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Horse-shoes. Goodenough's American horse-shoes, made
by machinery, put on cold (patented 1860), were used
by the London General Omnibus Company, Oct.-Dec.
1868. The international horseshoe company for
adopting the patent was established early in..
1870
Horse epidemic ("epizooty "), from Canada, at New
York, Boston, etc., caused much inconvenience...Oct. 1872
Reported scarcity of horses in Britain; a commission of
inquiry appointed, Feb.; reported (no result).....Aug. 1873
Stud Company, to improve the breed of horses, held first
annual meeting..
Horse duty taken off..
British Empire Horse - supply Association established,

20 Sept.

1874

spring, 1878

English Cart - horse Society established, earl of Ellesmere president....

Horse Guards.

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Hospitals, originally Hospitia for the reception of travellers. That at Jerusalem, built by the Knights of St. John, 1112, was capable of receiving 2000 guests, and .3 June, included an infirmary for the sick. The richly endowed The regiment is said to have "five royal hospitals" under "the pious care of the lord been instituted in the reign of Edward VI., 1550, and re-mayor of London," etc., are St. Bartholomew's, St. Thomvived by Charles II. 1661. The first troop of Horse as's, Bridewell, Bethlehem, and Christ's; which see, and Grenadier Guards was raised in 1693, and was com- Infirmaries and Dispensaries. Benjamin Atwood, who manded by gen. Cholmondeley; and the second troop, gave anonymously about 250,000l. in checks of 1000%. to commanded by lord Forbes, was raised in 1702. There hospitals, etc., died in 1874. was a reduction of the Horse and Grenadier Guards; and Life Guards, as now established, were raised in their room, 26 May, 1788.-Philips. The present edifice called the Horse Guards was erected about 1758. In the front are two small arches, where horse-soldiers, in full uniform, daily mount guard. In the building was formerly the office of the commander-in-chief, now in Pall Mall. Horse-racing, see Races.

Hortensian Law, passed by Q. Hortensius, dictator, 286 B.C., after the secession of the plebeians to the Janiculum, affirmed the legislative power granted them by previous laws in 446 and 336 B.C.

Bethlehem (oldest lunatic asylum in Europe except one
at Granada), founded.
Cancer, Brompton...

Charing Cross, founded 1818; new hospital built..
Consumption, Brompton..
Dental...

Evelina (baron Rothschild's).

Dreadnought ship (seaman's).

Fever..

Free Royal, Gray's Inn lane.
German, Dalston
Great Northern
Guy's (see Guy's)..

Hahnemann (homœopathic)..
Idiots'.
Incurables
Jews'..

1547

1851

1831

1841

1858

1821

1869

1802

1828

1845

1856

1721

1850

1847

1850

1747

1839

1746

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Horticulture (from hortus and cultura), the art of cultivating gardens; see Gardening.

King's College.
Lock

London...

London Ophthalmic, Royal, Finsbury,

The library sold..

Proposal for laying out a garden for the society on the
Brompton estate, belonging to the Crystal Palace Com-
missioners, July, 1859; received the support of the
queen, nobility, etc., and Mr. Nesfield's design was
adopted, May, 1860; the new gardens opened by the
prince consort, who planted a Wellingtonia gigantea
(which see), 5 June. The queen planted one...24 July, 1861
Dr. John Lindley (who "raised horticulture from an em-
pirical art to a developed science") secretary, 1822-62,

died 1 Nov. 1865

The Albert memorial uncovered in the presence of the
prince and princess of Wales.....
An International Horticultural Exhibition was opened in
the gardens......

Samaritan, Free, for women and children.
Sick Children, 1851; new building opened
Small-pox......

St. Bartholomew's (see Bartholomew, St.)
St. George's..

St. John's, Leicester square (skin)..

St. Luke's (lunatics)

Nov. 1875

1746 .1102, 1546

1733

1863

1751

..10 June, 1863

St. Mark's.

1835

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.23-31 May, 1866

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Horticultural societies established at Edinburgh, 1809; at Dublin....

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The oldest existing Horticultural Society in the United States is the Massachusetts State Horticultural Society, established.

Hosiery, see Stockings and Cotton.

