Canterbury, 10 miles off, 28 Dec. 1867. Another explosion about 21 Dec. 1868. Dixon & Beck's works blown up; 9 lives lost; 25 July, 1868. Explosion at Hounslow mills; 3 lives lost; 6 Sept. 1872. Milner's powder-magazines placed in fire at Woolwich arsenal and found secure, 8, 9 Oct. 1872.

About 5 tons of gunpowder in barrels exploded in the barge Tilbury, on the Regent's canal, near the North-bridge gate, Regent's park, nearly 5 A.M., 2 Oct. 1874.

Three men on the barge killed; shock felt about 30 miles off; destruction extended over about a square mile; some houses thrown down; the house of Mr. Alma Tadema, the artist, much injured; very many windows blown in. The powder was sent by Pigou and Wilks to Derbyshire for blasting purposes. Order of the barges: Ready (tug steamer), Jane, Dee, Tilbury, Limehouse, and Hawkesbury. 63337. had been subscribed for the sufferers up to 1 May, 1875. Verdict of inquest: Explosion caused by ignition of vapor from benzoline by a fire or light in the cabin of the Tilbury. The Junction Canal Company guilty of gross negligence, and the present laws inadequate for public safety, 19 Oct. 1874.

The company declared responsible on trial (by captain Jack son), 14 May, 1875.

One thousand and fifty-four claims had been settled for 63, 660., June, 1876.

Gunpowder Plot, for springing a mine under the houses of parliament, and destroying the three estates of the realm-king, lords, and commons-there assembled, was discovered on 4 Nov. 1605. It was projected by Robert Catesby early in 1604, and several Roman Catholics of rank were in the plot. Guy Faux was detected in the vaults under the house of lords, hired for the purpose, preparing the train for being fired on the next day. Catesby and Percy (of the family of Northumberland) were killed at Holbeach house, whither they had fled, 8 Nov.; and Guy Faux, sir Everard Digby, Rookwood, Winter, and others were executed, 30, 31 Jan. 1606. Henry Garnet, a Jesuit, suffered as an accomplice, 3 May following. An anonymous letter sent to lord Monteagle led to the discovery. It contained the following words: "Though there be no appearance of any stir, yet I say they shall receive a terrible blow this parliament, and yet they shall not see who hurts them." The vault called Guy Faux cellar, in which the conspirators lodged the barrels of gunpowder, remained till 1825, when it was converted into offices. Gunter's Chain, used in measuring land, invented by Edmund Gunter, in 1606.

Gurney's Act, 31 & 32 Vict. c. 116 (1868), amends the law relating to larceny and embezzlement.

Gutta Percha is procured from the sap of the Isonandra gutta, a large forest tree, growing in the Malayan peninsula and on the islands near it. It was made known in England by Drs. De Almeida and Montgomery, at the Society of Arts, in 1843. As a non-conductor of electricity it is invaluable in constructing submarine telegraphs, an application suggested by Faraday and Werner Siemens independently, 1847.

Guy's Hospital (London). Thomas Guy, a wealthy bookseller, after bestowing large sums on St. Thomas's, determined to found a new hospital. At the age of seventy-six, in 1721, he commenced the present building, and lived to see it nearly completed. It cost him 18,7937., and, in addition, he endowed it with 219,4997. In 1829, 196,1157. were bequeathed to this hos

pital by Mr. Hunt to provide accommodations for 100 additional patients.

Guzerat, a state in India, founded by Mahmoud the Gaznevide, about 1020, was conquered by Akbar in 1572; and became subject to the Mahrattas, 1732 or 1752. At the battle of Guzerat, near the Chenab, in the Punjab, 21 Feb. 1849, lord Gough totally defeated the Sikhs and captured the town of Guzerat.

Gwalior, an ancient state in Central India; since Scindiah, the maha1803, under British protection. rajah, remained faithful during the revolt of 1857; visit of the prince of Wales, 31 Jan. 1876.

Gymnasium, a place where the Greeks performed public exercises, and where philosophers, poets, and rhetoricians repeated their compositions. In wrestling and boxing the athletes were often naked (gymnos), whence the name. A London gymnastic society, formed in 1826, did not flourish. In 1862, M. Ravenstein set up another gymnastic association. The German Gymnastic Institution, in St. Pancras road, London, was opened on 29 Jan. 1865; and a large and perfect gymnasium at Liverpool was inaugurated by lord Stanley, 6 Nov. 1865. A London athletic club existed in Nov. 1866.

Gymnosophistæ, a set of naked philosophers in India. Alexander (about 324 B.C.) was astonished at the sight of men who seemed to despise bodily pain, and endured tortures without a groan.-Pliny.

