Abydos: Leander was drowned in a tempestuous night | Charlemagne, about 800; and next to Frederick Barbaas he was swimming across the Hellespont (about one rossa, about 1152; it began and grew with the feudal mile), and Hero, in despair, threw herself into the sea, law.-Mackenzie. The great English works on Heraldabout 627 B.C. Lord Byron and lieut. Ekenhead also ry are those of Barcham or Barkham, published by swam across, 3 May, 1810; see Xerxes. Gwillim (1610), Edmonson (1780), and Burke's "Armory" (1842; new ed., 1878, contains a history and the arms of above 60,000 British families). Edward III. appointed two heraldic kings-at-arms for the south and north (Surroy, Norroy).. Richard III. incorporated and endowed the HERALDS' Hell-fire Clubs. Three of these associations were suppressed, 1721. They met at Somerset House, and at houses in Westminster and in Conduit street. Helmets, among the Romans, were provided with a vizor of grated bars, to raise above the eyes, and beaver to lower for eating; the Greek helmet was round, the Roman square. Richard I. of England wore a plain round helmet; but most of the English kings had crowns above their helmets. Alexander III. of Scotland, 1249, had a flat helmet, with a square grated vizor; and the helmet of Robert I. was surmounted by a crown, 1306.-Gwillim. Helots, captives, derived by some from the Greek Nev, to take; by others from Helos, a city which the Spartans hated for refusing to pay tribute, 883 B.C. The Spartans, it is said, ruined the city, reduced the Helots to slavery, and called all their slaves and prisoners of war Helota. The number of the Helots was much enlarged by the conquest of Messenia, 668 B.C.; and is considered to have formed four fifths of the inhabitants of Sparta. In the Peloponnesian war the Helots behaved with uncommon bravery, and were rewarded with liberty, 431 B.C.; but the sudden disappearance of 2000 manumitted slaves was attributed to Lacedæmonian treachery.-Herodotus. Helvetian Republic. Switzerland having been conquered by the French in 1797, a republic was established April, 1798, with this title; see Switzerland. Helvetii, a Celto-Germanic people who inhabited what is now called Switzerland. Invading Gaul, 61 B.C., they were defeated and massacred by Julius Cæsar, 58 B.C., near Geneva. Hemp AND Flax. Flax was first planted in England, when it was directed to be sown for fishing-nets, 1532-3. "Bounties were paid to encourage its cultivation in 1783; and every exertion should be made by the government and legislature to accomplish such a national good. In 1785 there were imported from Russia, in British ships, 17,695 tons of hemp and flax."-Sir John Sinclair. The importation of hemp and flax in 1870, 3,510,178 cwt.; in 1877, 3,502,447 cwt.; in 1879, 2,943,738. The cultivation of flax was revived at the dearth of cotton during the American civil war, 1861-4. Hengestdown (Cornwall). Here Egbert is said to have defeated the Danes and West Britons, 835. Henoticon (from the Greek vórne, unity), an edict of union for reconciling the Eutychians with the church, issued by the emperor Zeno at the instance of Acacius, patriarch of Constantinople, 482. It was zealously opposed by the popes of Rome, and was annulled by Justin I. in 518. The orthodox party triumphed, and many heretic bishops were expelled from their sees. Heptarchy (or government of seven rulers) in England was gradually formed from 455, when Hengist became king of Kent. It terminated in 828, when Egbert became sole monarch of England. There were at first nine or ten Saxon kingdoms, but Middlesex soon ceased to exist, and Bernicia and Deira were generally governed by one ruler, as Northumbria; see Britain and Octarchy. Heraclidæ, descendants of Hercules, who were expelled from the Peloponnesus about 1200 B.C., but reconquered it in 1048, 1103-4, or 1109 B.C., a noted epoch in chronology, all the history preceding being accounted fabulous. Heraldry. Marks of honor were used in the first ages.