Leipsic, 30 Oct. 1813. The French suffered very severely, ity to have been on the side of the English, was not subthough the allies were compelled to retire. The county stantiated. of Hanau was made a principality in 1803; seized by the French in 1806; incorporated with the duchy of Frank-ate and a kingdom, chiefly composed of territories which Hanover (N.W. Germany), successively an electorfort in 1809; restored to Hesse in 1813; which was annexed to Prussia in 1866. Handel's Commemorations. The first was held in Westminster abbey, 26 May, 1784; king George III. and queen Charlotte, and above 3000 persons, being present. The band contained 268 vocal and 245 instrumental performers, and the receipts of three successive days were 12,7467. These concerts were repeated in 1785, 1786, 1787, and 1791. Second great commemoration, in the presence of king William Great Handel festival (at the Crystal Palace) on the centenary once belonged to the dukes of Brunswick (which see). Hanover became the ninth electorate. Occupied and hardly used by the French.... Delivered to Prussia in Part of it annexed to Westphalia. 19 Dec. 1692 .1756-63 ..3 April, 1801 ..5 June, 1803 1805 1807 1810 .6 Nov. 1813 ..12 Oct. 1814 The duke of Cambridge appointed viceroy, and a repre- Ernest, duke of Cumberland, king ...Nov. 1816 ......Oct. 1821 20 June, 1837 He granted a constitution with electoral rights, 1848; which was annulled in obedience to the decree of the federal diet. ...12 April, 1855 The king claims from England crown jewels which be longed to George III. (value about 120,000l.), 1857; by arbitration, the jewels given up... Jan. 1858 .12 June, 1861 .29 June, .6 Oct. Stade dues given up for compensation.. In the war the king takes the side of Austria; and the Prussians enter and occupy Hanover..13 June et seq. 1866 The Hanoverians defeat the Prussians at Langensalza, 27 June; but are compelled to surrender. Hanover annexed to Prussia by law, 20 Sept.; promul gated.. Protest of the king of Hanover addressed to Europe, 23 Sept. Arrangement with Prussia by a treaty ratified...18 Oct. 1867 The king celebrates his "silver wedding" at Hietzing, near Vienna, expressing hopes of recovering his king. dom, etc.. Handel Societies, for publication of Handel's Part of his property sequestrated by Prussia.....March, ..18 Feb. 1868 works: Still further, in consequence of his maintaining a Hanoverian legion (the king protested against it)...... Feb. 1869 Handel festivals (at the Crystal palace): 4000 performers, highly successful, 23, 25, 27 June, 1862; again, 26, 28, 30 June, 1865; again, 15, 17, 19 June, 1868 (about 25,000 present); also, 19, 21, 23 June, 1871 (about 84,000 persons subscribed); also, 22, 24, 26 June, 1874 (total present, 78,839); also, 25, 27, 29 June, 1877 (present, 74,124); 18, 21, 23, 25 June, 1880 (present, 70,643). Founded in London, 1843; first volume issued 1843-4; society Founded at Leipsic in 1856; publications began 1858. Handkerchiefs, wrought and edged with gold, used to be worn in England by gentlemen in their hats, as favors from young ladies, the value of them being from five to twelve pence for each in the reign of Elizabeth, 1558.-Stow's Chron. Paisley handkerchiefs were first made in 1743. Hands, imposition of, was first performed by Moses in setting apart his successor Joshua (Numb. xxvii. 23); in reception into the church, and in ordination, by the apostles (Acts viii. 17; 1 Tim. iv. 14). 1692. Ernest Augustus, youngest son of George, that son of William, duke of Brunswick-Luneburg, who obtained by lot the right to marry (see Brunswick). He became bishop of Osnaburg in 1662, and in 1679 inherited the possessions of his uncle John, duke of Calenberg; created ELECTOR Of Hanover in 1692. 1698. 1727. 1760. 1814. 1820. Hanging, DRAWING, AND QUARTERING, said to have been first inflicted upon William Marise, a pirate, a nobleman's son, 25 Hen. III. 1241. Five gentlemen attached to the duke of Gloucester were arraigned and condemned for treason, and at the place of execution were hanged, cut down alive instantly, stripped naked, and their bodies marked for quartering, and then pardoned, 25 Hen. IV. 1447.-Stow. The Cato-street con- 1837. spirators (which see) were beheaded after death by hanging, 1 May, 1820. Hanging in chains was abolished in 1834; see Death. 