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The first chancellor of the empire, prince Otho von Bismarck, | Lorraine ceded to France.... May, 1871.

Population of German empire, 1881, 45,194,172.

1766

Joseph II. extends his dominions by the dismemberment of Poland, 1772; many civil reforms and liberal changes..

1782

The Teutones, united with the Cymry, defeat the Romans in Illyria....

War with Turkey..

1788

B.C.

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After varying success are defeated by Marius.

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Drusus invaded Germany..

12-9

Battle of Teutoburg; Hermann, or Arminius, destroys the

J. G. Basedow, educational reformer, dies.......25 July, 1790 The Rhenish provinces revolt..

1793

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Francis I. joins in the second partition of Poland. In the ruinous wars between Germany and France, the emperor loses the Netherlands, all his territories west of the Rhine, and his states in Italy...

1795

962

.450 et seq.

Great irruption of Germanic tribes into Gaul... Charlemagne, after a long contest, subdues the Saxons, who become Christians.

pope.

.772-785

896

He is crowned emperor of the West at Rome by the ..25 Dec. 800 He adds a second head to the eagle, to denote that the empires of Rome and Germany are united in him 802 Louis (le Débonnaire) separates Germany from France.839-40 The Germans under Arnold take Rome The German princes assert their independence, and Conrad I. of Franconia reigns... ..8 Nov. [The electorate began about this time; see Electors.] Reign of Henry I. (king), surnamed the Fowler; he vanquishes the Huns, Danes, Vandals, and Bohemians ..918-34 Otho I. extends his dominions, and is crowned emperor by the pope....

911

..1793-1803

Cessions of territory to France by the treaty of Luneville,

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"Society for Promoting the Knowledge of Ancient German History" founded by Stein..

1819

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A German scientific association formed, "NaturforscherVerein" (see German Union).

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General depression in trade..

.Sept. 1822 1824

He takes Rome, 1084; and Gregory dies in exile at Salerno...

Death of J. H. Voss, poet, etc..

29 March, 1826

1085

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Revolution at Brunswick (flight of the duke).....7 Sept. 1830
In Saxony (abdication of the king)..
13 Sept. 66
Death of Goethe, poet, novelist, and philosopher,

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22 March, 1832

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1147 1162 .10 June, 1190

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1180

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Excitement about Ronge, the Catholic reformer, and the
holy coat of Treves..
Insurrection at Vienna and throughout Germany (see
Austria, Hungary, etc.)...

1844

1818

Hanseatic League established.

Reign of Rodolph, count of Hapsburg, chosen electors.

The edict called the Golden Bull, by Charles IV The Tyrol acquired

..about 1245 by the 1273 1356

1363

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Revolt in Schleswig and Holstein (see Denmark). March, The king of Prussia takes the lead as an agitator, to promote the reconsolidation of the German empire, by a proclamation.. .27 March, German national assembly meet at Frankfort (see Ger manic Confederation).. ..18 May, Archduke John of Austria elected vicar of the empire, 12 July, The national assembly elects the king of Prussia emperor, 28 March; he declines... .3 April, 1849 He recalls the Prussian members of the assembly, 14 May, The Frankfort assembly transfers its sittings to Stuttgart.... ..30 May, Treaty of Vienna between Austria and Prussia for the formation of a new central power for a limited time; appeal to be made to the governments of Germany, 30 Sept. Protest of Austria against the alliance of Prussia with the smaller German states... 12 Nov. Treaty of Munich between Bavaria, Saxony, and Würtemberg for a revision of the German Confederation,

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Who are helped by Henry II. of France-Peace of Religion at Passau.

.31 July, 1552

Abdication of Charles V. announced. Hungary joined to the empire..

......25 Oct. 1555

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1570

The Thirty Years' war begins between the Evangelic Union under the elector - palatine, and the Catholic League under the duke of Bavaria.. 1618 Battle of Prague, which ruined the elector-palatine. 8 Nov. 1620 Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden invades Germany..June, 1630 Gustavus Adolphus, victor, killed at Lutzen.....16 Nov. 1632 Treason of Wallenstein; he is assassinated......25 Feb. 1634 End of the Thirty Years' war; treaty of Westphalia, establishing religious toleration.. .24 Oct. 1648 1674 John Sobieski, king of Poland, after defeating the Turks, obliges them to raise the siege of Vienna. .12 Sept. 1683 .20 Sept. 1697 26 Jan. 1699 .13 Aug. 1704 .11 April, 1713 1722

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Parliament meets at Erfurt..