Gypsies, GIPSIES, or EGYPTIANS (French, Bohémiens; Italian, Zingari; Spanish, Gitanos; German, Zigeuner), vagrants, supposed to be descendants of lowcaste Hindus expelled by Timour, about 1399. They appeared in Germany and Italy early in the fifteenth century, and at Paris in 1427. In England an act was made against their itinerancy, in 1530; and in the reign of Charles I. thirteen persons were executed at one assizes for having associated with gypsies for about a month. The gypsy settlement at Norwood was broken up, and they were treated as vagrants, May, 1797. There were in Spain alone, previously to 1800, more than 120,000 gypsies, and many communities of them yet exist in England. Notwithstanding their intercourse with other nations, their manners, customs, visage, and appearance are almost wholly unchanged, and their pretended knowledge of futurity gives them power over the superstitious. Esther Faa was crowned queen of the gypsies at Blyth, on 18 Nov. 1860. The Bible has been translated into gypsy dialects. Gypsy parliaments are occasionally held.

GEORGE BORROW fraternized with the gypsies and wrote several works describing his adventures, especially "The Zincali" (1841), "The Bible in Spain" (1842), "Lavengro" (1850), and a "Dictionary of the Gypsy Language" (1874). He was born in 1803, and died in Aug. 1881.

Gyroscope (from gyrere, to revolve), the name of a rotatory apparatus invented by Fessel of Cologne (1852), and improved by prof. Wheatstone and M. Foucault of Paris. It is similar in principle to the rotatory apparatus of Bohnenberger of Tübingen (born 1765, died 1831). -The gyroscope, by exhibiting the combined effects of the centrifugal and centripetal forces, and of the cessation of either, illustrates the great law of gravitation.

Haarlem, an ancient town in Holland, once the residence of the counts, was taken by the duke of Alva, in July, 1573, after a siege of seven months. He violated the capitulation by butchering half the inhabitants. The lake was drained 1849-51.

Suspended for twelve months.. Suspended for Scots' rebellion in.. Suspended for American war...

Bill to restore the Habeas Corpus brought into parliament..

Suspended in Ireland (insurrection)..

Restored there..

..24 July, 1848 ..1 March, 1849 Suspended again (see Fenias), 17 Feb. 1866; 26 Feb. and 31 May, 1867; and 28 Feb. 1868 till... 25 March, 1839 The constitution of the United States provides that "the privilege of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it;" but does not specify the department of the government having the power of sus pension. A series of contests on this subject between the legal and military authorities began in Maryland,

May, 1861

Habeas Corpus act was suspended by Abraham Lincoln,
president of the United States, 24 Sept. 1862, to pre-
vent the release of military and state prisoners. In
April, 1863, congress upheld president Lincoln's right
to suspend the habeas corpus. Again, in Sept. 1863,
president Lincoln suspended the habeas corpus for the
retention of recruits whose parents, on false oaths,
tried to reclaim them as being under age.
In May,
1864, the president, by the hand of Edwin M. Stanton,
secretary-of-war, ordered all prisoners held under the
suspension of the writ of habeas corpus to be dis-
charged.

In consequence of the affair of John Anderson (see Slav
ery in England, note), an act was passed in 1862, en-
acting that no writ of Habeas Corpus should issue out
of England into any colony, etc., having a court with
authority to grant such writ.

Habitual Criminals Act, for the more effectual prevention of crime, giving powers for the apprehension of habitual criminals on suspicion, passed 11 Aug. 1869; 117,568 reported in the metropolis, 1873.

A black book, printed at Brixton prison, contained the names and aliases of 12,164 criminals, selected from 179,601 entered on the register, 1869–76.

Habitual Drunkards, see Drunkards.
Habsburg, see Hapsburg.

Hackney, a parish N.E. of London; by the division of the Tower Hamlets, was made a metropolitan borough by the Reform act, 15 Aug. 1867. Two members are elected. The election 4 Feb. 1876, void, through neglect

in officers.

here.

Here the states abjured the authority of Philip II. of Spain...

1580

1610

21 May, 1659 ..4 Aug. 1672

A conference upon the five articles of the remonstrants, which occasioned the synod of Dort... Treaty of the Hague (to preserve the equilibrium of the North), signed by England, France, and Holland, The De Witts torn in pieces here The French, favored by a hard frost, took possession of the Hague; the inhabitants and troops declared in their favor; general revolution ensued, and the stadtholder and his family fled to England. The Hague evacuated by the French... The stadtholder returned........

..19 Jan. 1795

. Nov. 1813 ..Dec.