1851. Hanging Rock, BATTLE AT. A few miles eastward of Rocky Mount (which see), on the Catawba river, is a large boulder on the verge of a high bank, called 1878. Hanging Rock. It gives the name to the place. There a large body of British and tories were attacked and dispersed by gen. Sumter on 6 Aug. 1780. There was an engagement of about four hours, and Sumter lost 12 men killed and 41 wounded. It was one of the most desperate battles of the war, considering the number engaged. Hango Bay (Finland). On 5 June, 1855, a boat commanded by lieut. Geneste left the British steamer Cossack with a flag of truce to land some Russian prisoners. They were fired on by a body of riflemen, and five were killed, several wounded, and the rest made prisoners. The Russian account, asserting the irregular 22 [He married, in 1659, the princess Sophia, daughter of Frederick, elector-palatine, and of Elizabeth, the daughter of James I. of England. In 1701 Sophia was declared next heir to the British crown, after William III., Anne, and their descendants.] George Lewis, son of the preceding; married his cousin William Henry, his brother (WILLIAM IV. of England), 26 June; died 20 June, 1837. [Hanover separated from the crown of Great Brit- George V. (born 27 May, 1819), son of Ernest; ascended Hanover Square, built about 1718; the concert rooms opened by John Gallini, 1 Feb. 1775; the house taken for a club, Dec. 1874; rebuilt, 1875. Hanse Towns. The Hanseatic League (from hansa, association), formed by port towns in Germany against the piracies of the Swedes and Danes: began about 1140; the league signed 1241. At first it consisted only of towns situate on the coasts of the Baltic sea, but in 1370 it was composed of sixty-six cities and forty known of their tenets, but they held their property in common, and considered marriage a civil contract. They emigrated to America, and built New Harmony, in Indiana, in 1815. Robert Owen purchased this town about 1823, but failed in his scheme at establishing a “social” community, and returned to England; see Socialists. The Harmonists removed to Pittsburgh, in Pennsylvania, in 1822. four confederates. The league proclaimed war against Waldemar, king of Denmark, about the year 1348, and against Eric in 1428, with forty ships and 12,000 regular troops, besides seamen. On this several princes ordered the merchants of their respective kingdoms to withdraw their effects. The Thirty Years' war in Germany (161848) broke up the strength of the association, and in 1630 the only towns retaining the name were Lübeck, Hamburg, and Bremen. The league suffered also by the Harmonium, a keyed instrument, resembling the rise of the commerce of the Low Countries in the fif- accordion, the tones being generated by the action of teenth century. Their privileges by treaty in Eng-wind upon metallic reeds. The Chinese were well acland were abolished by Elizabeth in 1578. Hanwell Lunatic Asylum, for Middlesex, established 1831. Hapsburg (HABSBURG, or HABICHTSBURG), HOUSE OF, the family from which the imperial house of Austria sprang in the eleventh century, Werner being the firstnamed count of Habsburg, 1096. Hapsburg was an ancient castle of Switzerland, on a lofty eminence near Schintznach. Rodolph, count of Hapsburg, became archduke of Austria and emperor of Germany, 1273; see Austria and Germany. Harbors. England has many fine natural harbors: the Thames (harbor, dock, and depot), Portsmouth, Plymouth, etc. Acts for the improvement of harbors, etc., were passed in 1847, 1861, and 1862. Hares and Rabbits Act, see Game. quainted with the effects produced by vibrating tongues of metal. M. Biot stated, in 1810, that they were used musically by M. Grenié; and in 1827-9 free reed-stops were employed in organs at Beauvais and Paris. The best-known harmoniums in England are those of Alexandre and Debain, the latter claiming to be the original maker of the French instrument. In 1841, Mr. W. E. Evans, of Cheltenham, produced his English harmonium, then termed the "organ-harmonica," and by successive improvements he produced a fine instrument, with diapason quality, and great rapidity of speech, without loss of power. Harmony, the combination of musical notes of different pitch, appears not to have been practised by the Greeks. Hucbald, a Flemish monk, published combinations in his "Enchiridion Musicæ," ninth century. Harfleur, seaport, N.W. France, taken by Henry V., Harmony greatly promoted by Palestrina, and especially by 22 Sept. 1415. Harlaw (Aberdeenshire), the site of a desperate, indecisive battle between the earl of Mar, with the royal army, and Donald, the lord of the Isles, who aimed at independence, 24 July, 1411. This conflict was very disastrous to the nobility, some houses losing all their males. Harleian Library, containing 7000 