27 Feb. 1850 ..March,

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The king of Würtemberg denounces the insidious ambition of the king of Prussia. 15 March, German diet meets at Frankfort.. ...10 May, Hesse-Cassel sends no representative to Erfurt, 7 June; Hesse-Darmstadt withdraws from the Prussian league, 20 June, Austria calls an assembly of the German Confederation, 19 July; which meets at Frankfort.. ....2 Sept. Austrian, Bavarian, and Prussian forces enter Hesse-Cassel (see Hesse-Cassel)... 12 Nov. Conferences on German affairs at Dresden, 23 Dec. 1850, to 15 May, 1851 Max Schneckenburger, author of the song "Die Wacht am Rhein," died. Re-establishment of the diet of the Germanic Confederation at Frankfort. ...30 May, Conference at Nuremberg relative to a general code of commerce... 15 Jan. 1857

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Great excitement in Germany at the French successes in Lombardy; warlike preparations in Bavaria, etc., May and June, 1859 Meetings of new liberal party in Eisenach, Saxe-Weimar, 17 July; seven resolutions put forth recommending that the imperfect federal constitution be changed, that the German diet be replaced by a strong central government; that a national assembly be summoned; and that Prussia be invited to take the initiative, 14 Aug. This proposal not accepted by Prussia, and warmly opposed by Hanover. Sept. The Austrian minister, Rechberg, severely censuring the duke of Saxe-Gotha for a liberal speech, 4 Sept.; and

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accusing the Prussian government of favoring the liberals, meets with cutting retorts. .Sept. 1859 Death of Ernst Moritz Arndt, patriot and poet...29 Jan. 1860 The federal diet maintains the Hesse-Cassel constitution of 1852 against Prussia.... .24 March, Meeting of the French emperor and the German sovereigns at Baden, 16, 17 June; and of the czar and the emperor of Austria and the regent of Prussia at Toplitz...... .......26 July, etc. Meeting at Coburg in favor of German unity against French aggression.. .5 Sept. Dispute with Denmark respecting the rights of Holstein and Schleswig.

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Count Bismarck announces the declaration of war by France, and terms it groundless and presumptuous, 19 July, Bavaria, Würtemberg, Hesse-Darmstadt, and Baden support Prussia in the war declared by France (see Franco-Prussian War)..... 20 July, Munich, Stuttgart, and other cities declare for union with North Germany. ..about 6 Sept. Socialists declare against annexation of Alsace, etc.,

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Nov. First meeting of a German national shooting-match at Gotha... .8-11 July, 1861 Meeting of German national association at Heidelberg; decides to form a flect.. .23 Aug. 66 Subscriptions received for fleet. .Sept. and Oct. The national association meet at Berlin; they recommend the formation of a united federal government with a central executive, under the leadership of Prussia. .13 March, 1862 Meetings of plenipotentiaries from German states on federal reform.. .8 July-10 Aug. Deputies from German states meet at Weimar, and declare that Germany wants formation into one federal .28, 29 Sept. state.. Congress of deputies from German states declare in favor of unity.. .21 Aug. 1863 The emperor of Austria invites the German sovereigns to a congress at Frankfort, 31 July; king of Prussia declines, 4 Aug.; nearly all the sovereigns meet, 16, 17 Aug.; they approve the Austrian plan of federal reform, 1 Sept.; which is rejected by Prussia..22 Sept. The diet determines to have recourse to federal execution in Holstein if Denmark does not fulfil her obligations..... ....1 Oct.

50th anniversary of the battle of Leipsic celebrated,

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18 Oct. Death of Frederick VII. of Denmark. .15 Nov. German troops enter Holstein forfederal execution" (see Denmark for events)... ...23 Dec. Death of Maximilian II. of Bavaria.. ...10 March, 1864 Prussia retains the duchies; discussion between Austria and Prussia; the diet adopt the resolution of Bavaria and Saxony, requesting Austria and Prussia to give up Holstein to the duke of Augustenburg; rejected,

