natic, 1765; made a treaty with the East India Company, 1766; he joined Hyder Ali; left him, 1768; acquired part of Tippoo Sultan's territories; and became feudatory of the British empire, 1799 et seq.; died... 1802 One of his successors, Secunder Jah, ruled feebly; died, succeeded by an illegitimate son... 1829 The Nizam died, leaving his young son in charge of Salar Jung; enjoining him to support the British during the mutiny, which he did faithfully.. 1857-8 Sir Salar Jung made K.C.S.I.; visits Europe; presented to the queen, 29 June; returned to Bombay...24 Aug. 1876 Hydraulic Press, see under Hydrostatics. Hydrochloric Acid, or CHLORHYDRIC ACID, the only known compound of chlorine and hydrogen, was discovered by Dr. Priestley, 1772; its constitution determined by Davy, 1810. It is also called muriatic acid and spirits of salts; see under Alkalies. Hydrogen (from the Greek "dwp, water, and yɛvváw, I generate). Paracelsus observed a gas rise from a solution of iron in oil of vitriol, about 1500; Turquet de Mayerne discovered its inflammability, 1656; as did Boyle, 1672; Lemery noticed its detonating power, 1700. In 1766 Cavendish proved it to be an elementary body; and in 1781 he and Watt first showed that in the combination of this gas with oxygen, which takes place when it is burned, water is produced. Subsequently Lavoisier decomposed water into its elements, and gave hydrogen its present name instead of "inflammable air." One volume of oxygen combines with two volumes of hydrogen to form water. Hydrogen is never found in the free state. It was liquefied by Raoul Pictet and Cailletet, end of 1877. Hydrogenium, a hypothetical metal. In a paper read before the Royal Society, 7 Jan. 1869, Mr. Thomas Graham, master of the mint, suggested that a piece of the metal palladium, into which hydrogen had been pressed, became an "alloy of the volatile metal hydrogenium." Hydrography is the description of the surface waters of the earth. The first sea-chart is attributed to Henry the Navigator, in the sixteenth century. There is a hydrographic department in the British admiralty, by which a series of charts has been issued. Hydrometer, the instrument by which are measured the gravity, density, and other properties of liquids. The oldest mention of the hydrometer occurs in the fifth century, and may be found in the letters of Synesius to Hypatia; but it is not improbable that Archimedes was the inventor of it, though no proofs of it are to be found. -Beckmann. Archimedes was killed in 212 B.C., and Hypatia was torn to pieces at Alexandria, A.D. 415. Robert Boyle described a hydrometer in 1675. Baumé's (1762) and Sykes's (about 1818) have been much employed. Pressure of fluids discovered by Archimedes..about B.C. 250 A scientific form was given to hydro-dynamics by Ber- Sir William Armstrong's hydraulic crane patented.. 1714 1738 1785 1846 1825 Hygeiopolis (city of health), planned by Dr. B. Ward Richardson in 1876. A company was proposed for its erection, Jan. 1877. No result. Hygiene (Hygieia, goddess of health), see Life and Sanitary. Hygrometer, an instrument for measuring the moisture in the atmosphere. That by Saussure (who died in 1799) is most employed. It consists of a human hair boiled in caustic lye, and acts on the principle of absorption.-Brande. Daniell's hygrometer (1820) is much esteemed. Hymns. The song of Moses is the most ancient, 1491 B.C. (Exod. xv.). The Psalms date from about 1060 B.C. to about 444 B.C. (from David to Ezra). The hymns music. Paul (A.D. 64) speaks of Christians admonishing of the Jews were frequently accompanied by instrumental one another "in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs (Col. iii. 16). Hilary, the bishop of Arles, in France, is said to have been the first who composed hymns to be sung in Christian churches, about 431. The hymns of Dr. Watts (died 1784), of John Wesley (died 1791), and of his brother Charles (died 1788), are used by English churchmen and dissenters. "Hymns, Ancient and Modern," edited by rev. sir Henry Baker, first appeared in 1860. Hypnotism (Greek üπvoç, sleep), or nervous sleep, terms given by Mr. Braid (in 1843) to a sleep-like condition produced in a person by steadily fixing his mind on one particular object. Minor surgical operations have, it is said, been performed without pain on persons in this state. Hypothec. LAW OF, in Scotland, gives landlords a preferential right to levy for rent