Haileybury College (Herts), wherein students were prepared for service in India; it was founded by the East India Company in 1806; was closed in 1858, and became a private educational establishment.

Hainault, a province in Belgium, anciently governed by counts, hereditary after Regnier I., who died in 916. The count John d'Arsenes became count of Holland in 1299. Hainault henceforth partook of the fortunes of Flanders.

Hainault Forest (Essex), disafforested in 1851. Here stood the Fairlop cak (which see).

Hair. In Gaul, hair was much esteemed; hence the appellation Gallia comata; cutting off the hair was a punishment. The royal family of France held it as a privilege to wear long hair artfully dressed and curled. "The clerical tonsure is of apostolic institution!"-Isidorus Hispalensis. Pope Anicetus forbade the clergy to wear long hair, 155. Long hair was out of fashion during the protectorate of Cromwell, and hence the term Roundheads, in 1795, and also 1801.-Hair-powder came into use in 1590; and in 1795 a tax of a guinea was laid upon persons using it, which yielded at one time 20,000l. per annum. The tax was repealed 24 June, 1869, when it yielded about 1000l. a year; see Beard. Haiti, see Hayti.

Hakluyt Society, established for the publication after Richard Hakluyt, who published his “Principal of rare voyages and travels, 15 Dec. 1846, was named Navigations, Voyages, and Discoveries made by the English Nation," in 1589; and died 23 Nov. 1616.

Half Crowns, see under Coinage and Crowns. Haliartus, a town in Bœotia, near which Lysander, the Spartan general, was killed in battle with the Thebans, 395 B.C.

Halicarnassus, Caria (Asia Minor); the reputed birthplace of Herodotus, 484 B.C.; the site of the tomb of Mausolus, erected 352; was taken by Alexander, 334; see Mausoleum.

Halidon Hill, near Berwick, where, on 19 July, 1333, the English defeated the Scots, the latter losing upwards of 14,000 slain, among whom was the regent Douglas and a large number of the nobility; a comparatively small number of the English suffered. Edward Balliol thus became king of Scotland for a short time.

Halifax (Yorkshire). The woollen manufactory was successfully established here in the fifteenth century. The power of the town to punish capitally (by a peculiar engine resembling the guillotine) any criminal convicted of stealing to the value of upwards of thirteen pence halfpenny, was used as late as 1650. In 1857 Mr. J. Crossley announced his intention of founding a college here, and Mr. F. Crossley presented the town with a beautiful park. Boiler explosion at Batme & Pritchard's; Mr. Pritchard and 5 men killed, 9 Oct. 1879.

Charles, earl of Halifax, first lord of the treasury.
William, lord Cowper, afterwards earl, lord chancellor.
Daniel, earl of Nottingham, lord president.
Thomas, earl of Wharton, privy seal.
Edward, earl of Oxford, admiralty.

James Stanhope, afterwards earl Stanhope, and Charles, viscount Townshend, secretaries of state.

Sir Richard Onslow, chancellor of the exchequer.
Dukes of Montrose and Marlborough, lord Berkeley, Robert
Walpole, Mr. Pulteney, etc.

Halifax Award, see Canada, 1877.

Hall, principal apartment in medieval mansions. Westminster and Eltham halls are fine examples; see Westminster Hall.

Hall Mark, see Goldsmiths and Standard.

Halle, Saxony (N. Germany), first mentioned in 801, was made a city by the emperor Otho II., in 981. The orphan house here was established by August Francke, 1698-9. Halle suffered much by the Thirty years' and Seven years' wars. It was stormed by the French, 17 Oct. 1806, and added to the kingdom of Westphalia; but given up to Prussia in 1814.

Hallelujah AND Amen (Praise the Lord, and So be it), expressions used in the Hebrew hymns; said to have been introduced by Haggai, the prophet, about 520

B.C.

Their introduction into Christian worship is ascribed to St. Jerome, about A.D. 390.

Halls IN LONDON, see Agricultural, Egyptian, Exeter, Floral, Freemasons', Independents, James's, St., and

Music.

Halys, a river (Asia Minor), near which a battle was fought between the Lydians and Medes. It was interrupted by an almost total eclipse of the sun, which led to peace, 28 May, 585 B.C. (the fourth year of the 48th Olympiad).-Plin. Nat. Hist. ii. Others give as the date 584, 603, and 610 B.C. This eclipse is said to have been predicted many years before by Thales of Miletus. -Herodotus, i. 75.