Hospital Sundays are said to have begun at Birmingham, 13 Nov. 1859. Glasgow began hospital Sunday's about 1844. It is said the present system of hospital Sunday began at Manchester in 1870. Near the end of 1872, it was proposed that collections for the benefit of hospitals and dispensaries in London should be annually made on one Sunday in the year at all places of worship. A committee for effecting this met at the Mansion House, 31 Jan. 1873; and, soon after, 15 June was appointed as the day for the collection. The hospital Sunday system was adopted in the United States

in 1874.

HOSPITAL SUNDAYS IN LONDON:

1873. 15 June. About 25,5111. received on the day from about 1200 places of worship, including Jews; 18591. received afterwards (July). 24,571. awarded to 54 hospitals; 21854, to 53 dispensaries.

1874. 14 June, about 29,8177. received.
1875. 13 June. About 26,7037. received.

1876. 18 June. About 27,0427. received. (23,9434. awarded to
73 hospitals: 23361. to 45 dispensaries, 9 Aug. 1876.)
26,0831. received; 25,8701. distributed.
About 24,9041. received, 25 July.
26,5017. received; 24,9611. distributed.

1877. 17 June.

1878. 30 June.

1879. 15 June.

Westminster Ophthalmic, Royal..
Women's, Soho square..

Women and Children (superintended by women), Craw

ford street.....

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Hôtel de Ville, Paris, the residence of the chief 1880. 13 June. 12,000l. received, 16 June; 29,000l. 5 July; magistrate, the prefect of the Seine, was begun in 1533,

30,000l. 12 July; 30,411. 31 Oct.; total, 30,4231. Nov.

1881. 19 June.

Received up to 29 June, 25,000/

and completed, after his own design, by Dominico da Cor

tona, 1628. Here La Fayette introduced Louis Philippe, the citizen-king, to the people, Aug. 1830; and here the republic was proclaimed, 26 Feb. 1848. The communists, who had established themselves here, set fire to the building, 24 May, 1871, after their total defeat. The Hótel was ordered to be rebuilt, April, 1873.

Hôtel Dieu, see Paris, 656, 1877.

Hour. The early Egyptians divided the day and night each into twelve hours, a custom adopted by Jews or Greeks probably from the Babylonians. The day said to have been first divided into hours from 293 B.C.,

when L. Papirius Cursor erected a sun-dial in the temple of Quirinus at Rome. Previously to the invention of water-clocks (which see), 158 B.C., the time was called at Rome by public criers. In England, the measurement of time was, in early days, uncertain: one expedient was by wax-candles, three inches burning an hour, and six wax-candles burning twenty-four hours-said to have been invented by Alfred, A.D. 886; see Day.-For Hours of Prayer, see Breviary.-The Hour, daily conservative newspaper, first appeared 24 March, 1873; last time, 11 Aug. 1876.

House Duty was imposed in 1695. Its rate was frequently changed till its repeal. It was reimposed as a substitute for the window-tax in 1851. In the year 1872-3 it produced 1,243,818.; in 1875-6, 1,421,0527.; see Taxes.

Howitzer, a German piece of ordnance, ranking between a cannon and a mortar, came into use early in the eighteenth century.

Huascar, see Peru, 1877 and 1879.

Hubbardton (Vermont), BATTLE AT, 7 July, 1777. Hubertsburg (Saxony). The treaty between the empress, the king of Prussia, and the elector of Bavaria, signed here 15 Feb. 1763, ended the Seven Years' war, whereby Prussia gained Silesia.

Huddersfield, a manufacturing town, W. R. Yorkshire, chiefly the property of the Ramsden family. Sir John Ramsden built the town-hall, 1765. The theatre was burned 15 Feb. 1880; the new market-hall opened 31 March, 1880.

Hudibras. The first three cantos of this political satire, by Samuel Butler, appeared in 1663; the other parts in 1664 and 1678.

Hudson's Bay, discovered by Sebastian Cabot, 1512, and rediscovered by capt. Henry Hudson when in search of a northwest passage to the Pacific Ocean, 1610, had been visited by Frobisher. The "governor and company of adventurers of England trading to Hudson's Bay" obtained a charter from Charles II. in 1670. The "fertile belt" was settled by lord Selkirk in 1812. For these territories the bishopric of Rupert's Land was founded, 1849. The charter having expired, the chief

House of Commons, Lords, etc., see Parliament, part of the company's territories, on the proposition of Lords, and Commons.

