (besides his knife and spoon) with a fork to hold the 1552, etc.), all repealed in 1844. Foresters, ANCIENT ORDER OF, a species of benefit society, founded on the principle that many can help one; all religious and political discussions are strictly avoided. About 500,000 members. Meeting of high court, Edinburgh, 7 Aug. 1876; at Newcastle-on-Tyne. Aug. 1878. Forests. There were in England, even in the last century, as many as 68 forests, 18 chases, and upwards of 780 parks; see New Forest.* Forests, CHARTER OF THE, Charta de Foresta, granted by Henry III. in 1217, was founded on Magna Charta, granted by king John, 15 June, 1215. It was confirmed in 1225 and 1297. See Woods. Forfarshire Steamer, on its passage from Hull to Dundee, on 6 Sept. 1838, was wrecked in a violent gale, and thirty-eight persons out of fifty-three perished. The Outer-Fern lighthouse-keeper, James Darling, and his heroic daughter Grace, ventured out in a tremendous sea in a coble, and rescued several of the passengers.. Forgery of deeds, or giving forged deeds in evidence, was made punishable by fine, by standing in the pillory, having both ears cut off, the nostrils slit up and seared, the forfeiture of land, and perpetual imprisonment, 5 Eliz. 1562. Since the establishment of paper credit many statutes have been enacted; the latest Forgery act passed 9 Aug. 1870. He 1634 Forgery first made punishable by death.. The bank prosecuted 142 persons for forgery or the utter- Thos. Maynard, the last person executed for forgery, 1817 1830 31 Dec. 1829 Statutes reducing into one act all such forgeries as shall henceforth be punished with death. The punishment of forgery with death ceases, except in cases of forging or altering wills, or powers of attorney to transfer stock 1832 These cases also reduced to transportable offences. 1837 A barrister, Jem Saward, and others, tried for forging numerous drafts on bankers.. .5 March, 1857 meat while he cuts it, for there they deem it ill manners that one should touch it with his hand." Thomas Coryate describes, with much solemnity, the manner of using forks in Italy, and adds, “I myself have thought it good to imitate the Italian fashion since I came home to England," 1608. Two-pronged forks were made at Sheffield soon after. Three-pronged forks are more recent. Silver forks, previously only used by the highest classes, came into more general use in England about 1814. Mr. G. Smith found a bronze fork with two prongs at Kouyunjik, Assyria, 1873. A flesh-hook of three teeth" mentioned 1 Sam. ii. 13, about 1165 B. C. Forma Pauperis. A person having a just cause of suit, certified as such, yet so poor that he cannot meet the cost of maintaining it, has an attorney and counsel assigned him on his swearing that he is not worth 5l., by statute 11 Henry VII., 1495. This act has been remodelled, and now any person may plead in formâ pauperis in the courts of law. Formic Acid, the acid of ants (formica). Its artificial production by Pelouze in 1831 was considered an event in the progress of organic chemistry. Formigni (N.W. France). Here the constable de Richemont defeated the English, 15 April, 1450. Formosa, an island in the Pacific, 90 miles from the Chinese coast. In May, 1874, the Japanese, with the consent of a Chinese mandarin, chastised the savage tribes here for massacring Japanese sailors on their proposed settlement on the isle. The Chinese threatened war if they did not quit within 90 days, 18 Aug. 1874. By British interposition the Japanese withdrew, an indemnity having been agreed on; treaty between Japan and China signed 31 Oct. 1874. Formosa flourished under the rule of Ting; removed in 1878. The plant of the Woosung railway brought here in 1878. George Psalmanazar published his fabricated description of Formosa in 1704. Fornovo (Parma, Italy). Near here Charles VIII. of France defeated the Italians, 6 July, 1495. Forster's Act, see Education, 1870. Fort Donelson (Tennessee). This