calendar existed until the 10th Nivose, year of the re- | royal seal, archives, etc., 15 July, 1194. Fréteval was public XIV., 31 Dec. 1805, when the Gregorian mode of taken by the Germans, 14 Dec. 1870, and soon abancalculation was restored by Napoleon I. doned. Vendemiaire. Nivose.. Germinal.. Prairial.. Messidor Fervidor, or AUTUMN. Vintage month. .22 Sept. to 21 Oct. . Sleet month.....21 Nov. to 20 Dec. WINTER. Snow month.. 21 Dec. to 19 Jan. SPRING. .Sprouts' month, 21 March to 19 April. SUMMER. .Harvest month., 19 June to 18 July. .Hot month......19 July to 17 Aug. ...... Fruit month....18 Aug. to 16 Sept. SANSCULOTIDES, OR FEASTS DEDICATED TO Thermidor.. Fructidor. 17 Sept. ...18 Sept. ...19 Sept. .20 Sept. ....21 Sept. French Treaty, the term given to the treaty of commerce between Great Britain and France, signed 23 Jan. 1860, at Paris, by lord Cowley and Richard Cobden and by the ministers MM. Baroche and Rouher. The beneficial results of this treaty compensated for the depression of trade occasioned by the civil war in the United States (1861-5). The French assembly determined that on 15 March, 1871, this treaty should cease in 12 months from that date. A fresh treaty was signed at Paris 29 Jan. 1873. Free trade was somewhat restricted, but the new French navigation law was relaxed. Negotiations for a new treaty began in London, 26 May, 1881. French Wars IN AMERICA, between the French and English colonists. Friars (from the French frère, a brother); see Minorites, Carmelites, Dominicans, Franciscuns, and other orders. Friday, the sixth day of the week; so called from Friga, or Frea, the Scandinavian Venus, the wife of Thor, and goddess of peace, fertility, and riches, who with Thor and Odin composed the supreme council of the gods; see Good Friday. Friedland (Prussia). Here the allied Russians and Prussians were beaten by the French, commanded by Napoleon, on 14 June, 1807. The allies lost eighty pieces of cannon and about 18,000 men; the French about 10,000 men. The peace of Tilsit followed, by which Prussia was obliged to surrender nearly half her dominions. Friendly Isles, in the Southern Pacific, consist of a group of more than 150 islands, forming an archipelago of very considerable extent. These islands were discovered by Tasman, in 1643; visited by Wallis, who called them Keppel Isles, 1767; and by capt. Cook, who named them on account of the friendly disposition of the natives, 1773. Subsequent voyagers describe the natives as very ferocious. Friendly Societies, which originated in the clubs of the industrious classes, were subjected to slight control in 1793, and have been regulated by various enactments. Other acts were passed in 1855, 1858, and 1860; important ones, 11 Aug. 1875, 24 July, 1876. In London, the Defoe Friendly Society dates from 1687; the Norman, 1703; the Lintot, 1708; still exist, 1879. Friends, see Quakers, and under Clergy. Friesland, EAST (N. Germany), the ancient Frisia, 1713 1744 1745 1749 1753-4 1756 1757 Louisburg taken by Amherst, and Duquesne by Wash ington... 1758 Battle of Ticonderoga, and defeat of the English. Ticonderoga, Crown Point, Niagara, and Quebec taken.. Canada surrendered to Great Britain, 1760; and secured to her by the treaty at Paris in.. Frenchtown (Canada), was taken from the British by gen. Winchester, 18 Jan. 1813, during the second war with the United States of America. It was retaken by the British forces under gen. Proctor, 22 Jan., and the United States commander and his troops were made prisoners. Fresco Paintings are executed on plaster while fresh. Very ancient ones exist in Egypt, Italy, and England, and modern ones in the British houses of parliament, at Berlin, and other places. The fresco paintings by Giotto and others at the Campo Santo, a cemetery at Pisa, executed in the thirteenth century, are justly celebrated; see Stereochromy. Fresh-water Fish, see Fish. Fréteval (central France). Here Richard I. of England defeated Philip II. of France, and captured his Friuli (Venetia), made a duchy by Alboin