and follow and seize crops and cattle. A bill for its abolition was brought in annually since 1874. One was read a second time 19 March, 1879, but did not pass till 24 March, 1880 (43 Vict. c. 12). It came into operation 11 Nov. 1881. Hypsometer, a thermometrical barometer for measuring altitudes, invented by F. J. Wollaston in 1817; much improved by Regnault about 1847. Hyrcania, Asia, near the Caspian, a province subject to Persia, B.C. 334; held by Parthians, 244. It is now Mazenderan, a Persian province. Hydropathy, a term applied to the treatment of diseases by cold water, practised by Hippocrates in the fourth century B.C., by the Arabs in the tenth century A.D., and revived by Dr. Currie in 1797. A system was suggested in 1825 by Vincenz Priessnitz, of Grafenberg, in Austrian Silesia. The rational part of the doctrine was understood and maintained by Dr. Sydenham before Hythe, Kent, a Cinque-port. A school of musketry 1689. Priessnitz died 26 Nov. 1851.-Brande. was established here in 1854, under the charge of majorHydrostatics, etc., were probably first studied in gen. Charles Crawford Hay. He resigned in 1867. Railthe Alexandrian school about 300 B.C. way to Sandgate opened, 9 Oct. 1874. I. riage, the father preferred another suitor, richer than the poet; whereupon Archilochus wrote so bitter a satire on the old man's avarice that he hanged himself.-Herodotus. Iambic Verse. Iambe, an attendant of Metanira, | daughter of Lycambes; but, after a promise of marwife of Celeus, king of Sparta, when trying to exhilarate Ceres, while the latter was travelling over Attica in quest of her daughter Proserpine, entertained her with jokes, stories, and poetical effusions; and from her, free and satirical verses have been called Iambics.Apollodorus. Iambic verses were first written about 700 B.C. by Archilochus, who had courted Neobule, the Iberia, see Georgia and Spain. Ice. Galileo observed ice to be lighter than water, about 1597; see Congelation, where is a notice of the ice-making machines of Harrison and of Siebe. In 1841 there were sixteen companies in Boston, U. S., engaged in exporting ice, brought from Wenham lake and Fresh and Spy ponds, about 7 miles from that city. The trade was begun by Mr. Tudor in 1806. 156,540 tons were sent from Boston alone in 1854. In New York, in 1855, 305,000 tons were stored up, of which 20,000 were for exportation. During the summer of 1880, in consequence of the mild winter preceding, ice was so scarce and costly in New York that a number of cargoes were imported from Norway. The Wenham Lake Company import ice largely from their ponds near Christiania, Norway, from whence 43,359 tons were shipped to Great Britain in 1865. Regelation and other properties, exhibited by prof. Faraday, in 1850, became the subject of investigation by eminent physicists of the day, especially J. D. Forbes, Dr. Tyndall, and sir William Thomson. "Icy night" or "silver thaw" in London, 22 Jan. 1867. After a severe frost came rain freezing as it fell. Many accidents occurred in consequence of the glassy pavements and roads. Iceland (North Sea), discovered by Norwegian chiefs, about 861; according to some accounts, it had been previously visited by a Scandinavian pirate. Colonized by Norwegians.. 874 Had a republican government and a flourishing literature till it was subjected to Hakon, king of Norway... 1264 Christianity introduced.... .about 1000 The annual general assembly was termed Althing: there were four great schools, like universities, founded in the eleventh century; and education was general. The great warrior, statesman, and poet Snorri Sturluson was murdered. Protestantism introduced.. .22 Sept. 1241 ..about 1551 Iceni, a British tribe which inhabited chiefly Suffolk and Norfolk. In 61, while Suetonius Paulinus was reducing Mona (Anglesey), they marched southwards and destroyed Verulam, London, and other places, with great slaughter of the Romans; but were defeated by Suetonius, near London, and their heroic queen Boadicea, or Boudicea, died or committed suicide. "Ich dien," I serve, the motto under the plume of ostrich feathers found in the helmet of the king of Bohemia after he was slain at the battle of Cressy, at which he served as a volunteer in the French army, 26 Aug. 1346. Edward the Black Prince, in respect to his father, Edward III., who commanded that day, though the prince won the battle, adopted the motto, which has since been borne