fort, built by the confederates, near the beginning of the war, on the Cumberland river, east of Fort Henry, was designed, in connection with the latter, to prevent an approach to Nashville and into the interior of the confederacy. Its importance was not appreciated by the confederates, who expected that the national troops would in 1862 advance into East Tennessee. Fort Henry was captured 6 Feb., *The commissioners appointed to inquire into the state of and the surrender of Donelson to gen, Grant took place on the woods and forests, between 1787 and 1793, reported the following as belonging to the crown, viz.: In Berkshire, the 16th. The naval attack made by commodore Foote on Windsor Forest and Windsor Great and Little Park. In Dor the 14th was repulsed. A battle was fought on the 15th, set, Cranburn Chase. In Essex, Waltham or Epping and Hai- in which an attempt was made by the garrison to cut nault Forest. In Gloucestershire, Dean Forest. In Hampshire, the New Forest, Alice Holt, Woolmer Forest, and Bere its way through Grant's line of investment. The atForest. In Kent, Greenwich Park. In Middlesex, St. James's, tack was made on the national right with great success Hyde, Bushey, and Hampton Court parks. In Northampton- at first; but the advantages gained were not followed shire, the forests of Whittlebury, Salcey, and Rockingham. In Nottingham, Sherwood Forest. In Oxford, Whichwood up, and on the 16th the fort was surrendered, with 10,000 Forest. In Surrey, Richmond Park. Several of these have prisoners and 40 guns. The garrison numbered on the been disforested since 1851, viz.: Hainault, Whichwood, and 15th about 18,000 men. Of these over 2000 were killed Whittlebury. A committee of the house of commons respecting forests sat in 1863. Motion in parliament to preserve or wounded, and a large number escaped by the river, Epping Forest adopted 14 Feb. 1870; and the decision of the among them generals Floyd, Pillow, and Forrest. The master of the rolls, 10 Nov. 1874, stopped the enclosures by defence was mismanaged. The national loss was about the lords of manors, The lord mayor Stone visited the forest 2000; the confederate somewhat larger. The immediate in state, 14 Oct. 1875. The commissioners' new scheme was results of the surrender of Donelson were the confederate pblished. July, 1876. Memorial trees were planted by the duke and duchess of Connaught, 16 Oct. 1880. evacuation of Nashville and Columbus. fort. Fort Duquesne (North America). Near here gen. | 1865, the old flag, which had been lowered by major AnBraddock was surprised by a party of French and In- derson four years before, was again raised above the dians, his troops routed and himself killed, 9 July, 1755. The fort was named Fort Pilt after its capture by Forbes, 24 Nov. 1758. It is now Pittsburgh. Fort Erie (Upper Canada). This fortress was taken by the United States forces under gen. Browne, 3 June, 1814. After several conflicts it was evacuated, 5 Nov. 1814. Fort George (Inverness, N.W. Scotland) was erected in 1747, to restrain the Highlanders.-FORT WILLIAM, besieged by them in vain in 1746, is now in ruins. Fort Henry (Tennessee). This fort, situated on the Tennessee river, was captured by gen. U. S. Grant and commodore A. H. Foote, 6 Feb. 1862. The attacking fleet consisted of seven gunboats, four of which were ironclad. Gen. Grant, with 11 regiments, co-operated with Foote by a movement to the rear of the fort, which led gen. Tilghman, commanding the post, to send the main portion of his command- about 3000 men-to Fort Donelson, retaining 83 in the fort to contend with the gunboats. Twenty-one of these were killed or wounded, and the remainder, including Tilghman, were captured with the fort. Seventeen guns were captured. Fort Sumter IN THE WAR OF THE AMERICAN REBELLION. This fort is situated in Charleston harbor, nearly midway between Sullivan and Morris islands, and 3 miles from Charleston city. It was originally a casemated