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6 April, 1865 50th anniversary of the establishment of the Germanic Confederation.. ...8 June, The Gastein convention (which see).. .14 Aug. Condemned by the diet at Frankfort. ..1 Oct. The diet calls on Austria and Prussia to disarm. 19 May, 1866 Meeting of deputies from smaller German states condemn the impending war.. 20 May, Austria declares that Prussia has broken the treaty by invading Holstein, 11 June; the diet adopts this, by 9 votes; the Prussian representative declares the Germanic Confederation at an end, and invites the members to form a new one, excluding Austria.... 14 June, The Prussians enter Saxony, and the war begins, 15 June, The diet determines for war, 16 June; proclaims prince Charles of Bavaria general of the confederation troops, 27 June,

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1867

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[For the war and its consequences, see Prussia and German Confederation, North.] Treaty of alliance between Prussia and the northern states; ratified... .8 Sept. Continued disputes between the diet and Austria and Prussia respecting Schleswig-Holstein, Oct. and Nov. Draft of new constitution for North Germany settled, 9 Feb. Elections commence...... ...12 Feb. North German parliament opened at Berlin by the king of Prussia, 24 Feb.; Dr. Simson elected president, 2 March, The federal constitution adopted (printed in Almanach de Gotha, 1868); the parliament closed.........17 April, The constitution put in action.. .1 July, Meeting of 50 deputies from parliaments of Bavaria, Würtemberg, Baden, and Hesse-Darmstadt, declare necessity of union with North Germany. .Aug. Luxemburg evacuated by the Prussian garrison. .9 Sept. 66 New North German parliament meets, 10 Sept.; closed, 26 Oct. 66 Opened by king of Prussia, 23 March; closed...20 June, 1868 Delegates from the Zollverein meet, April; close. 23 May, Inauguration of the Luther monument at Worms by the king of Prussia. 25 June,

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war.

Sept.-Nov. Baden and Hesse-Darmstadt join the North German Confederation by treaty, about 15 Nov.; also Würtemberg, 25 Nov.; and Bavaria, 23 Nov.; retaining certain pow. ers in military and diplomatic affairs.. ..Nov. The North German parliament opened at Berlin by Dr. Simson on behalf of the king.. .24 Nov. The parliament vote 100,000,000 thalers to continue the ..28 Nov. The king of Bavaria, in a letter to the king of Saxony, proposes the king of Prussia to be nominated emperor of Germany. .about 4 Dec. The parliament in an address request the king to become emperor (votes for, 188; against, 6).. 10 Dec. The address solemnly presented to the king in an assembly of princes by Dr. Simson.. ..18 Dec. Re-establishment of the German empire, 1 Jan.; William I. of Prussia proclaimed emperor at Versailles,

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Several German bankers condemned to imprisonment for subscribing to the French loan.. ..3 Jan. Preliminaries of peace with France signed at Versailles, 26 Feb. The emperor reviews part of his army at Longchamps, near Paris.. ..1 March, First Reichstag, or imperial council, opened at Berlin by the emperor.. 21 March, The new constitution of the empire comes into force, 4 May, Chancery of the empire: prince Bismarck chancellor, 12 May, The treaty of peace ratified.. .16 May, Dr. Döllinger, of Munich, excommunicated for opposing the dogma of papal infallibility, 18 April; made D.C.L. of Oxford. ..June, Triumphal entry of the German armies into Berlin; statue of Frederick William IV. inaugurated. 16 June, Dr. Döllinger elected rector of the university of Munich, 29 July, The emperors of Austria and Germany meet at Salzburg, Bismarck and Beust present... ..6-8 Sept. The Bavarian minister of public worship declares against the dogma of papal infallibility in a letter to the archbishop of Munich.. .27 Sept. The German parliament opened by the emperor, who expresses his conviction that the new German empire will be a reliable shield of peace ......16 Oct. Reform in the coinage: introduction of a gold coin ap. proved by the federal council.. ..about 6 Nov.