Ham, on the Somme (N. France). The castle was built in 1470 by the constable Louis of Luxembourg, comte de St, Pol, beheaded by Louis XI., 19 Dec. 1475. Here were imprisoned the ex-ministers of Charles X., 1830; and Louis Napoleon Bonaparte after his attempt at Boulogne, from Oct. 1840 till 25 May, 1846, when he escaped.

Hamburg, a free city (N.W. Germany), founded by Charlemagne about 809. It joined the Hanseatic league in the thirteenth century, and became a flourishing commercial city. Population in 1860, 229,941; in 1871, 338,974; in 1875, 388,618.—Hamburg Massacre. See Massacres, 1876.

Awful fire here, which destroyed numerous churches and public buildings, and 2000 houses; it continued for three days..

.4 May, 1842 Half the city inundated by the Elbe.. 1 Jan. 1855 New constitution granted by the senate, July, 1860; the new assembly (of 191 members) first met.......6 Dec. 1860 The constitution began. ...1 Jan. 1861 Hamburg joined the N. German confederation... 21 Aug. 1866 Joined the German empire, Jan.; its privileges as a free port confirmed... 16 April, 1871

Hampden Clubs, see Radicals and Chalgrove. Hampstead, N.W. of London; originally a chapelry of Hendon, was made a parish after the Reformation.

Temporary small-pox hospital established at Hampstead, 1871 Charges of mismanagement against the officers; official inquiry (33 meetings, from 23 Sept. to 3 Nov.); inquiry respecting disappearance of a child, Elizabeth Bellue; medical officers exonerated from blame. ..Dec. A small-pox hospital erected here by Metropolitan District Asylum Board was much opposed, and led to litigation (see Trials, 1878); finally, the house of lords, on appeal, decided in favor of the inhabitants...7 March, 1881 Hampton Court Palace (Middlesex), built by cardinal Wolsey on the site of the manor-house of the knights hospitallers, and in 1525 presented to Henry VIII.; perhaps the most splendid offering ever made by a subject to a sovereign. Here Edward VI. was born, 12 Oct. 1537; here his mother, Jane Seymour, died, 24 Oct. following; and here Mary, Elizabeth, Charles, and others of our sovereigns resided. Much was pulled down, and the grand inner court built by William III. in 1694, when the gardens, occupying 40 acres, were laid out. The vine was planted 1769. Here was held, 1416-18 Jan. 1604, the CONFERENCE between the Puritans and the Established church clergy, which led to a new translation of the Bible; see Conference.

Hampton Roads (Virginia), CONFLICT BETWEEN THE MONITOR AND THE MERRIMAC. The Merrimac, which had been sunk when the Norfolk navy yard was abandoned by national vessels, was subsequently raised by the confederates, converted into a formidable ironclad ram, and named the Virginia. John Ericsson received his contract for building the Monitor 5 Oct. 1861, and this vessel was completed early in the following January. On 5 March she was despatched to Fortress Monroe. Just before she reached her destination the Firginia had come out (8 March) and attacked the national vessels in Hampton Roads. She was commanded by Franklin Buchanan. She had sunk the Cumberland, captured the Congress, and pushed the Minnesota aground. At night she returned to Norfolk. The next morning she reappeared; but the Monitor, commanded by lieut. John L. Worden, had arrived. After a short conflict with this new antagonist, the Virginia, finding the odds against her, again retired. After the evacuation of Norfolk by the confederates, she was blown up by her commander, Josiah Tatnall, May 11, 1862. The Monitor sank on her passage to Charleston, 31 Dec. 1862.

Hampton Roads Conference. In Jan. 1865, Francis P. Blair twice visited Richmond, Va., to confer with Jefferson Davis. He believed that a suspension of hostilities, resulting ultimately in a settlement of the questions involved, by the restoration of the Union, might be brought about, by the common desire, north and south, to enforce the Monroe doctrine against the French in Mexico. Out of Mr. Blair's visits grew an arrangement for a conference, which was held on board a vessel in Hampton Roads, 3 Feb. 1865, between Mr. Lincoln and Mr. Seward upon one side, and Messrs. A. H. Stephens, R. M. T. Hunter, and John A. Campbell on the other. The conference was informal, and practically came to naught, no basis for negotiation being found upon which both sides would agree to discuss plans looking to peace.

Hanaper Office (of the court of chancery), where writs relating to the business of the subject, and their returns, were anciently kept in hanaperio (in a wicker hamper); and those relating to the crown, in parra baga (a litle bag). Hence the names Hanaper and Petty Bag Office. The office was abolished in 1842.

Hanau (Hesse-Cassel), incorporated 1303. Here a division of the combined armies of Austria and Bavaria

of 30,000 men, under gen. Wrede, encountered the French, 70,000 strong, under Napoleon I., on their retreat from