the Lombard when he established his kingdom, about 570. It was conquered by Charlemagne. Henri, a Frenchman, made duke, was assassinated in 799, which was the fate of duke Berengarius, king of Italy and emperor, in 924. The emperor Conrad gave the duchy to his chancellor, Poppo, patriarch of Aquileia, in the eleventh century; it was conquered by Venice in 1420, annexed to Austria, 1797; to France, 1805; to Austria, 1814; to Italy, 1866. Frobisher, who tried to find a northwest passage to Frobisher's Straits, discovered by sir Martin China, and after exploring the coast of New Greenland, entered this strait, 11 Aug. 1576. He returned to England, bringing with him a quantity of black ore, supposed to contain gold, which induced queen Elizabeth to patronize a second voyage. This led to a third fruitless expedition. He was mortally wounded at Brest, Nov. 1594. Froebel Society, established to promote the Kindergarten system (which see), 1874. Frogmore, near Windsor, Berks. A house here, built by Nash, was the residence of queen Charlotte and afterwards of the duchess of Kent. Here is situate the mausoleum of the late prince-consort; see Albert, A frost at Constantinople, when the two seas there were frozen a hundred miles from the shore... Oct. 763-Feb. A frost in England on midsummer-day is said to have destroyed the fruits of the earth. Frohsdorf, a village near Vienna, lately the resi- | France on the 5th Fructidor, year III., or 22 Aug. 1795; dence of the comte de Chambord; see France, 1873. see Directory. Fronde, CIVIL WARS OF THE, in France, in the minority of Louis XIV. (1648–52), during the government of queen Anne of Austria and cardinal Mazarin, between the followers of the court and the nobility, and the parliament and the citizens. The latter were called Frondeurs (slingers), it is said, from an incident in a street quarrel. In a riot on 27 Aug. 1648, barricades were erected in Paris. Fruits. Several varieties introduced into Italy, 70 B.C. et seq. Many exotic fruits and flowers, previously unknown in England, were brought thither between 1500 and 1578, and very many in the present century; see Gardening and Flowers. Almond-tree, Barbary.. Apples, Syria... Apple, custard, North America... Frosts. The following are some of the most re- Apricots, Epirus.. markable recorded (see Cold): The Euxine Sea frozen over for 20 days... 402 Cherry-trees, Pontus... Cornelian cherry, Austria.. about 1548 1522 1736 1818 1540 100 Cherries, Flanders.. 1540 1596 Thames frozen for 14 weeks... 1063 Grapes, Portugal. 1528 Dreadful frosts in England from Nov. to April. Lemons, Spain.. 1554 1076 Limes, American Melons. before 1752 ..before 1540 1407 The ice bore riding upon it from Lübeck to Prussia.. Severe frost, when large fowl of the air sought shelter in the towns of Germany... Mulberry, white, China. ..about 1596 1426 Mulberry, the red, North America.. .before 1629 before 1754 Nectarine, Persia.... 1652 The Baltic frozen, and horse passengers crossed from Denmark to Sweden.. Olive, the sweet-scented, China.. 1771 The winter so severe in Flanders that the wine distributed was cut by hatchets.. Peaches, Persia. 1562 Carriages passed over from Lambeth to Westminster.... 1515 Pineapple, Brazils.. 1568 1544 Pippins, Netherlands. Plums, Italy... 1525 1522 Pomegranate, Spain... before 1548 1548 Quince, Austria.. 1573 1796 .before 1696 Quince, Japan.. The Scheldt frozen so hard as to sustain loaded wagons, 1565 Raspberry, the Virginian.. 1658 The rivers of Europe and the Zuyder-Zee frozen; ice covers the Hellespont.... Charles X. of Sweden crossed the Little Belt over the ice from Holstein to Denmark, with his whole army... The forest trees, and even the oaks in England, split by the frost; most of the hollies were killed; the Thames covered with ice eleven inches thick; and nearly all the birds perished... ..Dec. 1683-Feb. 1684 "The people kept trades on the Thames as in a fair, till 4 Feb. 1684. About forty coaches daily plied on the Thames as on drye land. Bought this book at a shop upon the ice in the middle of the Thames."