brick work of five faces, designed to mount two tiers of guns in embrasure and en barbette. In the spring of 1861 major Robert Anderson commanded the national works in Charleston harbor. This officer, in view of the secession of South Carolina (20 Dec. 1860), and of the preparations being made by the military forces in that state to seize the forts in the harbor, evacuated Fort Moultrie on the night of 26 Dec., and occupied Fort Sumter with his command. The Star of the West, in an attempt to reinforce Sumter, was fired upon off Morris Island (9 Jan. 1861), and obliged to return to New York. For four months preparations were made by the confederate forces at Charleston-numbering 7000 men, and commanded by gen. G. T. Beauregard for an attack on Fort Sumter. On 11 April Beauregard demanded the surrender of the fort, which demand was refused by major Anderson. That night the relieving flotilla reached the offing; and at 3.20 A.M. on the 12th, Anderson was notified that fire would be opened upon him in one hour. At the time appointed the bombardment of Fort Sumter commenced from Fort Moultrie, two batteries at Fort Johnson, an iron-clad battery on Cumming's Point, another near Charleston, and other works, which had been constructed within range. The first gun was fired by Edmund Ruffin, an aged Virginian. After about three hours this fire was replied to by the garrison. Three times during the day the quarters were set on fire by the shells. At noon the relieving fleet was dis cerned from the fort and saluted. The bombardment was continued till dark, and renewed on the 13th. It was impossible for reinforcements to reach the fort. The fires in the quarters again broke out, and the fort being untenable, major Anderson surrendered it to the confederates, and the next day evacuated the work, lowering his flag with a salute, and, with the garrison, sailed northward. In this first conflict of the rebellion there were no casualties on either side. On 7 April, 1863, an attempt was made by admiral Dupont, with a fleet of monitors, to reduce Fort Sumter, but failed on account of obstructions in the harbor, which prevented the vessels from reaching the weakest side of the fort. In this attack the monitor Keokuk was sunk, and other vessels of the fleet sustained serious injuries. The bombardment was renewed by admiral Dahlgren after the occupation of Morris Island in the summer of 1863, and the fort, though reduced to an earthwork, and rendered temporarily harmless as an offensive work, was not captured. The fort was held by the confederates until they evacuated the city of Charleston, 17 Feb. 1865. On 14 April, Forth and Clyde Canal, commenced 10 July, 1768, under the direction of Mr. Smeaton, and opened 28 July, 1790. A communication was thus formed between the eastern and western seas on the coast of Scotland. A railway bridge across the Firth of Forth projected, and a raft launched in June, 1866. Mr. (afterwards sir) T. Bouch, of Edinburgh, was engaged to prepare plans for a suspension-bridge, 1878. The Forth Bridge company accepted tenders from Wm. Arrol & Co. (1,250,0001.) for constructing bridge and railway, Oct. 1879; through Tay-bridge disaster, etc., the scheme was suspended and eventually abandoned by the company, 13 Jan. 1881. Fortification. The Phoenicians were the first people to fortify cities. Apollodorus says that Perseus fortified Mycenae, where statues were afterwards erected to him. The modern system was introduced about 1500. Albert Dürer wrote on fortification in 1527; and great improvements were made by Vauban, who fortified many places in France; he died 1707. The new fortifications of Paris were completed in 1846; see Paris. In Aug. 1860, the British parliament passed an act for the expenditure of 2,000,000l. in one year upon the fortifications of Portsmouth, Plymouth, Pembroke, and Portland, the Thames, Medway, and Sheerness, Chatham, Dover, and Cork, and on the purchase of a central arsenal