-Nisbet. The Phrygians had a sow; the Thracians, Mars; the Romans, an eagle; the Goths, a bear; the Flemings, a bull; the Saxons, a horse; and the ancient French, a lion, and afterwards the fleur-de-lis (which see). Heraldry, as an art, is ascribed first to COLLEGE 1340 .1483-4 .15 July, 1554 Philip and Mary enlarged its privileges, and confirmed The college has an earl-marshal, 3 kings-of-arms (Garter, The building in Doctors' Commons, London, was erected by sir Christopher Wren (after the great fire in 1666).. 1683 HERALDS' VISITATIONS were occasionally held in former times, at which the landed gentry were required to attend to prove their pedigrees, which were then entered in a book. The last is said to have been held in 1687. Some of the records have been printed. Herat, on the confines of Khorasan, a strong city, called the key of Afghanistan. It was conquered by Persia, early in the sixteenth century; by the Afghans, in 1715; by Nadir Shah, 1731; recovered by the Afghans, 1749. The Persians, baffled in an attempt in 1838, took it 25 Oct. 1856, in violation of the treaty of 1853; and war ensued between Great Britain and Persia. Peace was made in April, 1857; and Herat was restored 27 July following. It was seized again by Dost Mahomed, 26 May, 1863; taken by Yakoob Khan, rebelling against his father, 6 May, 1871. Yakoob, reconciled to his father, was made governor, 16 Sept. 1871; see Afghanistan. Herbert Hospital FOR SOLDIERS, Woolwich, erected 1866. Herculaneum, an ancient city of Campania, overwhelmed, together with Pompeii, by an eruption of lava from Vesuvius, 23 or 24 Aug. 79. Successive eruptions laid them still deeper under the surface, and all traces of them were lost until excavations began in 1711; and in 1713 many antiquities were found. In 1738 excavations were resumed, and works of art, monuments, and memorials of civilized life were discovered. 150 rolls of MS. papyri were found in a chest in 1754; and many antiquities were purchased by sir William Hamilton, and sold to the British Museum, where they are deposited; but the principal relics are preserved in the museum of Portici. The "Antichità di Ercolano," 8 vols. folio, were published by the Neapolitan government, 1757-92. Hereford was made the seat of a bishopric about 676, Putta being first bishop. The cathedral was founded by a nobleman named Milfride, in honor of Ethelbert, king of the East Saxons, who was treacherously slain by his intended mother-in-law, the queen of Mercia. The tower fell in 1786, and was rebuilt by Mr. Wyatt. The cathedral was reopened, after very extensive repairs, on 30 June, 1863. The see is valued in the king's books at 7687. per annum. Present income, 42007. BISHOPS. 1803. Folliott H. W. Cornwall, translated to Worcester, 1808. 1832. Hon. Edward Grey, died 24 June, 1837. Heretics (from the Greek alpeois, choice). Paul says, "After the way they call heresy, so worship I the God of my fathers," 60 (Acts xxiv. 14). Heresy was to Turkey in 1699 at the peace of Carlowitz. In Dec. unknown to the Greek and Roman religions. Simon 1861, an insurrection against the Turks broke out, fosMagus is said to have broached the Gnostic heresy about tered by the prince of Montenegro. It was subdued; 41. This was followed by the Manichees, Nestorians, and on 23 Sept. 1862, Vucatovitch, chief of the insurArians, etc.; see Inquisition. It is stated that the prom-gents, surrendered, on behalf of his countrymen, to Kurulgation of laws for prosecuting heretics was begun by schid Pacha, and an amnesty was granted. the emperor Frederick II. in 1220, and immediately adopted by pope Honorius III. 402 Epiphanius chosen bishop of Constantius in Cyprus, 367; wrote "Panarium," a discourse against heresies; died Thirty heretics came from Germany to England to propagate their opinions, and were branded in the forehead, whipped, and thrust naked into the streets in the depth of