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Law forbidding the clergy to meddle with politics in the pulpit.. ..about 26 Nov. Triennial war-budget voted. ....1 Dec. Sharp despatch from count Bismarck to the German ambassador at Paris respecting the acquittal of murderers of Germans at Melun and Paris.... .....7 Dec. Ultramontane agitation against the government; excitement among the Polish Romanists; count Bismarck carries his school inspection bill against the Roman Catholic clergy March, 1872 The empress queen visits England.. ..May, Bismarck reports to the parliament the pope's refusal to receive cardinal Hohenlohe as ambassador. 14 May, Bill for the expulsion of the Jesuits passed in the German parliament (131-93); end of session, 19 June; the law published... ..5 July, Inauguration of a memorial to Von Stein, the patriotic statesman at Nassau, by the emperor... ...9 July, Imperial congress: the czar arrives at Berlin, 5 Sept.; the emperor of Austria, 6 Sept.; both leave; prince Bismarck declares the meeting to be merely an act of friendship; "prince Gortschakoff thankful that nothing was written". ....about 6 Sept. 66 Great emigration of young men to America to avoid the conscription; forbidden by government....... .Sept. The German parliament opened... .12 March, 1873 Treaty with France settling the total evacuation of the departments held by German troops on payment of the indemnity in Sept. signed.. 15 March, The emperor William warmly received at St. Petersburg, 27 April-11 May, The monetary reform law passed, 23 June; the parlia ment closed.. .25 June, ....5 Sept. .....17 Oct. 66

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Letter from earl Russell to the emperor, expressing sympathy of himself and others with the struggle against the pope, 28 Jan.; the emperor replies.. ..18 Feb. 1874 Bismarck confined by illness.. .March, April, Constitutional struggle in the parliament respecting the March, army bill.... The government require 401,659 men (instead of 360,000) permanently; compromise-the army to be settled for ..about 10 April, seven years.. The parliament session closed by the emperor with a pacific speech.. .26 April, German Liberal Association, formed against particularists and ultramontanists. .about June, Count Harry Arnim, formerly ambassador at Rome and Paris, suddenly arrested and imprisoned in Berlin, ostensibly for refusing to give up official papers, 4 Oct. ; released on bail.. 28 Oct. Parliament opened by the emperor; declaration of firm legislative and defensive policy. ....29 Oct. Bismarck resigns the chancellorship after an adverse vote in the parliament, 16 Dec.; on a vote of confidence (199-71) retains it... .18 Dec. Important registration law for births, deaths, and mar riages passed...

Civil marriage bill passed..

International rifle meeting at Stuttgart..

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.Jan. 1875 .25 Jan.

...1 Aug. 66

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Statue of Hermann (or Arminius), by Von Bandel, at Detmold, uncovered by the emperor William.....16 Aug. Parliament meets; pacific speech of the emperor read,

The imperial bank of Germany opens...

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27 Oct. .1 Jan. 1876

Proposal for purchase of all the railways by the imperial government (opposed in the south)..

The czar at Berlin...

.20 March, ....11 May,

Parliament opened with a royal pacific speech...30 Oct. Elections: liberal majority; socialist democrats elected for Berlin....

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KINGS AND EMPERORS OF GERMANY.
CARLOVINGIAN RACE.

800. Charles I., the Great, or Charlemagne.

814. Louis I., le Débonnaire, king of France. 840. Lothairé I., or Lother, son of Louis; died in a monastery at Treves, Sept. 855.

855. Louis II., son of Lothaire.

875. Charles II., the Bald, king of France; died 877.

881. Charles III., the Fat, crowned king of Italy; deposed; succeeded by

887. Arnulf, or Arnoul; crowned emperor at Rome, 896. 899. Louis III., the Blind.

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.10, 11 Jan. 1877

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Conrad I., duke of Franconia, king.

Parliament opened by the emperor; he hopes for peace in the East.. .22 Feb. Supreme Court for Germany settled to be at Leipsic by parliament. .21 March,

New code of laws enacted.
Resignation of Bismarck as chancellor, 3 April; with-
drawn.

Exportation of horses forbidden.
Parliament reopened...

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.8 April, 7 July, .6 Feb. 1878

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In consequence of the attempted assassination of the emperor by Hödel, 11 May, a stringent bill to repress socialism is brought into the parliament, and rejected (251-57).. ..24, 25 May, Grosser Kurfürst, iron-clad, sunk by collision with König Wilhelm off Folkestone; about 300 lost.......31 May, The emperor fired at and wounded by Dr. Karl Eduard Nobiling, a professor of philology and socialist, at Berlin.. .....2 June, The crown-prince authorized to direct public affairs, 4, 5 June, 12 June, 66 12 June, 66 ....10 July, .30 July, 66 June-13 July,

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918. Henry I., the Fowler, son of Otho, duke of Saxony, king. 936. Otho I., the Great, son of Henry, crowned by pope John XII., 2 Feb. 962; the beginning of the holy Roman empire.