establishment; the estimated expense being 9,500,0007. A committee to investigate our fortifications was appointed, 16 April, 1868. Fortunate Isles, see Canaries. Fortune Bay Affair, see Canada, 1878, 1880–1, and Newfoundland. Fortune-telling is traced to the early astrologers, by whom the planets Jupiter and Venus were supposed to betoken happiness. The Sibyllæ were women said to be inspired by Heaven; see Sibyls and Gipsies. In England the laws against fortune-telling were at one time A declaration was published in France, 11 very severe. Jan. 1680, of exceeding severity against fortune-tellers and poisoners, under which several persons suffered death. -Hénault. Fortune-tellers, although liable by the acts of 1743 and 1824 to be imprisoned as rogues and vagabonds, still exist in England. Forty-shilling Freeholders, see Freeholders. Forum, at Rome, originally a market-place, became about 472 B.C. the place of assembly of the people in their tribes (the Comitia), and was gradually adorned with temples and public buildings.-Near FORUM TREBRONII, in Mosia, the Romans were defeated by the Goths, Nov. 251. After a struggle in the morass, the emperor Decius and his son were slain and their bodies not recovered. Fossalta, near Bologna, central Italy. Here Enzo or Enrico, titular king of Sardinia, natural son of the emperor Frederick II., was defeated and made prisoner, 26 May, 1249, and retained. He was kept in honorable captivity till his death, 14 March, 1272. Fotheringhay Castle (Northamptonshire), built about 1400. Here Richard III. of England was born in 1450; and here Mary queen of Scots was tried, 11-14 Oct. 1586, and beheaded, 8 Feb. 1587. It was demolished by her son, James I. of England, in 1604. Foughard, near Dundalk, N. Ireland. Here Edward, brother of Robert Bruce, after invading Ireland in 1315, was defeated by sir John Bermingham, 5 Oct. 1318. Bruce was killed by Roger de Maupis, a burgess of Dun dalk. Foundling-hospitals are ancient. A species of foundling-hospital was set up at Milan in 787, and in the middle ages most of the principal cities of the continent possessed one. The French government in 1790 declared foundlings to be the "children of the state." No foundling hospital in England when Addison wrote in 1713 | 1856 It succors about 500 infant children; Coram's statue was Fountains. The fountain of Hero of Alexandria was invented about 150 B.C. Among the remarkable fountains at Rome are the Fontana di Trevi, constructed for pope Clement XII. in 1735; the Fontana Paolina, erected for pope Paul V. in 1612; and Fontana dell' Acqua Felice, called also the Fountain of Moses. The fountains in the palace gardens at Versailles, made for Louis XIV., and the Grand Jet d'Eau at St. Cloud, are exceedingly beautiful. There are above 100 public fountains in Paris, the most striking being the Château d'Eau on the Boulevard St. Martin (by Girard, 1811) and that at the Palais Royal. London is not remarkable for fountains; the largest are in Trafalgar square, constructed in 1845, after designs by sir Charles Barry. There are beautiful fountains at Chatsworth, in Derbyshire, the seat of the duke of Devonshire. The magnificent fountains at the Crystal Palace, Sydenham, were first publicly exhibited on 18 June, 1856, in the presence of the queen and 20,000 spectators. The fountain at Park lane, London, W., the gift of Mrs. Brown, was inaugurated and uncovered, 9 July, 1875. It has statues of Chaucer, Shakespeare, and Milton, the work of Mr. Thomas Croft, and cost 5000% Fourierism, a social system devised by M. Charles Fourier (who died in 1837). The Phalanstery (from phalanx), an association of 400 families living in one edifice, was to be so arranged as to give the highest amount of happiness at the lowest cost. The system failed; caused, it is said, by the smallness of the scale on which it was tried. "Four Masters," a name given to Michael, Conary, and Cucogry O'Clery, and Ferfeasa O'Mulconry, who