winter, where, none daring to relieve them, they died of hunger and cold (Speed)... Laws against heretics repealed, 25 Henry VIII........1534-5 The last person executed for heresy in Britain was Thomas Aikenhead, at Edinburgh [The orthodox Mahometans are Sonuites; the heretics, Shiites, Druses, etc.] 1160 1696 Heritable Jurisdictions (i. e. feudal rights) in Scotland, valued at 164,232/., were abolished by the act 20 Geo. II. c. 43 (1747), and restored to the crown for money compensation after 25 March, 1748. Heritable and Movable Rights, in the Scottish law, denote what in England is meant by real and personal property: real property in England answering nearly to heritable rights in Scotland, and personal property to the movable rights. Hermandad, Santa (Spanish for "holy brotherhood"), associations of cities of Castile and Aragon to defend their liberties, began about the middle of the thirteenth century. The brotherhood was disorganized in 1498, order having been firmly established. It is said to have been continued as a species of voluntary police. Hermas, author of "The Shepherd," a Christian apocryphal book, supposed to have been written about 131. Some believe Hermas to be mentioned in Romans xvi. 14. Hermits, see Monachism. Herne Bay, Kent, a watering-place, begun 1830; the pier, five eighths of a mile long, having decayed, a new one was opened, 27 Aug. 1873, by lord mayor Waterlow. "Hero," British man-of-war, see Wrecks, 1811. Herrera (Aragon). Here don Carlos of Spain, in his struggle for his hereditary right to the throne, at the head of 12,000 men, encountered and defeated gen. Buerens, who had not much above half that number of the queen of Spain's troops. Buerens lost about 1000 in killed and wounded, 24 Aug. 1837. Herring-fishery was largely encouraged by the English and Scotch in very early times. The "statute of herrings," passed in 1357, placed the trade under government control. The mode of preserving herrings by pickling was discovered about 1397.-Anderson. The British Herring-fishery Company was instituted 2 Sept. 1750. A scientific commission in relation to the fishery was appointed in 1862. Herrings, BATTLE OF THE, fought 12 Feb. 1429, obtained its name from the duc de Bourbon being defeated while attempting to intercept a convoy of salt fish, on the road to the English besieging Orleans. Herrnhuters, see Moravians. Herschel Telescope, see Telescopes. Hertford College, Oxford; founded in 1312; dissolved 1805; revived, and Magdalen Hall incorporated with it, 1874. Heruli, a German tribe which ravaged Greece and Asia Minor in the third century after Christ. Odoacer, their leader, overwhelmed the Western empire and became king of Italy, 476. He was defeated and put to death by Theodoric the Ostrogoth, 491-3. Herzegovina, or HERTSEK (European Turkey), originally a part of Croatia, was united with Bosnia in 1326, and made the duchy of St. Saba by the emperor Frederick III. in the following century. It was ceded An insurrection against the Turks breaks out, chief leader said to be Lazzaro Socica; several conflicts with varying results 66 .1 July, 1875 The European powers counsel to send a commission to Turks said to be defeated at Nevesinje. ..12 July, redress grievances... .22 Aug. Server Pacha unsuccessful; Turkish victories reported, Aug. The insurgents, in a document, describe their sufferings, as Christians; demand full and real freedom, and declare that they will not be subject to the Turks again, 12 Sept. Futile intervention of foreign consuls. ...Sept. Sanguinary engagements; various results...29 Sept., 13 Oct., 11-14 Nov. killed... surgents ask too much... 66 66 .18-20 Jan. 1876 Insurgents defeated near Trebinje; Bacevics, a leader, Negotiations of the Austrian general Rodich fail; the in.. April, Mukhtar Pacha said to have defeated insurgents, and reOther engagements reported.. victualled Niksichs besieged 29 April, The new sultan, Murad, grants an armistice for negotia.May, June, All intelligence very uncertain ....July, 1875-July, (See Turkey.) Herzegovina was occupied by the Austrians in Aug. 1878, in conformity with the treaty of Berlin.. 