-Entry in the memoranda of a Citizen. The wolves, driven by the cold, entered Vienna, and attacked cattle and men... Strawberry, the Oriental, Levant.. Walnut, the black, North America.. .before 1629 Fuchsia, an American plant named after the German botanist Leonard Fuchs, about 1542. The Fuchsia fulgens, the most beautiful variety, was introduced from Mexico, about 1830. Fuel, see Coal, Bogs. In the autumn of 1873, it was announced that Louis Rayneckers, a French peasant, had discovered that earth mixed with coal and a little soda made good fuel. Fuentes de Onoro (central Spain). On 2 May, 1811, Massena crossed the Agueda with 40,000 infantry, 5000 horses, and about 30 pieces of artillery, to relieve Almeida. He expected every day to be superseded in his command, and wished to make a last effort for his own military character. Wellington could muster no more than 32,000 men, of which only 1200 were cavalry. He, however, determined to fight rather than give up the blockade of Almeida. After much fighting, on 3 May, night came on and stopped the conflict. Next day Massena was joined by Bessières with a body of the Imperial Guard, and on 5 May made his grand attack. In all the war there was not a more dangerous hour for England. The fight lasted until evening, when the lower part of the town was abandoned by both parties -the British maintaining the chapel and crags, and the French retiring a cannon-shot from the stream.-Napier. Fuessen (Bavaria). By a treaty signed here, 22 April, 1745, peace was made between Maria Theresa, queen of Hungary, and the elector of Bavaria, the latter renouncing his claim to the imperial crown and recovering his lost territories. Fugger, an illustrious German family (the present head, prince Leopold Fugger - Babenhausen, since 28 May, 1836), derives its origin from John Fugger, a master weaver in Augsburg in 1370; and its wealth by trade, and by money-lending to monarchs, especially the emperors. Fugitive Slave Law passed by the United States congress in Sept. 1850. It imposed a fine of $1000 and six months' imprisonment on any person harboring fugitive slaves or aiding in their escape; it empowered slaveFructidor Constitution, that promulgated in owners to go into any state or territory and there recover 5 Oct. 1878 fugitive slaves, and made it lawful to compel the assist- | Church of England Funeral and Mourning Reform Association founded at Sheffield, by earl Nelson and others, ance of any citizen in capturing fugitives. The law was stoutly resisted in most of the northern states by legislative enactments and otherwise. It was repealed 13 June, 1864; see Slavery in America. Fugitive Slave Circulars, see Slavery. Fugue, in music (in which one part seems to chase another), is described in Morley's "Introduction to Practicall Musicke," 1597. Sebastian Bach and Handel were eminent fugue-writers. Fulda (W. Germany), the seat of an abbey founded by St. Boniface, the apostle of Germany, in 744. It was made a bishopric in 1752, and a principality in 1803. Napoleon incorporated it with Frankfort in 1810, but in 1815 it was ceded to Hesse-Cassel. Fulford, Yorkshire. Here Harold Hardrada of Norway, and Tostig, brother of Harold of England, defeated the earls Edwin and Morcar, 20 Sept. 1066; and the people near York submitted to them; see Stamford Bridge. Fuller Case, see India, 1876. Fumigation. Acron, a physician of Agrigentum, is said to have first caused great fires to be lighted and aromatics to be thrown into them to purify the air, and thus to have stopped the plague at Athens and other places in Greece, about 473 B.C. Funds, see Stocks and Sinking Fund. Funerals. David lamented over Saul and Jona than, 1056 B.C., and over Abner, 1048 B.C. (2 Sam. i. and iii.). In Greece, Solon was the first who pronounced a funeral oration, according to Herodotus, 580 B.C. The Romans pronounced harangues over their illustrious dead. Theopompus obtained a prize for the best Funeral Oration in praise of Mausolus, 353 B.C. Popilia was the first Roman lady who had an oration pronounced at her funeral, which was done by her son, Crassus; and it is observed by Cicero that Julius Cæsar did the like for his aunt Julia and his wife Cornelia.