Household Suffrage, after one year's residence, was introduced into parliamentary elections for boroughs by the reform act passed 15 Aug. 1867. Attempts have been frequently made to extend household suffrage to counties, and have failed: Mr. G. O. Trevelyan's proposal lost in the commons (287 to 173), 13 May, 1874; (268 to 166), 7 July, 1875; (264 to 165), 30 May, 1876; (276 to 220), 29 June, 1877; (271 to 219), 22, 23 Feb. 1878; (291 to 226), 4 March, 1879.

earl Granville, the colonial secretary (9 March. 1869), were transferred to the Dominion of Canada for 300,000l., and a right to claim a certain portion of land within fifty years, and other privileges; the company having conA portion of the people sented to this 9 April, 1869. independence and seized the company's treasury, Jan. resisted the annexation, and gen. Louis Riel proclaimed 1870. On 3 or 4 March he tried and shot Thomas Scott, a Canadian, who had escaped from his custody. Col. (afterwards sir) Garnet J. Wolseley conducted a Canadian expedition to the territories (now named Manitoba), Houseless Poor Act (Metropolitan), passed 1864; and issued a proclamation to the loyal inhabitants, 23 made perpetual, 1865; see Poor.

Howard Association, instituted in 1866, under the patronage of the late lord Brougham, for the improvement of prison discipline and prevention of crime; see Prisons. The annual award of a Howard medal was determined on by the Statistical Society of London, Dec. 1873.

Howard Association, UNITED STATES. This voluntary organization distinguished itself for courageous self-sacrifice in caring for the sick of Southern cities during the yellow-fever epidemics of 1878-9. The members nursed 24,000 patients in New Orleans alone between 17 Aug. and 26 Oct. 1868, and expended in charity during the same time $380,185.83. The association makes no distinction among sufferers on account of race or religion, and not the least of its services is the judicious dispensation of funds contributed by the charitable throughout the country.

July, saying "our mission is one of peace." Riel was unsupported and offered no resistance. The lieut.-governor, Adams George Archibald, arrived 3 Sept.; see

Manitoba.

Hue and Cry, the old common-law process of pursuing "with horn and with voice," from hundred to hundred, and county to county, all robbers and felons. Formerly the hundred was bound to make good all loss occasioned by the robberies therein committed, unless the felon were taken; but by subsequent laws it is made answerable only for damage committed by riotous assemblies. The pursuit of a felon was aided by a description of him in the Hue and Cry, a gazette established for advertising felons in 1710.-A she.

Huguenots, a term (derived by some from the German Eidgenossen, confederates; by others from Hugues, a Genevese Calvinist) applied to the Reformed party in France, followers of Calvin. They took up arms against Howard Family. John Howard, son of Marga- their persecutors in 1561. After a delusive edict of tolret, the heiress of the Mowbrays, was created earl mar- eration, a great number were massacred at Vassy, 1 shal and the seventh duke of Norfolk in 1483. He was March, 1562, when the civil wars began, which lasted, slain with his master, Richard III., at Bosworth, 22 with some intermission, till the edict of Nantes in 1598 Aug. 1485. His son was restored to the earldom of Sur- (revoked in 1685). On the revocation of the edict of rey in 1489; in reward for having gained the victory of Nantes many Huguenots fled to the United States, setFlodden, 9 Sept. 1513, he was created the eighth duke tling in South Carolina, Virginia, and New York. of Norfolk in 1514. Thomas, the tenth duke, was be- massacre of St. Bartholomew's day, 24 Aug. 1572, ocheaded for conspiracy against queen Elizabeth on behalf curred during a truce; see Calvinists, Protestants, Barof Mary queen of Scots, in 1572. Henry Fitzalan How-tholomew, Edict, and Camisard. S. Smiles's "History ard, now the twenty-first duke of Norfolk, and the fifteenth of the Howard family, premier duke and earl of England and hereditary earl marshal, was born in

1847.