13 July, 1878 Novi-Bazar quietly occupied by the Austrians...8 Sept. 1879 Fighting at Mostar, the capital.. .....4 Aug. 66 Hesse (W. Germany), the seat of the Catti, formed part of the empire of Charlemagne; from the rulers of it in his time, the present are descended. It was joined to of Brabant and Sophia, daughter of the landgrave of Thuringia till about 1263, when Henry I. (son of a duke Thuringia) became landgrave of Hesse. The most remarkable of his successors was Philip the Magnanimous (1509), an eminent warrior and energetic supporter of the Reformation, who signed the Augsburg Confession in 1530 and the League of Smalcald in 1531. At his death, in 1567, Hesse was divided into HESSE-CASSEL and HESSE-DARMSTADT, under his sons William and George, and their descendants played an eminent part in the convulsions of Germany during the seventeenth and eighIn 1803 Hesse - Cassel became an teenth centuries.* electorate, and in 1806 Hesse-Darmstadt a grand-duchy; which titles were retained in 1814. In 1807 Hesse-Cassel was incorporated with the kingdom of Westphalia, but in 1813 the electorate was re-established. Population (1875), grand-duchy, 884,218. William II.; born 28 July, 1777; died 20 Nov. 1847. The elector, in 1850, remodelled the constitution given The constitution of 1831 was abolished, and a new one The conflict was soon resumed, and continued till, by *Six thousand Hessian troops arrived in England, in consequence of an invasion being expected, in 1756. The sum of 471,000l. three per cent, stock was transferred to the landgrave of Hesse, for Hessian auxiliaries lost in the American again brought to this realm at the close of the last century, war, at 304. per man, Nov. 1786. The Hessian soldiers were and served in Ireland during the rebellion in 1798. 1806. Louis I.; born 14 June, 1753; died 6 April, 1830. Heir: Ernest Louis, born 25 Nov. 1868. HESSE-HOMBURG, a landgraviate, established by Freder descendant, Augustus Frederick, married (7 May, 1818) Elizabeth, daughter of George III. of England, who had no issue. The landgraviate was absorbed into the grand-duchy of Hesse in 1806, but re-established in 1815 with additional territories. The landgrave Ferdinand succeeded his brother, 8 Sept. 1848, and died 24 March, 1866. Hesse-Homburg annexed to Prussia, 8 Oct. 1866. Heterogeny, see Spontaneous Generation. Hewley's Charity, see Unitarians. Hexameter, the most ancient form of Greek verse, six measures or feet, each containing two long syllables (a spondee), or a long one and two short (a dactyl), the form of verse in which Homer wrote his "Iliad" and "Odyssey," and Virgil the " Æneid." Hexham, or HAGULSTAD, Northumberland. The see of Hexham was founded about 678; it had ten bishops successively, but by reason of the rapine of the Danes it was discontinued; the last prelate appointed 810. At the BATTLE OF HEXHAM the Yorkist army of Edward IV. obtained a complete victory over the Lancastrian army of Henry VI., 15 May, 1464. Hibbert Fund. Robert Hibbert on 19 July, 1847, established a trust fund "for the promotion of comprehensive learning and thorough research in relation to religion as it appears to the eye of the scholar and philosopher, and wholly apart from the interest of any particular church or system." Hibbert Lectures, first course of, seven by prof. Max Müller (given at Westminster) "On the Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by the Religions of India".. .25 April-30 May, 1878 Since given by M. Renouf, in 1879; M. Ernest Renan, 6-14 April, 1880; by Mr. T. W. Rhys Davids, 26 April-24 May, 1881 Hibernia, IBERNIA, IVERNIA, and IERNE, a name given to Ireland by ancient writers (Aristotle, Ptolemy, etc.); see Ireland, and Wrecks, 1833. Hicks's Hall, Clerkenwell, London. The sessionshouse of the justices of Middlesex was long so named on account of its having been erected for them by sir Baptist Hicks, at his own expense, 1611-12. Hieroglyphics (sacred engravings), picture-writing, the expression of ideas by representation of visible objects, used chiefly by the Egyptians; said to have been invented by Athotes, 2112 B.C.