-Funeral Games, among the Greeks and Romans, included horse-races, dramatic representations, processions, and mortal combats of gladiators. These games were abolished by the emperor Claudius, A.D. 47. A tax was laid on funerals in England, 1793. (See Burials.) PUBLIC FUNERALS voted by parliament: Duke of Rutland, in Ireland.... Charles James Fox.. Richard Brinsley Sheridan.. .17 Nov. 1787 ....9 Jan. 1806 .22 Feb. 66 .10 Oct. .13 July, 1816 ..16 Aug. 1827 .18 Nov. 1852 Viscount Palmerston (at her majesty's request)...27 Oct. 1865 Furniture. Specimens of Egyptian furniture, represented on the interior walls of the pyramids, appear in Rosellini's "Monumenti dell' Egitto," 1832-44, vol. ii. Mr. J. G. Pollen's "Ancient and Modern Furniture and Woodwork" in the South Kensington Museum, 1874, illustrated by photographs and engravings, was published July, 1874. Many interesting examples will be found in Fosbroke's "Encyclopædia of Antiquities,” vol. i. 1825. Furruckabad (N. India), a province acquired by the East India Company in June, 1802. Near the capital of the same name, 16 Nov. 1804, lord Lake defeated the Maharatta chief Holkar, and about 60,000 cavalry, himself losing 2 killed and about 20 wounded. Furs were worn by Henry I. about 1125. Edward III. enacted that all persons who could not spend 100%. a year should be prohibited this species of finery, 28 March, 1336-7. Fusiliers. Foot - soldiers, formerly armed with fusees with slings to sling them. The 7th regiment (or Royal English Fusiliers) was raised, 11 June, 1685; the 21st (or Royal North British), 23 Sept. 1679; the 23d (or Royal Welsh), 17 March, 1688.-Grose. Fusion of the French legitimists and Orleanists into one monarchical party, 5 Aug. 1873; see France. Futtehghur (India). Here Nana Sahib massacred both the English defenders of the fort and their Sepoy assailants, July, 1857; and here the Sepoy rebels were defeated by sir Colin Campbell, 2 Jan. 1858. Gabelle (from Gabe, a gift), a term applied to various taxes, but afterwards restricted to the duty upon salt, first imposed by Philip the Fair on the French in 1286.-Duruy. Our Edward III., termed Philip of Valois, who exacted the tax rigorously, the author of the Salic law (from sal, salt), 1340. The assessments were unequal, being very heavy in some provinces and light in others; owing to exemptions purchased from the sovereigns. The tax produced 38 millions of francs in the reign of Louis XVI. It was a grievous burden, and tended to hasten the revolution, during which it was abolished (1790). Gaelic, the northern branch of the Celtic languages, Irish, Erse or Highland Scottish, and Manx. The "Dean of Lismore's Book" (written 1511-51) contains Gaelic poetry; specimens were published, with translations, in 1862, by rev. T. M'Lachlan; see Celts. Gaeta (the ancient Cajeta), a fortified Neapolitan seaport, has undergone several remarkable sieges. It was taken by the French, 4 Jan. 1799; by the English, 31 Oct. 1799; by the French, 18 July, 1806; and by the Austrians in 1815 and 1821. Here pope Pius IX. took refuge, 24 Nov. 1848, and resided more than a year. Here also Francis II. of Naples, with his queen and court, fled when Garibaldi entered Naples, 7 Sept. 1860; and here he remained till the city was taken by the Sardinian G. gen. Cialdini, 13 Feb. 1861, after a severe siege, uselessly prolonged by a French fleet remaining in the harbor. Cialdini was created duke of Gaeta. the king and government from the harangues of sediGagging Bill, properly so called, meant to protect tious meetings, was enacted 8 Dec. 1795, when the popular mind was much excited. In Dec. 1819, soon after the Manchester affray, an act was passed for restraining public meetings and cheap periodical publications; it popular assemblies, particularly in Ireland, have been was popularly called "a gagging bill." Statutes coercing also so designated; see Germany, Jan.