Howard Medal. One was awarded by the Statistical Society to the best essay "On the Improvements in Education during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries" in Nov. 1879.

The

Baird's "Rise of

of the Huguenots" appeared in 1867.
the Huguenots" was published in 1879. The crypt in
Canterbury cathedral assigned to French Protestants in
1550 is still used by them for divine worship.

Hull (E. Yorkshire), a rising commercial place in 1200, was named Kingston-upon-Hull in 1296 by Edward I., who purchased the town, formed the port, and granted a charter. Great fire, damage about 100,000l., 15 Aug.

1864. Royal Albert dock opened by the prince of Wales, 21 July, 1869.

Hulse's Foundations. The rev. John Hulse, who died in 1790, bequeathed his estates in Cheshire to the university of Cambridge for the advancement of religious learning by the maintenance of two scholars; the payment of a prize of 40%. annually for a theological dissertation; the establishment of the office of Christian advocate (made a professorship of divinity 1 Aug. 1860); and the payment of a lecturer, to be chosen annually. The first Hulsean lectures were given by the rev. Christopher Benson in 1820.

Humaitá, a strong post on the river Paraguay, fortified at a great cost with a battery of 300 cannon by Lopez, the president of Paraguay, and believed to be impregnable, was passed by the Brazilian iron-clads 17 Feb. 1868. On the 19th Caxias, the Brazilian general, stormed a work to the north of Humaitá, and captured many stores. Humaitá itself, after a severe siege, was abandoned, 24 July, 1868.

Humane Society, Royal (London), for the recovery of persons apparently drowned, was founded in 1774 by Drs. Goldsmith, Heberden, Towers, Lettsom, Hawes, and Cogan, but principally by the last three. The society has above 280 depots supplied with apparatus. The principal one was erected in 1794 on a spot of ground given by George III. on the north side of the Serpentine river, Hyde park. The motto of this society is appropriate: Lateat scintillula forsan, "A small spark may perhaps lie hid;" see Drowning.

Humanism, a name given to the philosophical study of man's personality as distinguished from a class, especially advanced by Petrarch and other energetic advocates of the revival of the study of ancient classic literature, termed the "new learning," and (“literæ humaniores") the age of the renaissance, in the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries, whereby freedom of thought and language was greatly promoted.

Humanitarians, a small sect in London, founded by Mr. Kaspary, a German Jew. Their moral principles are set forth in "The Fifteen Doctrines of the Religion of God," written in 1866. These include pantheism and the transmigration of souls.

Humanity, RELIGION OF, see Positive Philosophy and Secularism.

Humiliati, a congregation of monks said to have been formed by some Milanese nobles who had been imprisoned by Frederick I., 1162. The order had more than ninety monasteries, but was abolished for luxury and cruelty by pope Pius V., and the houses were given to the Dominicans, Cordeliers, and other communities in

1570.

Humming-birds. Mr. Gould's beautiful collection of the skins of these birds exhibited at the Zoological Gardens, London, in 1851, was bought, with other birds, for the British Museum for 30007., April, 1881. His elaborate work on them in five folio volumes, with richly colored plates, was completed in 1862.

Hundred, a Danish institution, was a part of a shire, so called, as is supposed, from its having been composed of a hundred families at the time the counties were originally divided, about 897. The hundred-court is a court-baron held for all the inhabitants of a hundred instead of a manor.

Hundred Days, a term given to Napoleon's restoration, dating from his arrival in Paris, 20 March, to his departure on 29 June, 1815.

Hundred Years' War, in French history, commenced with the English invasion in 1337.

Hungary, part of the ancient Pannonia and Dacia, was subjected to the Romans about 106, and retained by them till the third century, when it was seized by the Goths, who were expelled about 376 by the Huns; see Huns and Attila. After Attila's death in 453, the Gepidæ, and in 500 the Lombards, held the country. It was acquired by the Avars about 568, and retained by them

till their destruction by Charlemagne in 799. About 890 the country was settled by a Scythian tribe named Vingours, or Ungri (whence the German name Ungarn), and the Magyars, of Finnish origin. The chief of the latter, Arpad (889), was the ancestor of a line of kings (see below). The progress of the Magyars westward was checked by their defeat by the emperor Henry the Fowler, 934. Population of the kingdom, including Transylvania, Fiume, Croatia, and Slavonia, 31 Dec. 1869, 15,509,455; see Austria.