-Usher. Young, Champollion, Rosellini, and others (in the present century) have much elucidated Egyptian hieroglyphics; see Rosetta Stone. High AND Low Church, sections in the church of England, became prominent in the reign of Anne. Dr. Sacheverell, preacher at St. Saviour's, Southwark, was prosecuted for two seditious sermons preached (14 Aug. and 9 Nov. 1709) to create apprehension for the safety of the church, and to excite hostility against dissenters. His friends were called High-church and his opponents Low-church, or moderate, men, 1720. The queen favored Sacheverell, and presented him with the rectory of St. Andrew's, Holborn. He died in 1724. High Commission, COURT OF, an ecclesiastical court, erected by 1 Eliz. c. 1, 1559, by which all spiritual It originally had jurisdiction was vested in the crown. no power to fine or imprison; but under Charles I. and archbishop Laud it assumed illegal powers, was complained of by the parliament, and abolished in 1641. High Constable, see Constable. High Court of Justice, see Supreme Court. High Court of Justiciary, see Supreme Court and Law. Highgate Archway, over a road made to avoid the hill; first stone laid by Edward Smith, 31 Oct. 1812; toll through ceased 1 May, 1876. Highgate School, founded by sir Roger Cholmeley, 1565. Highlands (of Scotland), long held by semi-barbarous clans, were greatly improved by the construction of military roads by gen. Wade, about 1725-6; by the abolition of heritable jurisdiction of feudal rights in 1747, and by the establishment of the Highland and Agricultural Society in 1784; see Regiments. Highness. The title of Highness was given to Henry VII.; and this, and sometimes Your Grace, was the manner of addressing Henry VIII.; but about the close of the reign of the latter, the titles of "Highness" and "Your Grace" were absorbed in that of "Majesty." Louis XIII. of France gave the title of Highness to the prince of Orange in 1664; this prince had previously only the distinction of Excellency. Louis XIV. gave the princes of Orange the title of High and Mighty Lords, 1644.-Hénault. High-priest, see Priest. High - treason. To regulate the trials for this crime, the statute so favorable to liberty, the 25th of Edward III. 1352, was enacted, by which two living witnesses are required; parliament having refused to sanction the sentence of death against the duke of Somerset. By the 40 Geo. III. 1800, it was enacted that where there was a trial for high-treason in which the overt act was a direct attempt upon the life of the soyereign, such trial should be conducted in the same manner as in the case of an indictment for murder; see Treason. The last two cases of execution for high-treason: I. William Cundell, alias Connell, and John Smith; tried on a special commission, 6 Feb. 1812, being two of fourteen British subjects taken in the enemy's service in the isles of France and Bourbon. Mr. Abbot, afterwards lord Tenterden and chief-justice, and sir Vicary Gibbs, attorney-general, conducted the prosecution, and Mr. (afterwards lord) Brougham defended the prisoners. The defence was, that they had assumed the French uniform to aid their escape to England. They were hanged and beheaded on the lodge of Horsemonger-lane jail on 16 March, 1812. All the other convicts were pardoned, upon condition of serving in colonies beyond the seas. II. The Cato-street Conspirators (which see), executed 1 May, 1820. Highways, see Roads. Hill, Rowland, MEMORIAL FUND, see Mansion House. Hillabee Towns, ATTACK ON, by gen. White, with 360 mounted Tennessee militia and some friendly Cherokees. This place is on the Tallapoosa, in Alabama. The attack was made on 18 Nov. 1813. 