with the feathers by the heirs to the crown of England. Ichnology, the science of footprints, treats of the impression made in mud or sand by the animals of former ages. Dr. Duncan discovered the footprints of a tortoise in the sandstone of Annandale, in 1828; since then numerous discoveries have been made by Owen, Lyell, Huxley, and others. Ichthyology, the science of fish. Eminent writers are Willoughby, Ray, Valenciennes, Cuvier, Owen, Agassiz, etc. Yarrell's "British Fishes" (1836-59) is a classical work; see Fish. Iconium (Syria). Here Paul and Barnabas preached, 38. Soliman the Seljuk founded a kingdom here in 1074, which lasted till 1307, when it was conquered by the Turks. It had been subdued by the Crusaders in 1097 and 1190; see Konich. Iconoclasts (image-breakers). The controversy respecting images (which had been introduced into churches for popular instruction about 300) was begun about 726, and occasioned much disturbance and loss of life in the Eastern empire. Leo Isauricus published two edicts for demolishing images in churches in that year, and enforced them with great rigor in 736. The defenders of images were again persecuted in 752 and 761, when Constantine forbade his subjects becoming monks. The worship of images was restored by Irene in 780. This schism was the occasion of the second council of Nice, 787. Theophilus banished all the painters and statuaries from the Eastern empire, 832. The iconoclasts were finally excommunicated at the eighth general council at Constantinople, 869-870. This controversy led to the separation of the Greek and Latin churches. Many images in churches were destroyed in England and Scotland during the Reformation and the civil war, 1641-8. Idaho, a northern territory of the United States of North America, was organized as such on 3 March, 1868. Ides (Latin, Idus) were eight days in the Roman and church calendar, following the Nones. They were reckoned backward. In March, May, July, and October, the 8th Idus was on the 8th of the month, the 7th on the 9th, etc., the 1st, or Ide, being the 15th. In the other months the 8th Ide fell on the 6th, and the 1st on the 13th. On the Idus of March (the 15th), 44 B.C., Julius Cæsar was assassinated. Idiots. About 1855 there were in England, exclusive of lunatics, pauper idiots, or idiots protected in national institutions-males, 3372; females, 3893; total, 7265; see Lunacy. The Idiot Asylum at Earlswood, near Reigate, Surrey, began in 1847; was chartered, 1862: additional buildings were founded by the prince of Wales, 28 June, 1869. The foundation of the Imbecile Asylum, Caterham, was laid by Dr. Brewer, M.P., 17 April, 1869. The number of idiots in the United States in 1870 was 24,527. There are many asylums for these unfortunates and some institutions for their improvement. Idols. The public worship of idols was introduced by Ninus, king of Assyria, 2059 B.C.-Vossius. Images are mentioned in Gen. xxxi. 19, 30, 1739 B.C. The Jews frequently deserted the worship of God for idols till their captivity, 588 B.C. Constantine, emperor of Rome, ordered all the heathen temples to be destroyed, and all sacrifices to cease, A.D. 330.-Dufresnoy. Idolatry was revived in Britain by the Saxons about 473, but it gave way in Britain, after the coming of Augustin, about 597; see Iconoclasts, Week. Idstedt (N. Germany). Here the insurgent army of Holstein and Schleswig, commanded by Willisen, was defeated by the Danes, 25 July, 1850. Idumæa, the country of the Edomites, the descendants of Esau, the brother of Jacob; see Gen. xxxvi., Josh. xxiv. 4. The Edomites prevent the Israelites from passing ematized in Psa. cxxxvii... .B. C. 1453 1040 827 about 570 They revolt against Ahaziah, 892; and are severely defeated by Amaziah....... They join the Chaldæans against Judah, and are anathJohn Hyrcanus, the Maccabee, subjugates and endeavors to incorporate them with the Jews.. Herod the Great, son of Antipater, an Idumæan, king of Judæa. Ierne, see Ireland. Iglau, see Hussites. 