-March, 1879. Gaiety Theatre, Strand, opened 21 Dec. 1868, Mr. John Hollingshead manager. Gaikas AND Galekas, see Kaffraria. Gaines's Mill (Va.), BATTLE OF, see Peninsular Campaign. Galapagos, islands ceded to the United States by Ecuador, 3 Nov. 1854, the British, French, and other powers protesting against it. Galatia, a province of Asia Minor. In the third century B.C., the Gauls under Brennus invaded Greece, crossed the Hellespont, and conquered the Troas, 278; were checked by Attalus I. in a battle about 241; and then settled in what was called afterwards Gallogræcia and Galatia. The country was ravaged by Cneius | Vict. c. 66 (1845), inaugurated 30 Oct. 1849; see ColManlius, 189 B.C., and was finally annexed to the Roman leges and Ireland, 1872-3. empire, 25 B.C., on the death of the king Amyntas. Paul's Epistle to the Galatians was probably written A.D. 58. Galatz (Moravia). The preliminaries of peace between Russia and Turkey signed here, 11 Aug. 1791, led to the treaty of Jassy, 9 Jan. 1792. The site of several conflicts, in which the Russians defeated the Turks, Nov. 1769; 10 May, 1828. In 1858 the sailing of mail steam-packets from Galway to America began; but the subsidy ceased in May, 1861, through the company's breach of contract, which occasioned much discussion in parliament. In July, 1863, the contract for the conveyance of mails from Galway to America The was renewed, and 75,000l. voted for the purpose. scheme was not successful. On 9 Nov. the steamer Anglia struck on the Black Rock, and the mails were taken to Dublin. The last packet sailed in Feb. 1864. Gambia, see West Africa. The proposed cession of Gambia to France, in exchange for other territories, was opposed in Jan. 1876, and eventually given up. Gamboge, a medicine and pigment, brought from India by the Dutch, about 1600. Hermann, in 1677, announced that it was derived from two trees of Ceylon, since ascertained to belong to the order Guttifera. Game Laws are a remnant of the forest laws im The Galicia, a province, N. W. Spain, was conquered by D. Junius Brutus, 136 B.C., and by the Vandals A.D. 419; and was subdued by successive invaders. In 1065, on the death of Ferdinand I., king of Castile and Leon, when his dominions were divided, his son Garcia became king of Galicia. Ruling tyrannically, he was expelled by his brother Sancho; returned at his death, in 1072; was again expelled by his brother Alfonso, 1073; and died in prison in 1091. Alfonso, son of Urraca, queen of Cas- posed by William the Conqueror, who, to preserve his tile, was made king of Galicia by her in 1109. He de- game, made it forfeiture of property to disable a wild fended his mother, a dissolute woman, against her hus- beast, and loss of eyes for a stag, buck, or boar. band, Alfonso VII., and at her death, in 1126, acquired clergy protested against ameliorations of these laws, Castile, and once more reunited the kingdoms.-GALI- under Henry III. The first game act passed in 1496. CIA, Poland. East Galicia was acquired by the emperor Game certificates were first granted with a duty in of Germany at the partition in 1772, and West Galicia 1784. The Game act (1 & 2 Will. IV. c. 32), greatly at that of 1795. The latter was ceded to the grand-modifying all previous laws, was passed in 1831. By it duchy of Warsaw in 1809, but recovered by Austria in 1815. The appointment of count Goluchowski, a Pole, as governor, in Oct. 1866, gave much satisfaction to the Poles; about 2,000,000 in this province; see Poland, note. Gall, St. (Switzerland). The abbey, founded in the seventh century, was surrounded by a town in the tenth. St. Gall became a canton of the confederation in 1815. Galleries, see National, Louvre, and Versailles. Galleys with three rows of rowers, triremes, were invented by the Corinthians, 786 B.C.