61 warriors were killed and 256 made prisoners without the loss of a man. Hillsborough (Down, N.E. Ireland), founded by sir A. Hill, in the reign of Charles I. Here were held two great Protestant meetings in favor of the Irish church: (1) on 30 Oct. 1834, to protest against the "appropriation clause;" (2) 30 Oct. 1867, in consequence of a commission of inquiry into the Irish church establishment, and the agitation consequent thereon. Himera (Sicily). Here (in 480 B.C.) Theron and Gelon of Agrigentum defeated the Carthaginians; and at Ecnomus, near here, the latter defeated Agathocles of Syracuse, 311 B.C. Hippopotamus (Greek Tолотаμоç, riverhorse), a native of Africa, known to, but incorrectly described by, ancient writers. Hippopotami were exhibited at Rome by Antoninus, Commodus, and others, about 138, 180, and 218. The first brought to England arrived 25 May, 1850, and was placed in the Zoological Gardens, Regent's Park, London (died 11 March, 1878); another, a female, four months old, was placed there in 1854. One born here, 21 Feb. 1871, and another born 1 Jan. 1872, lived a few days only; another born 5 Nov. 1872. Two young ones, born at Paris in May, 1858, and June, 1859, were killed by their mother. One born at Amsterdam, 29 July, 1865. Hispania, Latin name of Spain. Histology (from ioróg, a web), the science which treats of the tissues which enter into the formation of animals and vegetables; mainly prosecuted by the aid of the microscope. Schwann, Valentin, Kölliker, Quekett, and Robin are celebrated for their researches. Prof. Quekett's "Lectures on Histology" were published in 1852 and 1854. History. The Bible, the Parian Chronicle, the histories of Herodotus ("the father of history") and Ctesias, and the poems of Homer are the foundations of early ancient history. Later ancient history is considered as ending with the destruction of the Roman empire in Italy, 476. Modern history dates from the age of Charlemagne, about 800. There was not a professorship of modern history in either of our universities until the years 1724 and 1736, when Regius professorships were established by George I. and George II.-Royal Historical Society, London, established 1868, Earl Russell president, 1872. A commission was appointed 31 Aug. 1869, to examine historical MSS. in the possession of institutions and private families, and to publish any considered desirable. It has issued several reports, 1870 et seq. Hittites, descendants of Heth, second son of Canaan, a commercial tribe, from whom Abraham bought a grave for his wife, 1860 B.C. (Gen. xxiii.). They opposed Joshua, 1451 B.C.; and the Egyptians, about 1340 B.C. The castle of Jerablus, a mound and ruins, 20 miles below Beredj k, on the Euphrates; was visited by Henry Maundrell, 1699; by Dr. Pococke, 1745; and by J. H. Skene and Mr George Smith (died 1876), who agreed in considering the remains to be those of Carchemish, the ancient capital of the Hittites, captured and annexed by Sargon, king of Assyria (about 721 B.C.). The site had been held successively by Hittites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Greeks, Romans, and Arabs. A rich harvest may be expected from its explora t.on. the Prussian army, commanded by Frederick II., was which several important battles have been fought: (1.) Hohenlinden (Bavaria). Here the Austrians, commanded by archduke John, were beaten by the French and Bavarians, commanded by Moreau, 3 Dec. 1800. The peace of Luneville followed. Hohenstaufen, see Germany and Guelphs. Hohenzollern, the reigning family in Prussia. Its origin is referred to Thassilo, about 800, who built the castle of Hohenzollern. In 1417, Frederick of Nuremberg, his descendant, was made elector of Brandenburg. The princes of Hohenzollern - Hechingen and Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen abdicated in favor of the king of