manuscripts, besides rare printed books, bought by Edward Harley, afterwards earl of Oxford and Mortimer, 1705 et seq., is now in the British Museum. A large portion of his life and wealth was spent on the collection. He died 21 May, 1724. The "Harleian Miscellany," a selection from the manuscripts and tracts of his library, was published in 1744 and 1808. Harlem Plains, BATTLE ON. This was a severe skirmish. It occurred on 16 Sept. 1776, between American troops under col. Knowlton and major Leitch, and detachments of the British army, which was then in possession of New York city and the lower part of Manhattan island. Knowlton and Leitch were killed, but the Americans were victorious. Of Knowlton, Washington said, "He was an honor to any country." Harley Administration, see Oxford. Harley Street, London, W. At No. 139, the house inhabited by Mr. Henriques, the decomposed body of a woman, stabbed in the breast and covered with chloride of lime, was found 3 June; verdict of coroner's inquest, wilful murder by person unknown, 14 June, 1880. Harmonic Strings, said to have been invented by Pythagoras about 540 B.C., through hearing four blacksmiths working with hammers, in harmony, whose weights he found to be six, eight, nine, and twelve.-The HARMONICA, or musical glasses (tuned by regulating the amount of water, and played by a moistened finger on the rim), were played on by Gluck in London, 23 April, 1746; "arranged" by Puckeridge and Delaval, and improved by Dr. Franklin in 1760. Mozart, Beethoven, and others composed for this instrument; see Copophone. "HARMONICON," an excellent musical periodical, edited by W. Ayrton, Jan. 1823-Sept. 1833. Harmonichord, a keyed instrument, in which sounds are produced by friction, invented by Th. Kauffmann in 1810. Harmonists, a sect founded in Würtemberg by George and Frederick Rapp, about 1780. Not much is Monteverde. Jean de Muris wrote "Ars Contrapuncti," in fourteenth century. Beethoven greatly enlarged the range of harmonic bases. Francis of Cologne described "descant," 1600. Harness, chariots, and the leathern dressings used for horses to draw them, are said to have been the invention of Erichthonius of Athens, who was made a constellation after his death, under the name of Boōtes (Greek for ploughman), about 1487 B.C. Haro, CRY OF (Clameur de Haro), traditionally derived from Raoul, or Rollo, of Normandy, ancestor of our Norman princes of England. Rollo administered justice so well that injured persons cried "à Raoul!" The cry was raised in a church in Jersey in 1859. Harp. Invented by Jubal, 3875 B.c. (Gen. iv. 21). David played the harp before Saul, 1063 B.C. (1 Sam. xvi. 23). The Cimbri, or English Saxons, had this instrument. The celebrated Welsh harp was strung with gut; and the Irish harp, like the more ancient harps, with wire. Erard's improved harps were first patented in 1795. One of the most ancient harps existing is that of Brian Boroimhe, monarch of Ireland: it was given by his son Donagh to pope John XVIII., together with the crown and other regalia of his father, in order to obtain absolution for the murder of his brother Teig. Adrian IV. alleged this as being one of the principal titles to the kingdom of Ireland in his bull transferring it to Henry II. This harp was given by Leo X. to Henry VIII., who presented it to the first earl of Clanricarde; it then came into possession of the family of De Burgh; next into that of MacMahon of Clenagh, county of Clare; afterwards into that of MacNamara of Limerick; and was at length deposited by the right hon. William Conyngham in the College Museum, Dublin, in 1782. Harper's Ferry (Virginia), IN THE WAR OF the AMERICAN REBELLION. This place is situated at the outlet of the Shenandoah Valley, at the junction of the Shenandoah with the Potomac. The town in 1860 had a population of 10,000. On 18 April, 1861, the day after the secession of Virginia, a confederate force marched upon the town. Lieut. Roger Jones, unable to hold the post, abandoned it, after destroying the arsenal and workshops. The place was held by gen. Patterson just before and during the battle of Bull Run. On 15 Sept. 1862, it was surrounded and captured by "Stonewall' Jackson. Gen. Miles, commanding the post, was killed; about 10,000 men fell into the hands of the Confederates; see United States, 1859–62. Harpsichord, see Piano-forte, note. sum of money in 1638. The institution is the oldest Harrison, Fort, DEFENCE OF. Fort Harrison, in | Boston, on 28 Oct. 1636. It derived its name from Indiana, under the command of captain Zachary