compiled from original documents the annals of Ireland from 2242 B.C. to A.D. 1616. An edition of these "Annals," printed from autograph MSS., with a translation edited by Dr. John O'Donovan, was published at Dublin in 1851. The "Four Masters" lived in the first half of the seventeenth century. Fourth Party, a name facetiously given to lord Randolph Churchill, sir Henry Wolff, Mr. Gorst, and a few other conservative members, active opponents of the government; also termed "free lances." The other parties were liberals, conservatives, and home- rulers (1880--1). Fox, see Reynard. He proclaims the Salique law; and dies, leaving four 496 507 511 .562-94 584 714 10 Oct. 732 752 Charles Martel becomes mayor of the palace, and rules Letters of franchise granted to cities and towns by Louis VI.. Philip Augustus defeats the Germans at Bouvines.. Louis VII. joins in the Crusades.. 987 996 1135 1146 1214 1224 Louis VIII., Cœur de Lion, frees his serfs.. His tyranny leads to the massacre called the Sicilian Philip the Fair's quarrels with the pope Union of France and Navarre 1266 1282 1301-2 ...1307-8 1314 .3 Aug. 1347 1349 19 Sept. 1356 1407 .25 Oct. 1415 English invasion-Philip VI. defeated at Cressy.. 26 Aug. 1346 .....18 June, 1429 ..30 May, 1431 England lost all her possessions (but Calais) in France, FOX AND Grenville Administration, see Gren- Royal printing-press established, 1531; Robert Stephens ville Administration. Foxglove (folks' or fairies' glove), a handsome indigenous flower. The canary foxglove (Digitalis Canariensis) came from the Canary islands, 1698. The Madeira foxglove came here in 1777. The fox-grape shrub (Vitis vulpina), from Virginia, before 1656. Fraga (N.E. Spain). Near here the Christians, under Alfonso I. of Aragon, were defeated by the Moors, 17 July, 1134. Franc, the current silver French coin (value 10.), superseded the livre tournois by law in 1795. France, the Roman Gaul (which see). In the fifth century it was conquered by the Franks, a people of Germany, then inhabiting Franconia, where they became known about 240. The country was gradually named Franken-ric, Franks' kingdom. For the dynastic changes, see list of sovereigns, infra. Previous to the revolution, France was divided into 40 governments. In 1790 it was divided into 83 departments, and subsequently into 130, including Corsica, Geneva, Savoy, and other places, Population of France in 1700, 19,669,320; in 1762, 21,769,163; in 1801, 27,349,003; in 1820, 30, 451, 187; in 1836, 33,540, 910; in 1846, 35,401,761; in 1856, 36,039,364; in 1861, including the new departments, 37,382,225; in 1872 (after the war), 36,102,921. Population 31 Dec. 1876, 36,905,788. Population of the colonies (in Asia, Pondicherry, etc.; Africa, Algeria, etc.; America, Martinique, Guadeloupe, etc.; Oceania, the Marquesas, etc.), in 1858, 3,641,226; in 1872, about 5,621,000; in 1877, about 6,440,660. [Alsace and Lorraine lost with population of 1,597,219 in 1871.] In May, 1862, the Monit ur asserted the effective army to be 447,000, with a reserve of in 1869, about 1,350,000; in 1875, 1,750,000; in 1880, 2,423,164 170,000; virtually ra sed to 1,200,000 in 1868; disposable force men; non-military adjuncts, about 1,330,000, At Jarnac, 13 March; at Moncontour... Massacre of St. Bartholomew.. "Holy Catholic League" established. ..3 Oct. 1569 | Revolutionary tribunal set up... .24 Aug. 1572 1576 19 Aug. 1792 Decree of the National Assembly against the priests; 40,000 exiled.. .26 Aug. Massacre in Paris; the prisons broken open, and 1200 persons (100 priests) slain.. ..2-5 Sept. 66 War with England and Holland declared, War in La Vendée.. Murder of the princess de Lamballe. Duke of Brunswick defeated at Valmy........ .20 Sept. .3 Sept. .17 Sept. proclaimed, 64 22 Sept. 66 64 66 Rochelle taken after a long siege. 1628 "Day of Dupes;" Richelieu's energy defeats the machinations of his enemies.. Reign of Terror-proscription of Girondists, 31 May; establishment of convention.. 