973. Otho II., the Bloody; massacred his chief nobility at an entertainment, 981; wounded by a poisoned arrow. 983. Otho III., the Red, his son, yet in his minority, poisoned. 1002. Henry II., duke of Bavaria, surnamed the Holy and the Lame.

HOUSE OF FRANCONIA.

1024. Conrad II., surnamed the Salique. 1039. Henry III., the Black, son.

1056. Henry IV., son; a minor; Agnes, regent; deposed by his son and successor; Rudolph (1077) and Herman (1082) nominated by the pope; and Conrad (1087). Henry V.; married Maud, or Matilda, daughter of Henry I. of England.

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1106.

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1125.

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Lothaire II., surnamed the Saxon.

HOUSE OF HOHENSTAUFEN, OR OF SUABIA. 1138. Conrad III., duke of Franconia.

1152.

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1190.

New parliament opened: national liberals, 123; 119 imperialists and conservatives; 105 centre (Roman Catholics, etc.)...

..9 Sept. ....10 Sept. ......14 Sept.

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Dr. Nobiling dies of self-inflicted wounds.
The emperor quite recovered; announced.
The repressive socialist bill passed (72 majority)..19 Oct.
Decree for expulsion of socialists and others, issued, Nov.
The emperor returns to Berlin and resumes government,

5 Dec. 46

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174 clubs, 44 newspapers, and 157 other papers sup-
pressed by injunctions up to....
Parliamentary Discipline bill (to "muzzle" speakers);
a "gagging bill" introduced.
...about 9 Jan. 1879
Bismarck's negotiations with the Roman curia respect-
ing the Falk laws (Kulturkampf) fruitless.......Jan.
"Gagging bill" rejected by the parliament....7 March,
Prince Bismarck's protectionist tariff bill virtually passed,
about 9 May,
Resignation of Von Forckenbeck (liberal), president of
the parliament, 20 May; election of an ultramontane,
about 22 May,
The emperor's golden wedding kept.... .....11 June,
Resignation of Falk and other ministers; announced,
30 June,
Bismarck, in the parliament, disclaims connection with
the liberal party.
...9 July,
The customs bill finally passed (217-117); session closed,
12 July,
Ministry reconstituted..
.about 14 July,
Adm. Batsch tried and sentenced to 6 months' imprison-
ment for loss of Grosser Kurfürst (see 31 May, 1878),
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July,

Grand military manoeuvres at Königsberg.. ....5-9 Sept.
Meeting of Bismarck and Jacobini, papal nuncio, at Gas-
tein..
....about 16 Sept.
Bismarck visits Vienna; renews friendship with An-
drassy, 21-24 Sept.; supreme court for all Germany,
opened at Leipsic....
....1 Oct.

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1215.

Frederick I., Barbarossa; drowned by his horse throw-
ing him into river Saleph, 10 June, 1190.
Henry VI., son, surnamed Asper, or Sharp; detained
Richard I. of England a prisoner; died 1197.
[Interregnum and contest for the throne between Philip
of Suabia and Otho of Brunswick.]

Philip, brother to Henry; assassinated at Bamberg by
Otto of Wittelsbach.

Otho IV., surnamed the Superb; excommunicated and
deposed; died 1218.

Frederick II., king of Sicily, son of Henry VI.; deposed by his subjects, who elected Henry, landgrave of Thuringia, 1246; Frederick died in 1250, naming his son Conrad his successor; but the pope gave the imperial title to

1247. William, earl of Holland (nominal). 1250. Conrad IV., son of Frederick.

[His son Conradin was proclaimed king of Sicily, which was, however, surrendered to his uncle Manfred, 1254; on whose death it was given by the pope to Charles of Anjou, in 1263. Conradin, on the invitation of the Ghibelline party, entered Italy with a large army, was defeated at Tagliacozzo, 23 Aug. 1268; and beheaded at Naples, 29 Oct., thus ending the Hohenstaufen family.]

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1308. Henry VII. of Luxemburg.

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1313. [Interregnum.]

1314. Louis IV. of Bavaria, and Frederick III. of Austria, son

of Albert, rival emperors; Frederick died in 1330.