-Blair. The terms "galley slave" and "condemned to the galleys arose from these sea-vessels having from 25 to 30 benches on each side, manned by four or five slaves to each bench. In France they had a general of galleys of whom the baron de la Garde was the first, 1544. The punishment of the galleys (galères) has been superseded by the "travaux forcés," forced labor, regulated by a law of 1854, the men being called "forçats." Gallican Church, see Church of France. A building for the Catholic Gallican church was opened by Gallipoli, the ancient Callipolis, a seaport in Turkey in Europe, 128 miles west of Constantinople. It was taken by the Turks in 1357, and fortified by Bajazet I. The first division of the French and English armies proceeding against the Russians landed here in March and April, 1854. Gallium, new elementary metal discovered by Lecoq de Boisbaudran, by means of the spectroscope: reported to French Academy of Sciences 20 Sept, and 6 Dec. 1875. Galoches, French for overshoes, formerly of leather; but since 1843 made of vulcanized India-rubber. The importation of galoshes was prohibited by 3 Edw. IV. c. 4 (1463). the sale of game is legalized at certain seasons. By the censes, 1877-8, 196,352. Motions for abolition made annually in commons by Mr. P. Taylor, lost (160-87).. .2 March, 1880 The Ground Game act, to protect farmers from injury to .......7 Sept. crops, 43 & 44 Vict. c. 47, passed....... Games. Candidates for athletic games in Greece were dieted on new cheese, dried figs, and boiled grain, with warm water, and no meat. The sports were leaping, foot-races, quoits, wrestling, and boxing; see Capitoline, Isthmian, Olympic, Pythian, Secular Games, etc. GAMING was introduced into England by the Saxons; the loser was often made a slave to the winner, and sold in traffic, like other merchandise.-Camden. Act prohibiting gaming to all gentlemen (and interdicting tennis, cards, dice, bowls, etc., to inferior people, except at Christmas time).. Gaming-houses licensed in London... Any person losing, by betting or playing, more than 1007. at any one time, not compellable to pay the same, 16 Chas. II..... 1541 1620 1663 Bonds or other securities given for money won at play 1739 1838 The profits of a gaming house in London for one season Gamut. The scale of musical intervals (commonly Galvanism AND Galvano-plastics, see under termed do or ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, to which si was added Electricity. Galway (W. Ireland). The ancient settlers here were divided into 13 tribes, a distinction not yet forgotten. It was conquered by Richard de Burgo in 1232. In 1690 Galway city declared for king James, but was taken by gen. Ginckel soon after the decisive battle of Aughrim, 12 July, 1691. Here is one of the new colleges, endowed by government, pursuant to act 8 & 9 | afterwards), for which the first seven letters of the alphabet are now employed, is mentioned by Guido Aretino, a Tuscan monk, about 1025. Gandamak (or GUNDAMUK), North India. A treaty with Yakoob Khan, ameer of Afghanistan, was signed here by major Cavagnari, 26 May, 1879. Principal articles: British to hold Khyber Pass and valleys of Kuram and Peshin; a British resident at Cabul; annual about 1497 23 April, 1522 subsidy of 60,000%, to the ameer, etc. The treaty was not | Collar and George of the order instituted by Henry VII., carried out; see Afghanistan, Sept. 1879. The statutes reformed by order, 28 May, 1519; issued, The ceremonies altered in consequence of the Reforma Revision of the statutes. tion.... .20 April, 1548 1560 1567 1629 1786 The annual feast of St. George discontinued The escocheon converted into a star... The number of knights increased by seven. bad-The order reconstituted; to consist of the sovereign, the prince of Wales, 25 knights companions, and lineal descendants of George III., when elected.... ..17 Jan. 1805 Several European sovereigns elected... .1813-14 Ganges Canal, for irrigating the country between the Ganges and the Jumna. The main line (525 miles long) was opened 8 April, 1854. The immense difficulties in its execution were overcome by the skill and perseverance of its engineer, sir Proby Cautley. In Oct. 1864, sir Arthur Cotton