Taylor, John Harvard, who bequeathed to it his library and a was attacked by 300 Indians on 4 Sept. 1812. Taylor had only 15 effective men, but defended the fort and drove off the Indians, after losing 2 killed and 2 wounded. Harrison's Timepiece, made by John Harrison, of Foulby, near Pontefract. In 1714, the government offered rewards for methods of determining the longiHarrison came to London, and produced tude at sea. his first timepiece in 1735; his second in 1739; his third in 1749; and his fourth, which procured him the reward of 20,000%. offered by the Board of Longitude, a few years after. He obtained 10,000l. of his reward in 1764; and other sums, more than 24,000%. in all, for further improvements in following years. In the Patent Museum at South Kensington is an eight day clock made by Harrison in 1715. It strikes the hour, indicates the day of the month, and with one exception (the escapement) its wheels are entirely made of wood. The clock was going in 1871. Harrogate (Yorkshire). The first or old spa in Knaresborough forest was discovered by captain Slingsby in 1571: a dome was erected over the well by lord Rosslyn in 1786. Two other chalybeate springs are the Alum well and the Towit spa. The sulphureous well was discovered in 1783. The theatre was erected in 1788. The Bath hospital was erected by subscription in 1825. Harrow-on-the-Hill School (Middlesex), founded and endowed by John Lyon in 1571. courage archery, the founder instituted a prize of a silver arrow to be shot for annually on 4 Aug.; but the custom has been abolished. Lord Palmerston, sir R. Peel (the statesman), and lord Byron (the poet) were educated here. The school building suffered by fire, 22 Oct. 1838. The school arrangements were modified by the Publicschools act, 1868. Charles II. called Harrow church "the visible church." To en Hartford Convention. Delegates from the several New England states politically opposed to the administration of president Madison, and deprecating the then existing war between the United States and Great Britain, assembled at Hartford in Dec. 1814, to take into consideration the state of public affairs. Peace that soon followed made further action on their part unnecessary. The purpose of the convention has been the subject of much acrimonious discussion. It has been alleged that the secession of the New England states, or some other form of obstruction to the National government in its prosecution of the war, was contemplated; but this has been stoutly denied. The connection between college and commonwealth dissolved, and the control of the institution vested in its alumni..... 1638 1642 1650 1865 Hastings, a Cinque - port, Sussex; said to owe its name to the Danish pirate Hastinge, who built forts here, about 893; but Mr. Kemble thinks it was the seat of a Saxon tribe named Hastingas. At Senlac, now Battle, near Hastings, more than 30,000 were slain in the conflict between Harold II. of England and William, duke of Normandy, the former losing his life and kingdom, 14 Oct. 1066, his birthday. He and his two brothers were interred at Waltham abbey, Essex. The new town, St. Leonard's-on-Sea, was begun in 1828. A new pier here was inaugurated by earl Granville, 5 Aug. 1872. Hastings's Trial. Warren Hastings, governor-general of India, was tried by the peers of Great Britain for high crimes and misdemeanors. Among other charges nabob of Oude; see Chunar, Treaty of. The trial occuwas his acceptance of a present of 100,000l. from the commencing 13 Feb. 1788, terminating in his acquittal, pied 145 days, and lasted seven years and three months; 23 April, 1795. Mr. Sheridan's speech on the impeachment excited great admiration. Hastings was born in 1732; went to India as a writer in 1750; became governor-general of Bengal in 1772; of India, 1773; governed ably, but, it is said, unscrupulously and tyrannically, till he resigned in 1785. The expenses of his trial (70,000%) were paid by the East India Company, and a pension was granted to him. He died a privy-councillor in 1818. Hately Field, see Shrewsbury. Hatfield's Attempt. On 11 May, 1800, during a review in Hyde park, a shot from an undiscovered hand was fired, which wounded a young gentleman who stood near king George III. In the evening, when his majes was at Drury-lane theatre, Hatfield fired a pistol at him. Hatfield was confined as a lunatic till his death, 23 Jan. 1841, aged 69 years. Hatherley's Act, see Bankrupt. Hats, first made by a Swiss at Paris, 1404. When Charles VII. made his triumphal entry into Rouen, in Hartley Coal-mine (Northumberland). On 16 1449, he wore a hat lined with red velvet, and surmountJan. 