23 June, 66 .11 Nov. 1630 Richelieu organizes the Académie de France 1634-5 Marat stabbed by Charlotte Corday.. The queen beheaded.. .13 July, ..16 Oct. His death (aged 58) Accession of Louis XIV., aged four years (Anne of Austria regent). Administration of Mazarin; victories of Turenne......1643-6 Civil wars of the Fronde.. Death of Mazarin, 9 March; Colbert financial minister.. 1661 War with Holland, etc.. Canal of Languedoc constructed.. Peace of Nimeguen.. Edict of Nantes revoked.. Louis marries madame de Maintenon War with William III. of England.. At Ramillies.. 1672 .1664-81 ..10 Aug. 1678 .22 Oct. 1685 .1689, etc. Philip Egalité, duke of Orleans, who had voted for the king's death, guillotined at Paris (see Orleans), 6 Nov. ; and madame Roland. Worship of Goddess of Reason.. Adoption of new republican calendar. Execution of Danton and others, 5 April; Elizabeth.... Robespierre president, 4 June; he and 71 Abolition of the Revolutionary Tribunal, Insurrection of the Faubourgs.. ..20 Sept. 1697 .Sept. 1701 Louis XVII. dies in prison.. Bonaparte's successful campaigns in Italy. Babeuf's conspiracy suppressed. Pichegru's conspiracy fails.. Expedition to Syria and Egypt (which see). European coalition against France. .8 Nov. .....10 Nov. ..24 Nov. of madame 66 12 May, 1794 others guillo...28 July, ...15 Dec. 46 ..5 April, 1795 .20, 21 May, ..8 June, ..1 Nov. ...1796, etc. .12 May, 1796 ..May, 1797 .July, 1798 .. April, 1799 Council of Five Hundred deposed by Bonaparte, who is declared First Consul... He defeats the Austrians at Marengo... Amnesty to the emigrants.. Peace of Ryswick... War of the Spanish succession.. French defeated at Blenheim. Peace of Utrecht (which see).. Sept. Accession of Louis XV.; stormy regency of the duke of Orleans.. Law's Bubble in France (see Law).. .1 Sept. 1715, etc. 1716 French defeated at Dettingen.. Legion of Honor instituted The Jesuits banished from France, and their effects confiscated Bonaparte made consul for life.. 1762 .10 Nov. .....14 June, 1800 66 ..24 Dec. and Holland) 25-27 March, 1802 . April, ..19 May, ...2 Aug. ..14 April, 1803 22 May, The Bank of France established.. Duc d'Enghien executed.. 26 66 ..6 April, 1804 .21 March, France made an empire; Napoleon proclaimed 18 May; crowned by the pope.... His interview with the czar at Tilsit, 26 June; peace signed... 7 July, 66 66 His Milan decree against British commerce.....17 Dec. New nobility of France created.. .1 March, 1808 Abdication of Charles IV. of Spain and his son in favor of Napoleon, 5 May; insurrrection in Spain...27 May, 66 Commencement of the Peninsular war (see Spain). July, 66 Alliance of England and Austria against France... April, 1809 Victories in Austria; Napoleon enters Vienna...... May, Peace of Vienna.. ...14 Oct. 44 66 Divorce of the emperor and empress Josephine decreed by the senate... 16 Dec. 66 Marriage of Napoleon to Maria Louisa of Austria, 1 April, 1810 Holland united to France.. ..9 July, Birth of the king of Rome (since styled Napoleon II.), The silver plate used in the churches transferred to the mint and coined.. Death of Mirabeau. ..3 March, 1791 2 April, War with Russia declared.. Victory at Borodino.... 20 March, 1811 .22 June, 1812 7 Sept. Disastrous retreat; French army nearly destroyed, Oct. Alliance of Austria, Russia, and Prussia against France, March, 1813 War declared against the emperor... .20 April, 1792 The Jacobin club declare their sittings permanent, 18 June, 66 The multitude, bearing the red bonnet of liberty, march to the Tuileries to make demands on the king, 20 June, First coalition against France; commencement of the great French war.... ....June, (See Battles, 1792 to 1815.) The royal Swiss guards cut to pieces; massacre of 3000 persons... ....10 Aug. The allies sign a treaty against him 46 He abolishes the slave-trade Arrives at Fontainebleau (the Hundred Days)..20 March, Joined by all the army 22 March, March, 29 March, |