125 40 Ildefonso, St. (Spain). Here was signed a treaty between France and Spain, 19 Aug. 1796; and another by which France regained Louisiana, 1 Oct. 1800. Ilium (Asia Minor). A city was built here by Dardanus, and called Dardania, 1480 B.C. Troy (which see), another city, was founded by Troas, about 1341 B.C.; and Ilus, his successor, called the country Ilium; see Homer. Illinois, a western state of the United States, was settled by the French in 1749; acquired by the British, 1763; made a territory, 1809; and admitted into the Union as a state, 3 Dec. 1818. Capital, Springfield. | for the removal of E. M. Stanton from office as secretary Population, 1880, 3,078,769. of war, contrary (as was alleged) to the Tenure of Office Illuminated Books. The practice of adopting ornaments, drawings, and emblematical figures, and even portraits, to enrich MSS., is of great antiquity. Varro wrote the lives of 700 illustrious Romans, which he embellished with their portraits, about 70 B.C.-Plin. Nat. Hist. Some beautiful missals and other works were printed in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries et seq., and fine imitations have lately appeared. Illuminati, heretics who sprang up in Spain, where they were called Alombrados, about 1575. After their suppression in Spain, they appeared in France. One of their leaders was friar Anthony Buchet. They professed to obtain grace and perfection by their sublime manner of prayer. A secret society bearing this name, opposed to tyranny and priestcraft, was founded in Ingolstadt, Bavaria, by Dr. Adam Weishaupt, in May, 1776, and was suppressed in 1784–5. Illustrated London News, the earliest publiIcation of the kind, established by Mr. Herbert Ingram, M.P., first appeared on 14 May, 1842. 1874 He purchased the Illustrated Times, first published 9 June, 1855, and incorporated it with the Penny Illustratrated Paper, established by the Ingram family; first number.. ....12 Oct. 1861 Mr. Ingram and his eldest son were accidentally drowned in the Lady Elgin in Lake Michigan (see Wrecks), 8 Sept. 1860 Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News, begun...... Illyria (now Dalmatia, Croatia, and Bosnia), after several wars (from 230 B.C.), was made a Roman province, 167 B.C. In 1809, Napoleon I. gave the name of Illyrian provinces to Carniola, Dalmatia, and other provinces, then part of the French empire, now Carinthia, Carniola, etc. Ilmenium, a metal of the tantalum group, discovered by R. Herrmann, about 1847, but rejected by chemists; its claims were reasserted by him in 1867. Image-worship, see Iconoclasts. "Imitation of Jesus Christ" (De Imitatione Christi). The author of this devotional work is unIt has been attributed to an abbot Gersen known. (whose very existence is doubtful); to Jean Gerson, the celebrated chancellor of Paris; and to Thomas à Kempis, said to have been merely a compiler and editor: he died 25 July, 1471. Immaculate Conception, see Conception. Immigration into the United Kingdom first estimated in the Emigration Report for 1875. In 1871, 49,157; in 1874, 118,129; in 1875, 94,228; in 1876, 93,557, in 1877, 81,848. Compare this with Emigration. act. Imperial Chamber, see Aulic Council. Imperial Guard of France was created by Napoleon from the guard of the Convention, the Directory, and the Consulate, when he became emperor in 1804. It consisted at first of 9775 men, but was afterwards enlarged. It was subdivided in 1809 into the old and young guard. In Jan. 1814 it numbered 102,706. It was dissolved by Louis XVIII. in 1815; revived by Napoleon III. in 1854. It surrendered with Metz to the Germans, 27 Oct. 1870; and was abolished by the defence government soon after. It took part in the Crimean war in 1855. Imperial Parliament, see Commons, Lords, Parliament, and Reform. Imperial Theatre at the Aquarium, Westminster (which see). Imperialism. The word was much used in 1878, to signify that which related to the welfare of the British empire as a whole, in contradistinction to that of Great Britain itself or any other separate part of the empire. increase of our commercial intercourse with other counImports oF MERCHANDISE. The vast progressive tries is shown by our imports and exports (which see): VALUE OF IMPORTS INTO GREAT BRITAIN, FROM ALL PARTS OF In 1710.. THE WORLD. .