asserted that the work was ly done, and the investment only paid 3 per cent. Gangs, see Agricultural Gangs. Gardeners' Chronicle, a weekly paper, long edited by Dr. John Lindley, first appeared 2 Jan. 1841. Gardening. The first garden, Eden, planted by God (Gen. ii.). The Scriptures abound with allusions to gardens, particularly the Song of Solomon and the prophets; and Christ's agony took place in a garden. Xenophon describes the gardens at Sardis, and Epicurus and Plato taught in gardens. Theophrastus's "History of Plants" was written about 322 B.C. Horace, Virgil, and Ovid derive many images from the garden (50 B.C. to A.D. 50); and Pliny's Tusculan villa is circumstantially described (about A.D. 100). The Romans introduced gardening into Britain, the religious orders maintained it, and its cultivation increased in the sixteenth century, when many Flemings came here to escape the persecutions of Philip II. Miller's dictionary was published in 1724; the Horticultural Society (which see) was established in 1804; Loudon's "Encyclopædia of Gardening " was first published in 1822, and his "Encyclopædia of Plants" in 1829; an act for the protection of gardens and ornamental grounds in cities was passed in 1863; see Botany, Flowers, Fruits. Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Institution, founded 1838. Garigliano, a river, S.W. Italy. After long waiting and refusing to recede a step, the great captain Gonsalvo de Cordova made a bridge over this river, 27 Dec. 1503, and surprised and totally defeated the French army. Gaeta surrendered a few days after. Garrote, a machine for strangling criminals, used in Spain. Many attempts to strangle made by thieves (termed "garroters") in the winter of 1862-3 led to the passing of an act in July, 1863, to punish these acts by flogging, which proved effectual. Garter, ORDER OF THE. Edward III., when at war with France and eager to draw the best soldiers of Eu Abdul-Aziz, sultan of Turkey, invested with the Garter by the queen on board her yacht at the naval review, The shah of Persia invested by the queen at Windsor, ORIGINAL KNIGHTS. 20 June, 1873 King Edward III., sovereign. Bartholomew, lord Burghershe. John, lord Mohun, of Dunster. John, lord Grey, of Rotherfield. Sir Otho Holand. Sir Sanchet d'Abrichecourt. Other gases liquefied by intense cold and great pressure Cailletet soon after .1877-8 The process exhibited at the Royal Institution, London, Furnaces in which gases are used as fuel invented by C. rope into his interest, projected the revival of king Ar-Nitrogen, hydrogen, and atmospheric air liquefied by thur's round table, proclaimed a solemn tilting. On New Year's day, 1343-4, he published letters of protection for the safe coming and returning of such foreign knights as would venture their reputation at the jousts and tournaments about to be held. They took place 23 April, 1344. A table was erected in Windsor Castle of 200 feet diameter, and the knights were entertained at the king's expense. In 1346, Edward gave his garter for the signal of a battle that had been crowned with success (supposed to be Cressy); and being victorious on sea and land, and having David, king of Scotland, a prisoner, he, in memory of these exploits, is said to have instituted this order, 23 April, 1349; see below. Edward III. gave the garter pre-eminence among the ensigns of the order; it is of blue velvet bordered with gold, with the inscription in old French, "Honi soit qui mal y pense" (Evil be to him who evil thinks). The knights are installed at Windsor, and styled Equites aureæ periscelidis (knights of the golden garter).-Beatson. The order, until king Edward VI.'s time, was called the order of St. George, the patron saint of England. His figure on horseback, presented as holding a spear, and killing the dragon, was first worn by the knights of the institution. It is suspended by a blue ribbon across the body from the shoulder. 1866 1861 .Dec. 1864 143 of these engines had been working in Paris; and in- Gas Music, see Pyrophone. 1867 |