Stephen, founder of the monarchy of Hungary, embraces
and establishes Christianity and subdues the Slavs,
etc., receives the title of the Apostolic king from the
pope.....
The Poles overrun Hungary....

997

1061 .1174, etc.

Bela III. introduces the Greek civilization..
Ravages of the Tartars under the sons of Genghis Khan,
throughout Hungary, Bohemia, and Russia.....1241 et seq.
Golden bull of Andrew II. granting personal rights.. 1222
Death of Andrew III., end of the Arpad dynasty..
Victories of Louis the Great in Bulgaria, Servia, and
He marches into Italy and avenges the murder of his
brother Andrew, king of Naples...

Dalmatia...

1301

1344-82

Sanguinary anarchy; Elizabeth, queen of Louis, is drowned; and king Mary, the daughter, marries Sigismond of Brandenburg; they govern with great severity..

[The Hungarians had an aversion to the name of queen; and whenever a female succeeded to the throne, she was termed king.]

Sigismond's atrocious cruelties compel his subjects to Battle of Nicopolis; Bajazet vanquishes Sigismond and

invite the assistance of the Turks...

a large army..

1348

1382

1393

28 Sept. 1396

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break out into rebellion.... Murder of the military governor, count Lamberg, by a mob at Pesth; the Hungarian diet appoint a provisional government under Kossuth and Louis Batthyany, 28 Sept.; Hungarians defeat the ban of Croatia, 29 Sept.

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The diet denounces as traitors all who acknowledge the emperor of Austria as king of Hungary........8 Dec. The insurgents defeated by the Austrians at Szaikszo, 21 Dec.; at Mohr by the ban Jellachich... ....29 Dec. ...5 Jan. 1849 Buda-Pesth taken by Windischgrätz..... Bem defeats the Austrians at Hermannstadt.....21 Jan. "6 Hungary declares itself a free state; Kossuth supreme governor. ... 14 April, The Hungarians defeat the imperialists before Gran, 18 April, March of the Russian army through Galicia to assist the Austrians..

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Utter defeat of the Hungarian army before Temesvar

by gen. Haynau....... 10 Aug. Görgey and his army surrender to the Russians, 13 Aug. Kossuth, Andrassy, Bem, etc., escape to the Turkish frontiers, and are placed under protection at New Orsova (see Turkey).... .....21 Aug. Komorn surrenders to the Austrians; close of the war, 27 Sept.

Louis Batthyany tried at Pesth, and shot; many other insurgent chiefs put to death. ..6 Oct.

Amnesty granted to the Hungarian insurgents, who return home.

Bem dies at Aleppo.

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..16 Oct. .10 Dec. 1850

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Prince Jerome Napoleon's visit; warmly received, June, Dispute respecting the apportionment of the army settled.. ...5 Dec. The diet of 1865 closed with an address from the emperor... ..10 Dec.

Congress of Hungarian Jews opened; Joseph Eötvos minister

Powerful counter-addresses from Andrassy and Kossuth published...

66

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14 Dec.

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.8 Sept. 1853

.12 July, 1856 ....4 May, 1857

Royal Hungarian guard organized.. Chamber of deputies meet...

...Jan. 1869 ..9 Feb. .22 April,

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Amnesty for political offenders of 1848-9.. The emperor and empress visit Buda.. During the Italian war in 1859, an insurrection in Hungary was in contemplation, and communications took place between Louis Napoleon and Kossuth, which circumstances, it is said, led the emperor of Austria to accede to the peace of Villafranca so suddenly, and shortly afterwards to promise many reforms and to grant more liberty to the Protestants in Hungary, Aug.-Oct. 1859 Recall of archduke Albert; gen. Benedek appointed gov ...April, 1860 Demand for restoration of the old constitution; reunion of the Banat and Voivodina with Hungary, etc....Oct. Restoration of old constitution promised.. .20 Oct. .13 Dec. .Dec. ..Jan. 1861

ernor...