£4,753,777 In 1861 £217,485,024 274,952,172 1750 Immortals (Greek, áJávaro), the flower of the In 1821. Persian army, limited to 10,000 in number, and recruited from the nobility alone, about 500 B.C. The name was also given to the body-guard of the emperors at Constantinople in the fourth and fifth centuries. Impeachment. The first impeachment by the commons house of parliament, and the first of a lord chancellor, Michael de la Pole, earl of Suffolk, was in 1386. By statute 12 & 13 Will. & Mary, 1700, it was enacted that no pardon under the great seal shall be pleaded to an impeachment by the commons in parliament. Impeachment of Warren Hastings, 13 Feb. 1788 to 25 April, 1795; acquittal. Impeachment of lord Melville, 9 April; acquittal, 12 June, 1806. Inquiry into the charges preferred by col. Wardle against the duke of York, 27 Jan. to 20 March, 1809; acquittal. Trial of Caroline, queen of George IV, by bill of pains and penalties, before the house of lords, commenced 16 Aug.; Mr. Brougham entered on her majesty's defence, 3 Oct.; and the last debate on the bill took place 10 Nov. 1820 (see Queen Caroline). 1830 62,720,956 1866. 434,812,066 1840.. 1850. Mahomet promulgated his creed, 604; see Mahometanism. Aldebert, a Gaul, in 743, pretended he had a letter from the Redeemer, which fell from heaven at Jerusalem; he seduced multitudes to follow him into woods and forests, and to live in imitation of John the Baptist. He was condemned by a council at Rome in 745. Gonzalvo Martin, a Spaniard, pretended to be the angel Michael in 1359: he was burned by the Inquisition in Spain in 1360. George David, son of a waterman at Ghent, styled himself the he maintained that another child had been substituted in Apparition of Our Lady of Salette; the imposture exposed and several persons prosecuted, April, 1846. The superstition revived and flourishing, Aug. 1872. Pilgrimage of about 20,000 persons to Lourdes, in the Pyrenees, on account of alleged miracles (the Virgin was said to have appeared to two girls, 11 Feb. 1858), 6 Oct. 1872; see France. IN BRITISH HISTORY. among his courtiers by Henry VIII.; and their success- The punishment for arson was death by the Saxon laws and Gothic constitutions. In the reign of Edward I., incendiaries were burned to death. This crime was made high-treason by stat. 8 Hen. VI. 1429; and was denied benefit of clergy, 21 Hen. VIII. 1528. Great incendiary fires commenced in and about Kent, in Aug. 1830; and in Suffolk and other counties since. The punishment of death was remitted, except in special cases, in 1827. The acts relating to arson were amended in 1837 and 1844. Incest. Marriage with very near relations, almost universally forbidden, took place in Egypt, Persia, and Greece. For recent cases, see Portugal, 1760, 1777, and 1826. The table of kindred in the Book of Common Prayer was set forth in 1563. For the Hebrew law, see A man pretending to be the Messiah, and a woman assuming Leviticus, chap. xviii. (1490 B.C.) to be the Virgin Mary, were burned, 1222. Jack Cade assumed the name of Mortimer; see Cade, 1450. In 1553 (first year of Mary's reign, after her marriage with William Hacket, a fanatic, personated our Saviour, and was executed for blasphemy, 1591. Valentine Greatrix, an Irish impostor, who pretended to cure all diseases by stroking the patient: his imposture deceived the credulous, and occasioned very warm disputes in Ireland and England about 1666. Boyle and Flamsteed believed in him. Dr. Titus Oates, see Oates. Robert Young, a prisoner in Newgate, forged the hands of the earls of Marlborough, Salisbury, and other nobility to a pretended association for restoring king James: the lords were imprisoned, but, the imposture being detected, Young was fined 1000l., and put in the pillory, 1692. He was afterwards hanged for coining. Three French refugees pretend to be prophets, and raise tu mults; convicted as impostors, Nov. 1707. Mary Tofts of Godalming, by pretending she bred rabbits within her, so imposed upon many persons (among others, Mr St Andre, surgeon to the king), that they espoused her cause, 1726. The Cock lane ghost impostures by William Parsons, his wife, and daughter, 1762; see Cock-lane Ghost. Johanna Southcote, who proclaimed her conception of the Messiah, and had a multitude of followers; she died 27 Dec. 1814. W. Thom, see Thomites. Louis XVII, see France, list of sovereigns. (See Abstinence.) Impressionistes, a name given to artists who aim at producing rapid unstudied effects independent of the canons of art, such as Manet, Duez, and others in France. In England Mr. Whistler exhibited such pictures in 1877, including moonlight scenes, etc., painted in two days, showing great sense of color. For Mr. Ruskin's criticisms, see Trials, 1878. Impressment of Seamen, affirmed by sir M. Foster to be of ancient practice. The stat. 2 Rich. II. speaks of impressment as a matter well known, 1378. The first commission for it was issued 29 Edw. III. 1355. Pressing, either for the