1330. Louis reigns alone.

1347. Charles IV. of Luxemburg. (At Nuremberg, in 1356, the
Golden Bull became the fundamental law of the Ger-
man empire.)
1378. Wenceslas, king of Bohemia, son; twice imprisoned;
forced to resign; but continued to reign in Bohemia.
1400. Frederick III., duke of Brunswick; assassinated imme-
diately after his election, and seldom placed in the

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meantime, was pushing forward into the interior of Pennsylvania. The national army moved in a parallel direction on the east side of the Blue Ridge. Lee was considerably in the advance, and seriously threatened Harrisburg. As in the former invasion (1862), the passes of South Mountain afforded access to the Confederate rear. Meade took advantage of this fact, and (28 June) Lee saw that he must halt and stake the issue of the campaign upon a battle with the national army. The battle of Gettysburg ensued. The time and place of Sigismund, king of Hungary; elected by another party; this battle were determined more by accident and the on the death of Jossus recognized by all; king of Bohe-physical character of the region than by any purpose on the part of either commander. Lee ordered the concen

list of emperors.

Rupert, count palatine of the Rhine; crowned at Cologue; died 1410. 1410. Jossus, marquess of Moravia; chosen by a party of the

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electors; died next year.

mia in 1419.

HOUSE OF AUSTRIA.

1438. Albert II., the Great, duke of Austria, and king of Hun-tration of his army at Gettysburg, to which point Ewell gary and Bohemia; died 27 Oct. 1439.

1439. [Interregnum.]
1440. Frederick IV. (or III.), surnamed the Pacific; elected
emperor 2 Feb., but not crowned until June, 1442.
1493. Maximilian I., son; died in 1519. In 1477 he married
Mary of Burgundy.
Francis I. of France and Charles I. of Spain became
competitors for the empire.
1519. Charles V. (I. of Spain), son of Joan of Castile and Philip
of Austria, elected; resigned both crowns, 1556; re-
tired to a monastery, where he died, 21 Sept. 1558.
1556. Ferdinand I., brother; succeeded by his son.
1564. Maximilian II., king of Hungary and Bohemia.
1576. Rodolph II., son.

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marched southwardly from Carlisle, and Longstreet and Hill eastwardly from Chambersburg. Meade's right wing (30 June) was near Gettysburg, and gen. Pleasonton, detecting the importance of that place, advanced and occupied it-anticipating the Confederates, who were advancing on the same point. On 1 July there was a collision of the opposing forces, in which gen. Reynolds was killed; but, after losing 10,000 men, the national forces still held a position which was the key of the field of operations. On 2 July (both armies being well up and in position) there was a second battle, in which the loss on both sides was severe. In this action Sickles was driven, but from a position which was of no material importance. At night the Union forces still held Cemetery Ridge from Culp's Hill to Round Top. On 3 July, Bohe-Lee again assaulted. The assaulting column, under after a bombardment of Cemetery from Seminary Ridge, whose Pickett and Heth, numbered 18,000. It was almost annihilated. After this decisive repulse Lee retreated from the field. His army might have been utterly demoralized and dispersed by prompt and relentless pursuit. The forces were about equal at Gettysburg, each numbering from 70,000 to 80,000 infantry and artillery. The national

[This competition gave rise to a general war. Charles VII. died Jan. 1745.]

1745. Francis I. of Lorraine, grand duke of Tuscany, consort

of Maria Theresa.

1765. Joseph II., son.

1790. Leopold II., brother.

1792. Francis II., son, became emperor of Austria only, as loss was 23,190, of whom nearly 7000 were missing. The

Francis I., 1804.

(See Austria.)

HOUSE OF HOHENZOLLERN. (See Prussia.) 1871. William I., king of Prussia, 18 Jan. (born 22 March, 1797; empress, Augusta, born 30 Sept. 1811).

Heir: Frederick William, son; born 18 Oct. 1831. (See Prussia.)

Germinal Insurrection, in the faubourgs of Paris, suppressed on 12th Germinal, year III. (1 April, 1795).

Confederate loss was about 36,000, of whom 13,733,wounded or unwounded, remained as prisoners. Lee's entire loss, from the commencement to the close of the invasion, was nearly 60,000 men.-On 19 Nov. 1863, the battle-ground was consecrated as a national cemetery for soldiers who fell in the July battles.

Ghent (Belgium), an ancient city, built about the rich. John, third son of Edward III. of England, is said seventh century, during the middle ages became very to have been born here in 1340 (hence named John of Gaunt) during the revolt under Jacob Van Artevelde, a brewer, whose son Philip revived the insurrection against

Gerona (N.E. Spain), an ancient city, frequently besieged and taken. In June, 1808, it successfully resisted the French; but, after suffering much by famine, surren-Louis, count of Flanders, 1379-82. dered, 12 Dec. 1809.