The emperor promulgates a new liberal constitution for the empire.

Remains of Louis Batthyany (executed and privately buried, Oct. 1849), re-interred solemnly in the public cemetery, Pesth..

...9 June, 1870

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Joseph Eötvos, author, patriot, and minister, died, deeply lamented, aged 58.. Autumn military manoeuvres near Waitzen, 22 Sept. et seq. Andrassy succeeds count von Beust as foreign minister at Vienna; count Lonyay, Hungarian premier, 14 Nov. The diet, after sitting three years, dissolved.... 16 April, 1872 Elections; increased majority of the Deak or constitutional party, July; diet opened.. ..4 Sept. Resignation of the count Lonyay ministry, 2 Dec.; (4

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Szlavy forms a ministry..

Schmerling appointed minister..

National conference at Gran..

Demand for the constitution of 1848.

The Fiume railway partly opened.

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Which does not satisfy the Hungarians.. Hungarian diet opened...

26 Feb. ...March, .6 April,

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Meeting of the Reichsrath at Vienna; no ent from Hungary or Croatia..

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.Dec. .24 June, 1873 .Nov. Buda-Pesth formally constituted the capital... Ministry resigns; crisis; Bitto forms a cabinet, 20 March, 1874 Parliament closes... .14 Aug. Ministry resigns, 11 Feb.; coalition ministry under baron von Wenckheim formed, 26 Feb.-1 March.... Elections; greatly in favor of government.. ..July, Tisza chief of the ministry. ..20 Oct. Death of the patriot Francis Deak, 28 Jan.; state funeral. ..3 Feb. 1876 Ministerial crisis; Tisza resigns; remains in office, Feb. 1877 Projected raid into Roumania to favor the Turks checked; censured by Klapka.... ...end of Sept.

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1075. Geisa I., son of Bela.

1077. Ladislas I., the Pious.

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1095. Coloman, son of Geisa.

1114. Stephen II., named Thunder.

.20 Dec. .29 Jan. 1866

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Emperor and empress arrive at Pesth.. Hungarian legions join the Prussian army, June (after the peace they were allowed to return to their allegiance). ...Oct. Prolonged polit.cal negotiations for autonomy; Deak and national party, wearied, threaten to break off, Oct. Hungarian diet opened by a conciliatory rescript, 19 Nov. Deak's address in reply, demanding the restoration of the constitution, adopted by the diet with a large majority.... .15 Dec. Much opposit.on to the convocation of the Reichsrath, Jan. 1867

Restoration of the constitution of 1848; an independent ministry appointed, headed by count Julius Andrassy,

17 Feb. The Croats protest against incorporation with Hungary, 25 May, The emperor and empress crowned at Buda with the ancient ceremonies.. ...8 June, Amnesty granted for all political offences.. .9 June, The coronation gift to the emperor of 50,000 ducats bestowed on orphans and invalids.. .10 June, Discussion between the Austrians and Hungarians respecting the division of the liability for the national debt...

1131: Bela II.; had his eyes put out.

1141. Geisa II.; succeeded by his son,

1161. Stephen III.; and Stephen IV. (anarchy).

1173. Bela III.; succeeded by his son,

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1196. Emeric; succeeded by his son,

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1290. Andrew III., surnamed the Venetian, son-in-law of Rodolph of Hapsburg, emperor of Germany (last of the house of Arpad); died 1301.

1301. Wenceslas of Bohemia, and (1305) Otho of Bavaria, who gave way to

1309. Charobert, or Charles Robert, of Anjou.

1342. Louis I., the Great; elected king of Poland, 1370. 1382. Mary, called King Mary, daughter of Louis. 1385-6. Charles Durazzo.

1387. Mary and her consort Sigismond: the latter became king of Bohemia, and was elected emperor in 1410. 1392. Sigismond alone (on the death of Mary).

1437. Albert, duke of Austria, married Elizabeth, daughter of Sigismond, and obtains the thrones of Hungary, Bohemia, and Germany; dies suddenly.

1439. Elizabeth alone: she marries.

1440. Ladislas IV., king of Poland, of which kingdom he was Ladislas VI.; slain at Varna.

1444. [Interregnum.]