sea or land service, declared to be illegal by the parliament, Dec. 1641, but practised till present times. Impressment was not resorted to in the Russian war, 1854-5. Inch. It was defined in 1824, by act of parliament, that 39.13929 inches is the length of a seconds pendulum in the latitude of London, vibrating in vacuo at the sea-level, at the temperature of 62° Fahrenheit; see Candle and Standard. Inchcape Bell, see Bell Rock. Inclosure Act, to facilitate the inclosure and improvement of commons, appointing commissioners, etc., 8 & 9 Vict. c. 118, passed 8 Aug. 1845; another act passed in 1876; see Commons. Income-tax. In 1512, parliament granted a subsidy of two fifteenths from the commons and two tenths from the clergy, to enable the king to enter on a war with France. In Dec. 1798, Mr. Pitt proposed and carried, amid great opposition, resolutions for increased taxes "as an aid for the prosecution of the war" with France. Graduated duties on income imposed, beginning with 60%. per annum, by the act passed 9 Jan. 1799. The "property tax" passed which levied a rate of 5 per cent. on all incomes above 150l. and lower rates on smaller incomes, 11 Aug. 1803. Increased to 6 per cent. 1805; 10 per cent., embracing the dividends at the bank, 1806. In 1800 the tax produced 5,716,572.; in 1804, 4,650,000Z.; in 1806, 11,500,000l.; in 1808, 16,548,985l.; in 1815, 14,978,5571. The tax produced from lands, houses, rentages, etc., 8,657,9371.; from funded and stock properties, 2,885,5051.; the profits and gains of trade, 3,831,0887.; and salaries and pensions, 1,174,4567. Repealed 18 March, 1816, on motion of H. Brougham. Sir Robert Peel's bill imposing the present tax at a rate of 7d. in the pound (27. 18s. 4d. per cent.) per ann. (for three years) passed 22 June, 1842. It produced about 5,350,000l. a year; and led to repeal of about 12,000,000Z. indirect taxes. Renewed for three years, 1845; and 1848. Large meetings assembled in Trafalgar square, London (for In consequence of the Crimean war, the rate was doubled, 14d., 1854. 2d. (making 16d.) added to the tax on incomes above 1501., and 14d. on those between 100l. and 150.; the former being 1s. 4d., the latter 11d. in the pound, 1855. Both became 5d., 1858. The former assessment reduced to 7d., the latter to 5d., 1857. The former raised to 9d., the latter to 61d; and the tax on incomes, derived from lands, tenements, etc., raised from 34d. to 54d. for England, and from 24d. to 4d. for Scotland and Ireland, July, 1859. The assessment on incomes raised-on those above 100%. to 7d.; on those above 150l. to 10d. [The object of the increase was to provide for a deficiency occasioned by extra expenditure for defending the country, April, 1860.] Imprisonment for Debt, see Arrests, Debtors, A committee to inquire into the working of the income tax and Ferrars's Arrest. Impropriation (applying ecclesiastical property to lay purposes). On the suppression of abbeys in 1539, their incomes from the great tithes were distributed appointed, 14 Feb. 1861. Reduction of the last assessment from 7d. to 6d., and from Incomes under 100%. a year exempted; those above 100%, and under | end of every session of parliament for persons who trans2001. allowed an abatement on 6., 8 June, 1863. gress through ignorance of the law. The practice began in 1715. The rate of 6d. on chargeable incomes, with some exemptions and abatement, 13 May, 1864. The rate of 4d. on chargeable incomes, with same exemptions Raised to 6d. (for 1868-9), May, 1868. Reduced to 5d. in the pound, April, 1869; to 4d., April, 1870. Renewed agitation against the tax; conference at Birming Independents, or CONGREGATIONALISTS, hold that each church or congregation is independent of all others in religious matters; that there is no absolute occasion for synods or councils, whose resolutions may be taken for advice, but not as decisions to be peremp torily obeyed; and that one church may advise or reprove another, but has no authority to excommunicate. Robert Brown preached these doctrines about 1585, but, after thirty-two imprisonments, he eventually conformed to the Established church. A church was formed in London in 1593, when there were 20,000 Independents. They were driven by persecution to Holland, where they formed several churches; that at Leyden was under Mr. Robinson, often regarded as the author of Independency. In 1616 Henry Jacobs returned to Eng£571,055 1866 (31 March)....