Prussia, 7 Dec. 1849. Charles, son of the prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, was elected prince of Roumania, 20 April, 1866; see Danubian Principalities. His brother Leopold, nominated candidate for the throne of Spain, withdrew July, 1870; see Brandenburg and Prussia. Holbein Society, for obtaining photo-lithographic representations of ancient wood engravings, established in 1868, sir William Stirling Maxwell president. Holborn (Holeborne, in Doomsday-book), said to be identical with the river Fleet. Holborn hill, in the time of Stow, 1600, was termed "Heavy hill." Gerard, the herbalist, speaks of his "house in Holborne," 1597. The Holborn theatre was opened by Mr. Sefton Parry, 6 Oct. 1866, with "Flying Scud," a new piece by Mr. Dion Boucicault. The Holborn amphitheatre was opened 25 May, 1867. The Holborn Valley viaduct, founded by Mr. F. H. Fry, 3 June, 1867 (Mr. William Haywood chief engineer), was opened for foot-passengers 14 Oct., and inaugurated by the queen, 6 Nov. 1869. "Middle row was pulled down in 1867. Western Approach street opened 25 June, 1868. The statue of prince Albert uncovered by the prince of Wales, 9 Jan. 1874. Holborn town-hall opened by the lord mayor, 18 Dec. 1879. Holidays, see Bank Holidays. Holland (Hollow land, or, some say, Wooded land), a kingdom, N. W. Europe, the chief part of the northern Netherlands, composed of land rescued from the sea, and defended by immense dikes. It was inhabited by the Batavi in the time of Cæsar, who made a league with them. It became part of Gallia Belgica, and afterwards fifteenth century it was governed by counts under the of the kingdom of Austrasia. From the tenth to the German emperors. In 1861, the population of the kingdom in Europe was 3,521,416; of the colonies, 18,175,910; of both in 1863, 21,805,607; of the kingdom, Jan. Hobhouse's Act, 1 & 2 Will. IV. c. 60, 1831, re- 1873, 3,767,263; 1876, 3,865,456; colonies, about 25,110,lates to vestries and charities. Hobart Town, or HOBARTON, a seaport and capital of Van Diemen's Land, was founded in 1804 by col. Collins, the first lieutenant-governor, who died here in 1810. Hobkirk's Hill, SOUTH CAROLINA, BATTLE AT, fought 25 April, 1781, between the British under lord Rawdon, and the Americans under Greene. The Americans were worsted and retired. British loss, 258; American, 266. Hochkirchen (Saxony). Here, on 14 Oct. 1758, 000; 1879, kingdom, 4,037,010. The parties termed Hooks (followers of Margaret, countess 1347 1416 1436 The provinces solicit help from England and France; expedition of the earl of Leicester; English and Dutch disagree... 1585 .1585-7 Battle of Zutphen-sir Philip Sidney mortally wounded, 22 Sept. 1586 Prince Maurice appointed stadtholder... 1587 Death of Philip II. His son Philip III. cedes the Netherlands to Albert of Austria and the infanta Isabella.... 1598 Campaigns of Maurice and Spinola..... .1599-1604 Maurice defeats the archduke at Nieuwport......2 July, 1600 The independence of the United Provinces recognized; truce of Antwerp for twelve years..9 April (30 March), 1609 Batavia in Java built.... 1610 Fierce religious dissensions between the Arminians and ..1610-19 Maurice favors the latter and intrigues for royal power.. 1616 Synod of Dort; persecution of the Arminians.. 1618-19 Execution of the illustrious Barneveldt.... .13 May, 1619 1623 1625 His death; his brother Frederick succeeds him, and annuls the persecution.. Manhattan (now New York), North America, founded; massacre of English at Amboyna, East Indies.. 1624 Victories of Van Tromp, who takes two Spanish fleets off the Downs.. .16 Sept. and 21 Oct. 1639 Peace of Westphalia; the republic recognized by Europe. 