1862, one of the iron beams, about 20 tons weight, ed with a rich plume of feathers. Henceforward, hats at the mouth of the ventilating shaft, broke and fell, de- and caps, at least in France, began to take the place of stroyed the brattice, divided the shaft, and carried down chaperons and hoods.-Hénault. Hats were first manusufficient timber to kill five men who were ascending the factured in England by Spaniards, in 1510.-Stow. Very shaft, and buried alive 202 persons, men and boys. Sev-high-crowned hats were worn by queen Elizabeth's courteral days elapsed before the bodies could be removed. Much sympathy was shown by the queen and the public, and about 70,000l. were collected for the bereaved families. The coroner's verdict asserted the necessity of two shafts to coal-mines, and recommended that the beams of colliery engines should be of malleable instead of cast iron. Hartwell (Buckinghamshire), the retreat of Louis XVIII., king of France, 1807-14. He landed in England at Yarmouth, 6 Oct. 1807; took up his residence at Gosfield Hall, in Essex; and afterwards came to Hartwell, as the count de Lille. His consort died here in 1810. On his restoration, he embarked at Dover for France, 24 April, 1814; see France. Haruspices, priests or soothsayers, of Etruscan origin, who foretold events from observing entrails of animals. They were introduced in Rome by Romulus (about 750 B.C.), and abolished by Constantine, A.D. 337, at which time they were seventy in number. Harvard College (Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States) was founded by the general court at iers, and high crowns were again introduced in 1783. A stamp-duty laid upon hats in 1784 and in 1796, was repealed in 1811. Silk hats began to supersede beaver about 1820. None allowed to sell any hat for above 20d. nor cap for above 28. 8d., 5 Hen. VII. 1489. Every person above seven years of age to wear on Sundays and holidays a cap of wool, knit, made, thickened, and dressed in England by some of the trade of cappers, under the forfeiture of three farthings for every day's neglect, 1571. Excepted: maids, ladies, and gentlewomen, and every lord, knight, and gentleman, of twenty marks of land, and their heirs, and such as had borne office of worship in any city, town, or place, and the wardens of London companies, 1571. Hatteras Expedition, see United States, Aug. 1861. Hau-hau Fanatics, see New Zealand, 1865. Havana, capital of Cuba, West Indies, founded by Velasquez, 1511; taken by lord Albemarle, 14 Aug. 1762; restored, 1763. The remains of Columbus were brought from St. Domingo and deposited in the cathedral here, 1795. Havre-de-Grâce (N.W. France) was defended for the Huguenots by the English in 1562, who, however, were expelled in 1563. It was bombarded by Rodney, 6 to 9 July, 1759; by sir Richard Strachan, 25 May, 1798; and blockaded, 6 Sept. 1803. The attempts of the British to burn the shipping here failed, 7 Aug. 1804. The International Maritime Exhibition here opened, 1 June, 1868. The volunteers visited Havre: began to shoot, 26 May; 50 British received prizes, 29 June, 1874. The French Association for Science met here, 30 Aug. 1877. Havre-de-Grace (Maryland), ravaged by the British under admiral Cockburn, 3 May, 1813. Hawaii, see Owhyhee. Hawkers AND Peddlers were first licensed in 1698. Licensing commissioners were appointed in 1810. The expense of licensing was reduced in 1861, and regulated by the Peddlers' act, 1871. Hawking, see Falconry. ery exhibited at Taunton, July, 1875. Mr. William A. Gibbs's apparatus, with artificial heat, tried at his place at Chingford, Essex, reported successful, 3 July, 1875; at other places in July, 1880. Military insurrection under Salnave against Geffrard, 7 Revolution caused by Pimentel; Baez flies; Cabral be- ..June, 30 Oct. 66 66 66 Hay. Average value of the produce of the United The ex-emperor Faustin (born a slave, 1791), died..Aug. Kingdom in 1874, 48,000,000l. Hay-making machin-City of St. Domingo nearly destroyed by the hurricane, B. Baez, president of Dominican republic........March, 1868 Insurrection against Salnave, 10 May; said to be suc cessful, 26 May; English consul protecting foreigners, June, Salnave defeats insurgents, and kills his prisoners, 3 June, Salnave proclaims himself emperor, Aug.; offers an amnesty... .......Oct. Hayman Case, see Rugby. Haymarket (Westminster), opened in 1664, was removed to Cumberland market, 1 Jan. 1831. The Haymarket theatre was opened in 1702; see Theatres. Hayti, or HAITI, Indian name of a West Indian island discovered by Columbus in Dec. 1492, and named Hispaniola, and afterwards St. Domingo. Before the Spaniards fully conquered it, they are said to have destroyed, in battle or cold blood, three million of its inhabitants, including women and children, 1495. It now comprises the republics of St. Domingo in the east, and Hayti in the west. Population (1877) of Hayti, about 550,000; of St. Domingo, about 136,500. Hayti seized by the filibusters and French buccaneers.. 