£6,390,000 | land and founded a meeting-house. Cromwell, himself Raised to 6d. by Mr. Gladstone, June; act passed, 12 Aug. 1880. Reduced to 5d. by Mr. Gladstone; budget 4 April, 1881. PRODUCE OF THE INCOME-TAX. ..5,191,597 1867 5,395,391 1868 1842. 1844.. 1846. 1852.. .5,509,637 1869 ..10,044,000 5,700,000 an Independent, obtained them toleration, in opposition .6,177,000 to the Presbyterians. The Independents published an ...8,618,000 epitome of their faith, drawn up at a conference at the 6,350,000 Savoy, in 1658; and the Congregational Union of Eng.9,084,000 land and Wales, formed in 1831, published their "dec.7,403,736 laration of faith, order, and discipline," in 1833. In ...5,641,791 1851, they had 3244 chapels for 1,067,760 persons in ...4,109,000 England and Wales; see Worship. The first Indepen...5,284,091 dents in Scotland were the Glasites (which see). The ...5,820,000 first Independent church in America was founded by the followers of John Robinson, at Plymouth, New England, in 1620. ..4,315,132 ....8,710,000 .9,230,000 (Estimated that 1d. in the pound yields 1,727,000l. a year, 1876; 1,900,000l., 1878.) Congregational Fund Board to assist poor ministers, established.. Congregational Board of Education, Homerton Nonconformist Bicentenary fund begun.. .490,344,906 The Congregationalist Memorial Hall, Farringdon street, .493,598,198 London, erected in memory of the ministers ejected in ESTIMATED ANNUAL INCOME. ENGLAND AND WALES. 1695 1843 1862 SCOTLAND. IRELAND. cessity of raising large revenues during the civil war led to the imposition of an income-tax in the United States in 1863. Under the first law, incomes of $600 or less were exempt, and the tax was 5 per cent. on incomes between $600 and $5000, 7 per cent. on those above $5000 and less than $10,000, and 10 per cent. on all above $10,000. Subsequent legislation raised the exemption first to $1000 and then to $2000. The largest amount collected from this tax in one year was $61,000,000 in 1866. The tax ceased in 1872. Incumbents' Resignation Act, with provision for pensions, passed 13 July, 1871. Incurables. The Royal Hospital for Incurables, founded by Dr. Andrew Reed, at Carshalton, in Surrey, in 1850, has since been removed to Putney. British Home for Incurables, Clapham Rise, established. 1861 1875 Indemnity Bill, by which the minister of the crown or the government is relieved from the responsibility of measures adopted in extreme and urgent cases, without the previous sanction of parliament. One was passed 19 April, 1801; another to indemnify ministers against their acts during the suspension of the Habeas Corpus act, was carried in the commons (principal divisions, 190 to 64); and in the lords (93 to 27), 10 March, 1818. In 1848 and 1857, bills of indemnity were passed for the suspension of the Bank Charter act by the ministry; see Oblivion. An indemnity bill is passed at the ❘ 41,505,000 16,672,000 22,762,000 1662, as a home for religious societies, was subscribed An important Congregationalist synod held in London, for and opened.. ..19 Jan. 1875 early in Oct. Rev John Waddington's "Congregational History, 12001854," published... .1869-78 Index Expurgatorius, a catalogue of the books, the reading of which is prohibited by the Church of Rome, first made by the Inquisitors, and approved by the Council of Trent, 1559. The Index by which the reading of the Scriptures was forbidden (with certain exceptions) to the laity was confirmed by a bull of pope Clement VIII. in 1595. Many of the works of the great authors of France, Spain, Germany, and England are thus prohibited. On 25 June, 1864, Hugo's "Les Misérables " and other books were added to the number; and many others since. Index Society, established by the librarians of various London scientific and literary institutions and societies, and literary men, to form a library of indexes, and to make indexes to rare serial works, important books, etc., 17 Dec. 1877. India, or HINDOSTAN. The Hindoo histories ascribe their origin to a period ages before the ordinary chronologies. A race of kings is mentioned as reigning 2300 B.C., and Buddhism is said to have been introduced 956 B.C. Several ancient nations, particularly the Tyrians and Egyptians, carried on commerce with India. It was partially conquered by Darius Hystaspis, who formed an Indian satrapy, in 512 B.C., and by Alexander, 327 B.C., and subsequently the intercourse between India and the |