1445. John Hunniades, regent.

1458. Ladislas V., posthumous son of Albert; poisoned.

16 Matthias Corvinus, son of Hunniades.

1490. Ladislas VI., king of Bohemia: the emperor Maximilian | elder slain at Bömischbrod or Lippau. Toleration was laid claim to both kingdoms. 1516. Louis II. of Hungary (1. of Bohemia); loses his life at

1526.

the battle of Mohatz.

John Zapolski, vaivode of Transylvania, elected by
the Hungarians, and supported by the sultan Soly-
man; by treaty with Ferdinand, he founds the prin-
cipality of Transylvania, 1536.

Ferdinand I., king of Bohemia, brother to the emperor
Charles V.; rival kings.

1540. Ferdinand alone; elected emperor, 1558.
1563. Maximilian, son; emperor in 1564.
1572. Rodolph, son; emperor in 1576.

1608. Matthias II., brother; emperor in 1612.

1618. Ferdinand II., cousin, emperor.

1625. Ferdinand III., son; emperor, 1637.

granted by the treaty of Iglau, and Sigismond entered Prague 23 Aug. 1436. The Hussites opposed his successor, Albert of Austria, and called Casimir of Poland to the throne; but were defeated in 1438. A portion of the Hussites existed in the time of Luther, and were called "Bohemian Brethren."

Hustings (said to be derived from house court, an assembly among the Anglo-Saxons), an ancient court of London, being its supreme court of judicature, as the court of common council is of legislature. The court of hustyngs was granted to the city of London, to be

1647. Ferdinand IV., son; died in 1654, three years before his holden and kept weekly, by Edward the Confessor, 1052.

father.

1655. Leopold I., brother; emperor, 1657. 1687. Joseph I., son; emperor in 1705.

1712. Charles VI. (of Germany), brother, and nominal king of
Spain.

1741. Maria Theresa, daughter, empress; survived her con-
sort, emperor Francis I., from 1765 until 1780; see
Germany.
1780. Joseph II., son; emperor in 1765; succeeded to Hungary

on the death of his mother.
1790. Leopold II., brother; emperor; succeeded by his son,

1792. Francis I., son (Francis II. as emperor of Germany); in
1804 he became emperor of Austria only.
1835. Ferdinand V., son; Ferdinand I. as emperor of Austria.
1848. Francis Joseph, emperor of Austria; nephew; succeed-
ed on the abdication of his uncle, 2 Dec. 1848; crowned
king of Hungary, 8 June, 1867; see Austria.
Hungerford Bridge,* over the Thames from Hun-
gerford Stairs to the Belvedere road, Lambeth, opened 1
May, 1845, was taken down in July, 1862, to make way
for the Charing-cross Railway bridge, and transferred to
Clifton (which see). The market (opened in July, 1833),
was removed at the same time.

Huns, a race of warlike Asiatics, said to have conquered China about 210 B.C., and to have been expelled therefrom about A.D. 90. They invaded Hungary about 376, and drove out the Goths. Marching westward, under Attila, they were thoroughly beaten at Châlons by the consul Aëtius, 451; see Attila.

Hunting, an ancient pastime. The "Bokys of Hawking and Huntyng," by Dame Julyana Barnes, was printed at St. Alban's, 1486.

Huntingdon, see Whitefieldites.
Hurricanes, see Cyclones.

Hussars, Hungarian militia, provided by the landholders; instituted by Matthias Corvinus, about 1359. (Hussar is derived from huss, 20; and ar, price.) The British Hussars were enrolled in 1759.

Hussites. After the death of Huss,† many of his followers took up arms in 1419, and formed a political party under John Ziska, and built the city of Tabor. He defeated the emperor Sigismond, 11 July, 1420, and a short truce followed. Ziska, blinded at the siege of He died of Rabi, beat all the armies sent against him. the plague, 18 Oct. 1424, and is said to have ordered a drum to be made of his skin to terrify his enemies even after death. Two Hussite generals, named Procopius, defeated the imperialists in 1431; and a temporary peace ensued. Divisions took place among the Hussites, and on 30 May, 1434, they were defeated, and Procopius the

It was 14 feet wide and 1342 feet long; the length of the central span, between the two piers, 676 feet; the height of the two towers, 55 feet above the footway and 84 above high water; the piers were in the Italian style, with the chains passing through the attic of each. The cost of the masonry was 60,000l.; of the ironwork, exceeding 700 tons in weight, 17,000l.; of the approaches, 13,000l. total, 102,245l. Architect, I. K. Brunel.