Gesta Romanorum, a collection of popular tales derived from Oriental and classical sources, written in Latin by an unknown author, about the middle of the fourteenth century, and one of the first books printed in the fifteenth. These tales have been largely used by our early poets and dramatists, including Shakespeare. The English translation, by the Rev. C. Swan (from an edition printed at Hagenau, 1508), appeared 1824.

Gettysburg (Pennsylvania), BATTLE OF, fought 1-3 July, 1863. The Confederate victory at Chancellorsville led to a universal clamor in the South for an invasion of the northern states by Lee's army. As early

as May movements were made indicating that Lee contemplated such an invasion. Early in June his entire army was concentrated at Culpepper, except A. P. Hill's division, which was left at Fredericksburg. At the middle of June, when the movement was fairly commenced, Lee's army numbered fully 100,000 men. On 12 June, Hooker began to fall back from the Rappahannock to cover Washington. Lee advanced to Winchester, and on 15 June dispersed Milroy's force at Winchester (7000 strong), capturing 2300 prisoners. He then crossed the Potomac with his main force (24, 25 June), and advanced to Chambersburg. Hooker also crossed on 26 June, and the next day was relieved by gen. Meade. Lee, in the

Ghent rebelled against Philip of Burgundy, 1451; against the emperor Charles V., 1539; severely punished, 1540.

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Pacification of Ghent" (when the north and south provinces of the Netherlands united against Spain) proclaimed 8 Nov. 1576; broken up, 1579. The 300th anniversary celeGhent taken by Louis XIV. of France, 9 March, 1678; and by brated 3-10 Sept. 1876.

the duke of Marlborough, 1706. Ghent seized by the French, 1793; annexed to the Netherlands, 1814; made part of Belgium, 1830. Peace of Ghent, between Great Britain and the United States, signed 24 Dec. 1814.

Ghibellines, see Guelphs.

The British un

Gaznevides, who founded the city, 969. They were ex-
Ghiznee, or GHUZNEE (E. Persia), the seat of the
pelled by the Seljuk Tartars in 1038.
der sir John Keane attacked the strong citadel of Ghiz-
At 3 o'clock the gates
nee at 2 A.M., 23 July, 1839.
were blown in by the artillery, and, under cover of a
and at 5 fixed the British colors on its towers.
heavy fire, the infantry forced their way into the place,
It capit-
ulated to the Afghans, 1 March, 1842, who were defeated
6 Sept., and gen. Nott re-entered Ghiznee 7 Sept. same
year. Seized for Musa Khan by Mahomed Jan in Jan.;
retaken after a conflict, 19, 20 April, 1880.

Ghoorkas, see Goorkas.

Ghosts, produced by optical science. Mr. Dircks described his method at the British Association meeting

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1018.

The emperor Maximin (A.D. 235) was 84 feet in height, and of great bulk. Some say between 7 and 8 feet; others above 8. "The tallest man that hath been seen in our age was one named Gabara, who in the days of Claudius, the late emperor, was brought out of Arabia. He was 9 feet 9 inches high."-Priny.

John Middleton (born 1578), commonly called the Child of Hale (Lancashire), whose hand, from the carpus to the end of his middle finger, was 17 inches long; his palm 84 inches broad; his whole height 9 feet 3 inches.-Plot, Nat. Hist. of Staffordshire, p. 295.

Patrick Cotter, Irish giant, born in 1761, was 8 feet 7 inches in height; his hand, from the commencement of the palm to the extremity of the middle finger, measured 12 inches, and his shoe was 17 inches long; died Sept. 1806. Charles Byrne, called O'Brien, 8 feet 4 inches high; died 1783; his skeleton is in the Museum, Royal College of Surgeons.

Big Sam, porter of the prince of Wales at Carlton palace, near 8 feet high, performed as a giant in "Cymon," at the Operahouse, 1809.

M. Brice, a native of the Vosges, 7 feet 6 inches high. He exhibited himself in London, Sept. 1862, and Nov. 1863. Robert Hales, the Norfolk giant, died at Great Yarmouth, 22 Nov. 1863 (aged 43). He was 7 feet 6 inches high, and weighed 452 lbs.