1630 1677 The negroes revolt against France.. 1794 The eastern part of the island ceded to France by Spain, 1795 mingo... He surrenders to the French.. Is conducted to France, where he dies.. .9 May, 1801 ..7 May, 1802 1803 Nov. 66 A new insurrection, under the command of Dessalines; Geffrard takes oath as president of Hayti.. ..23 Jan. Health, GENERAL BOARD OF, was appointed by the act for the promotion of the public health, passed in 1848; see Sanitary Legislation. This board was reconstructed in Aug. 1854, and sir Benjamin Hall was placed at its head, with a salary of 2000l.; succeeded by W. F. Cowper, Aug. 1855, and by Ch. B. Adderley in 1858. The expenses for the year 1856-7 were 12,3257. In 1858 this board was incorporated into the privy council establishment; Dr. Simon being retained as a medical officer; see Hygeiopolis, Sanitary Legislation, etc. Health, NATIONAL BOARD OF, in the United States, was established by act of congress approved March 3, 1879. National law of quarantine was passed June 3, 1879. Hearth, or Chimney, Tax, on every fireplace or hearth in England, was imposed by Charles II. in 1662, when it produced about 200,000l. a year. It was abolished by William and Mary at the Revolution in 1689; imposed again, and again abolished. Heat (called by French chemists Caloric). Little progress had been made in the study of the phenomena of heat till about 1757, when Joseph Black put forward his theory of latent heat (heat, he said, being absorbed by melting ice), and of specific heat. Cavendish, La voisier, and others continued Black's researches. Sir John Leslie put forth his views on radiant heat in 1804. Count Rumford put forth the theory that heat consists in motion among the particles of matter; which view he supported by experiments on friction (recorded in 1802). This theory (now called the dynamical or mechanical theory of heat, and used to explain all the phenomena of physics and chemistry) has been further substantiated by the independent researches of Dr. J. Meyer of Heilbronn and of Mr. Joule of Manchester (about 1840), who assert that heat is the equivalent of work done. In 1854, professor William Thomson of Glasgow published his researches on the dynamical power of the sun's rays. Thermo-electricity, produced by heating pieces of copper and bismuth soldered together, was discovered by Seebeck in 1823. A powerful thermo-electric battery was constructed by Marcus of Vienna in 1865. Professor Tyndall's "Heat, a Mode of Motion," first published Feb. 1863; third edition, 1868. The researches of philosophers are still devoted to this subject; see Calorescence. Greatest heat in the hot summer of 1868: at Nottingham, in sun, 122.4°; in shade, 92.20, 22 July, 1 P.M.; 14 Aug. 1876, 95.7° in the shade; 147° in sun; 26 June, 1878, 95° in the shade. Sir George Cayley invented a heated air engine in 1807, and Hebrides (the Ebuda of Ptolemy and the Hebudes of Pliny), western isles of Scotland, long subject to Norway; ceded to Scotland in 1264; and annexed to the Scottish crown in 1540 by James V. The heritable juris dictions were abolished in 1747. Hebron (in Palestine). Here Abraham resided, 1860 B.C.; and here David was made king of Judah, 1048 B.C. On 7 April, 1862, the prince of Wales visited the reputed cave of Machpelah, near Hebron, said to contain the remains of Abraham and his descendants. Hecatomb, an ancient sacrifice of a hundred oxen, particularly observed by the Lacedæmonians when they possessed a hundred cities. The sacrifice was subsequently reduced to twenty-three oxen, and goats and lambs were substituted. castle was ruined, and the elector removed his residence to Mannheim. It was annexed to Baden in 1802. Here was the celebrated tun, constructed in 1343, when it contained twenty-one pipes of wine. Another was made in 1664, which held 600 hogsheads. It was destroyed by the French in 1688; but a larger one, fabricated in 1751, which held 800 hogsheads, and was formerly kept full of the best Rhenish wine, is said to be mouldering in a damp vault, empty since 1769. Helder Point (Holland). The fort and the Dutch fleet lying in the Texel surrendered to the British under the duke of York and sir Ralph Abercromby, for the prince of Orange, after a conflict. 