The clergy having instigated the pope to issue a bull against heretics, John Huss (born in Bohemia in 1373), a zealous preacher of the Reformation, was cited to appear before a council of divines at Constance, the emperor Sigismond sending him a safe conduct. He presented himself accordingly, but was thrown into prison, and after some months' confine ment was adjudged to be burned alive, which he endured with resignation, 6 or 7 July, 1415. Jerome of Prague, his intimate friend, who came to this council to support and second him, also suffered death by fire, 30 May, 1416, although he also had a safe-conduct.

One was held to outlaw defaulters, 6 Dec. 1870. Winchester, Lincoln, York, etc., were also granted hustings courts.

Hutchinsonians included many eminent clergy, who did not form any sect, but held the opinions of John Hutchinson of Yorkshire (1674-1737); they rejected the Newtonian system, and contended that the Scriptures contain a complete system of natural philosophy. His work, "Moses' Principia," was published in 1724. He derived all things from the air, whence, he said, proceeded fire, light, and spirit, types of the Trinity. In 1712 he invented a timepiece for finding the longitude, and died in 1737.

Hydaspes, a river in India, where Alexander the Great defeated Porus, after a severely contested engagement, 327 B.C.

Hyde Park (London, W.), the ancient manor of Hyde, belonging to the abbey of Westminster, became crown property at the dissolution, 1535. It was sold by parliament in 1652; but was resumed by the king at the restoration in 1660. The Serpentine was formed 1730-3.

Colossal statue of Achilles, cast from cannon taken in the
battles of Salamanca, Vittoria, Toulouse, and Waterloo,
and inscribed to "Arthur, duke of Wellington, and his
brave companions in arms, by their countrywomen,"
18 June, 1822
1828
Marble arch from Buckingham Palace set up at Cumber-
land Gate...
.29 March, 1850
1851

erected on.

Hyde Park Corner entrance erected.

Crystal Palace erected for the great exhibition Disturbances in consequence of a Sunday bill having been brought before parliament by lord Robert Grosvenor, which was eventually withdrawn,

66

Sundays, 24 June, and 1 and 8 July, 1855 Riotous meetings held here, on account of the high price of bread.. ..Sundays, 14, 21, 28 Oct. Democratic meetings on the Reform question....March, 1859 ..23 June, 1860 The queen reviewed 18,450 volunteers Great meeting of admirers of Garibaldi, 28 Sept.; who are violently attacked by the Irish; many persons wounded.. ..5 Oct. 1862

Public meetings in the park henceforth prohibited, 20,000 volunteers reviewed by the prince of Wales,

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9 Oct. 28 May, 1864

Proposed Reform meeting in the park opposed; great
rioting; the palings broken down, and much damage
done; fierce conflicts with the police, and many hurt,
23, 24 July, 1866
Peaceful Reform demonstrations in the park,

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22 Jan. 1873

6 May and 5 Aug. 1867 Oct. 1872 Regulations with restrictions on public meeting in the parks issued (afterwards modified).. Meeting of Fenian sympathizers in Hyde Park contrary to the regulations.. .3 Nov. .Nov. Odger and others prosecuted and fined The convictions confirmed by the judges on appeal, Great meeting on behalf of the Tichborne claimant, Dr. Kenealy and Mr. Guildford Onslow present, Easter-Monday, 29 March, 1875 Great meetings for and against government policy on the Eastern question.. Sundays, 24 Feb. and 10 March, 1878 Great orderly meeting to protest against arrest of Irish agitators (Killen, Daly, and Davitt)...........30 Nov. 1879 Hyderabad (S. India), the territory of the Nizam, who derives his authority from Azof Jah, a chief under Aurungzebe, who made him viceroy as Nizam-ool-Moolk, He died in 1748. regulator of the state.

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