Chang Woo-Gow, a Chinese, aged 19, 7 feet 8 inches high, exhibited himself in London in Sept., etc., 1865. Grown to 8 feet, exhibited at Westminster Aquarium; with him Brustav, a Norwegian, 7 feet 9 inches, aged 35, 11 June, 1880. Capt. Martin Van Buren Bates, of Kentucky, and Miss Ann Hanen Swann, of Nova Scotia, both about 7 feet high; exhibited themselves in London, in May; and married at St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, 17 June, 1871.

Giaour, Turkish for infidel, a term applied to all who do not believe in Mahometanism.-Byron's poem "The Giaour" was published in 1813.

Gibraltar. The ancient Calpe (which, with Abyla, on the opposite shore of Africa, obtained the name of the Pillars of Hercules), a town on a rock in South Spain, on which is placed a British fortress, considered impregnable. The height of the rock, according to Cuvier, is 1437 English feet. It was taken by the Saracens under Tarik, whence its present name (derived from Gibel elTarik), in 711.

Taken from the Moors, 1309;, surrendered to them, 1333; finally taken from them by Henry IV. of Castile, 1462; strengthened by Charles V..

1552

Attacked by the British under sir George Rooke, the prince of Hesse-Darmstadt, sir John Leake, and admiral Byng, 21 July; taken... 24 July, 1704 Besieged by the Spanish and French; they lose 10,000 men; the victorious English but 400.. .11 Oct. 64 Sir John Leake captured several ships, and raised the siege. ..10 March, 1705 Ceded to England by treaty of Utrecht.. ....11 April, 1713 The Spaniards repulsed in an attack with great loss.... 1720 They again attack it with a force of 20,000 men, and lose 5000: English loss, 300.... .22 Feb. 1727 Siege by the Spaniards and French, whose armaments (the greatest brought against a fortress) wholly overthrown.. 16 July, 1779 In one night their floating batteries were destroyed with red-hot balls, and their whole line of works annihilated by a sortie commanded by gen. Eliott; the enemy's loss in munitions of war, on this night, was estimated at upwards of 2,000,000l. sterling; the army amounted to 40,000 men.. .27 Nov. 1781

Grand defeat by a garrison of only 7000 British.. 13 Sept. 1782 The duke of Crillon commanded 12,000 of the best troops of France. 1000 pieces of artillery were brought to bear against the fortress; besides which there were 47 sail of the line, all three-deckers; 10 great floating batteries, esteemed invincible, carrying 212 guns; innumerable frigates, xebecs, bomb-ketches, cutters, and gun and mortar boats; while small craft for disem

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Gibson Gallery, see Royal Academy. Gilbertines, an order of canons and nuns established at Sempringham, Lincolnshire, by Gilbert of that place, 1131-48. At the dissolution there were 25 houses of the order in England and Wales.

Gilding on wood formed part of the decorations of the Jewish tabernacle, 1490 B.C. (Exod. xxv. 11); was The capitol was the practised at Rome about 145 B.C. first building on which this enrichment was bestowed.— Pliny. Of gold-leaf for gilding, the Romans made but 750 leaves, four fingers square, out of a whole ounce.— Pliny. Gilding with leaf gold on bole ammoniac was first introduced by Margaritone in 1273; see Electrotype.

Gin, ardent spirit, flavored with the essential oil of the juniper berry. The "gin act," 1735, laying an excise of 5s. per gallon upon it, passed 14 July, 1736. In London alone 7044 houses sold gin by retail; and a man could intoxicate himself for one penny.-Salmon. About 1700 gin-shops were suppressed in London in 1750.Clarke.

Gin (contracted from engine), a machine for separating cotton wool from the seed; see under Cotton.

Ginger, the root of the Amomum Zinziber, a native of the East Indies and China, now cultivated in the West Indies. In 1842 the duty was reduced from 53s. to 10s. per cwt. of foreign ginger, and from 11s. to 5s. per cwt. of that from British colonies.

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Girondists, an important party during the French revolution, principally composed of deputies from the Gironde. They were ardent republicans, but after the cruelties of Aug. and Sept. 1792, labored in vain to restrain the cruelties of Robespierre and the Mountain party; and their leaders, Brissot, Vergniaud, and many others were guillotined 31 Oct. 1793. Lamartine's" Histoire des Girondins," published in 1847, tended to hasten the revolution of 1848.

Girton College, Cambridge, for the higher education of women. It began at Hitchin, 1869; removed

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