540 British were killed, 30 Aug. 1799. The place was left in Oct.; see Bergen. Helena, St., an island in the South Atlantic Ocean, discovered by the Portuguese under Juan de Nova Castilla, on St. Helena's day, 21 May, 1502. The Dutch afterwards held it until 1600, when they were expelled by the English. The British East India Company settled here in 1651; and the island was alternately possessed by the English and Dutch until 1673, when Charles II., on 12 Dec., assigned it to the company once more. St. Helena was the place of Napoleon's captivity, 16 Oct. 1815; and here he died, 5 May, 1821. mains were removed in 1840, and interred at the Hôtel des Invalides, Paris; see France, 1840. The house and tomb have been purchased by the French government. The bishopric was founded in 1859. Governor, adm. sir Charles Elliot, 1863-9; adm. Charles George Edward Patey, 1869; Hudson Ralph Janisch, 1873. Population, 1871, 6241. His re Heligoland, an island in the North Sea, taken from the Danes by the British, 5 Sept. 1807; made a depot for British merchandise; confirmed to England by the treaty of Kiel, 14 Jan. 1814. In a naval engagement off Heligoland, between the Danes and the Austrians and Prussians, the allies were compelled to retire, 9 May, 1864. Governor, col. Henry F. B. Maxse, 1863. Population, 1877, about 2000. Heliography (from λog, the sun, and ypάow, to describe). A system of telegraphing by mirrors flashing the rays of the sun said to have been employed by the ancients in the time of Alexander, about 333 B. C. A portable heliograph, invented by Mr. H. Mance, of the Persian telegraph department, was announced in 1875. It was employed in India, 1877-8; and in the Afghan and Zulu campaigns, 1879-80; see also Photography. Heliometer, an instrument for measuring the diameters of the sun, moon, planets, and stars, invented by Savary in 1743; applied by M. Bouguer in 1744. A fine heliometer, by Repsold of Hamburg, was set up at the Radcliffe observatory, Oct. 1849. for observing the sun so as not to affect the eye, was Helioscope, a peculiar sort of telescope prepared invented by Christopher Scheiner in 1625. Hecla, Mount (Iceland). Its first recorded eruption is 1004. About twenty-two eruptions have taken place, according to Olasson and Paulson. Great convulsions of this mountain occurred in 1766, since when a visit to the top in summer is not attended with great difficulty. Perhaps the most awful volcanic eruption on record took place in 1781-5, when rivers were dried up, Heliostat, an instrument invented to make a sunand many villages overwhelmed or destroyed. The beam stationary, or apparently stationary; invented by mount was in a state of violent eruption from 2 Sept.'sGravesande about 1719, and greatly improved by Ma1845, to April, 1846. Three new craters were formed, lus and others. One constructed by MM. Foucault and from which pillars of fire rose to the height of 14,000 Duboscq was exhibited at Paris in Oct. 1862. English feet. The lava formed several hills, and pieces of pumice-stone and scoriæ of 2 cwt. were thrown to a distance of a league and a half; the ice and snow which had covered the mountain for centuries melted into prodigious floods. Hegira, ERA OF THE, dates from the flight (Arabic hejra) of Mahomet from Mecca to Medina on the night of Thursday, 15 July, 622. The era commences on the 16th. Some compute this era from the 15th, but Cantemir proves that the 16th was the first day. 33 of its lunar years are equal to 32 of those of the vulgar era. Heidelberg (Germany) was the capital of the Palatinate, 1362-1719. The Protestant electoral house becoming extinct in 1693, a war ensued, in which the Hellas, in Thessaly, the home of the Hellenes and the Greek race, which supplanted the Pelasgians from the fifteenth to the eleventh century B.C., derived its name from Hellen, king of Phthiotis, about 1600 B.C. The Hellenes separated into the Dorians, Æolians, Ionians, and Achaians. The present king of Greece is called "king of the Hellenes;" see Greece. Hellenic Society, to promote Hellenic studies, formed at a meeting, 16 June, 1879, by Mr. C. T. Newton and others. Hellespont (now the Strait of the Dardanelles) was named after Helle, daughter of Athamas, king of Thebes, who was drowned here. It is celebrated for the story of the loves of Hero of Sestos, and Leander of |