1648 War with England naval actions. Blake defeats De Ruyter, 22 Oct.; but is surprised by Van Tromp, who takes some English ships, and sails through the Channel with a broom at his mast-head... Indecisive sea-fights, 12-14 June; death of Van Tromp, 21 July; peace follows.. .29 Nov. 1652 .25 July, 1846 .17 April, 1848 .17 March, 1849 Re-establishment of a Roman Catholic hierarchy an nounced.. ..12 March, 1853 .Jan. and Feb. 1861 Great fire at Enschede, the Manchester of Holland, loss about a million pounds..... .7 May, 1862 The states-general pass a law for the abolition of slavery in the Dutch West Indies (after 1 July, 1863)....6 Aug. Treaty for capitalizing Scheldt dues signed. ......12 May, 1863 Slavery ceases in the Dutch West Indies.........1 July, 50th anniversary of deliverance from France....17 Nov. Commencement of canal to connect Amsterdam with the North sea... .8 March, 1865 Inundations: 40,000 acres submerged; nearly 30,000 villages made destitute.. 66 66 The government undertake a canal to connect Rotterdam with the sea... Commercial treaty with France... New ministry (protectionist)... Correspondence with Prussia respecting the Prussian garrison in Luxemburg. ....July-Aug. The lower chamber barely passes a vote of censure on the ministry respecting government of Java, etc.; the king dissolves the chamber.. .10 Oct. Alleged treaty with France respecting cession of Luxemburg (which see)..... ..22 March, 1867 The fortifications of Luxemburg razed... May, 1868 Long struggle beween the ministry and the chambers, Nov. 1867-May, 1868; the ministry resign; a new ministry formed by M. de Thorbecke... ..June, International exhibition opened at Amsterdam by prince Henry... ..15 July, 1869 Meeting of the chambers; strict neutrality in the FrancoPrussian war to be maintained.. .19 Sept. 1870 Cession of Dutch possessions in Guinea to Great Britain, voted.... 7 July, 1871 Tercentenary celebration of the commencement of Dutch independence by the capture of Briel.... ...1 April, 1872 Death of De Thorbecke, a great statesman.......4 June, A new ministry formed by Devries.... 29 June, Discussions respecting the war against the sultan of Achin in Sumatra (which see). April, 1873 New port at Flushing opened by the king. ....8 Sept. Expedition against the Achinese (see Sumatra) embarks, Triple alliance of England, Holland, and Sweden against France. 1668 Dec. "C New ministry, under Dr. Heemskirk. .28 July, 1874 New penal code issued.... ...Aug. 1875 Tercentenary of Pacification of Ghent celebrated...Sept. 1876 Canal between North sca and Amsterdam passed by a monitor (see 1865), 4 Oct.; inaugurated by the king, 1 Nov. แ New ministry; president, baron Kappeijne van de Coppello... ..3 Nov. 1877 Marriage of prince Henry, the king's brother, to princess Marie Elizabeth of Prussia. .24 Aug. 1878 aged 58, 13 Jan. 1879 .19 Aug. PRINCES OF ORANGE (see Orange), STADTHOLDERS. Philibert de Chalons. 66 War with England for naval supremacy-Holland loses colonies. Civil wars in the Low Countries.. ..1781-3 .1787-9 1793 1618. 1794 The French republicans march into Holland; the people declare in their favor.... Unsuccessful campaign of the duke of York.. The Batavian republic established in alliance with France 1795 Battle of Camperdown, Duncan signally defeats the Dutch, 11 Oct. 1797 The Texel flect, of twelve ships of the line, with thirteen Indiamen, surrenders to the British admiral, without firing a gun... ...30 Aug. 1799 A new constitution is given to the Batavian republic; the chief officer (R. J. Schimmelpenninck) takes the title of grand pensionary.. 26 April, 1805 .5 June, 1806 .July, Sept. 1809 .1 July, 1810 ...9 July, William of Nassau, styled the Great, cousin to René, recovers the principality of Orange in 1559. Nominated STADTHOLDER, 1579; killed by an assassin hired by Philip II. of Spain, 10 July, 1584. 1584. Philip William, his son; stolen away from the university of Louvain; the Dutch would never suffer him to reside in their provinces; died 1618. Maurice, the renowned general; became STADTHOLDER Frederick Henry (brother), STADTHOLDER. 1650-72. John De Witt, grand pensioner; no stadtholder. 1530. 1544. René de Nassau, his nephew. 1625. 1647. |