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lord Berkeley. 1672, Arthur Capel, earl of Essex. | to a committee of citizens of twelve London companies
1677, James Butler, duke of Ormond. 1685, Henry invited by king James I. to colonize the confiscated lands
in the north of Ireland, termed the Ulster plantations,
mittee received a charter, which was taken away in
including Londonderry and Coleraine, 1613. The com-
1637, and restored after various changes 1670.
affairs of this company and its methods of business were
discussed in parliament in 1868 and 1869.

Hyde, earl of Clarendon. 1687, Richard Talbot, earl
of Tyrconnel. 1690, Henry Sydney, lord Sydney.
1695, Henry Capel, lord Capel.
1700. Laurence Hyde, earl of Rochester. 1703, James Butler,
duke of Ormond. 1707, Thomas, earl of Pembroke.
1709, Thomas, earl of Wharton. 1710, James, duke of
Ormond, again. 1713, Charles, duke of Shrewsbury.
1717, Charles, duke of Bolton. 1721, Charles, duke
of Grafton. 1724, John, lord Carteret. 1731, Lionel,
duke of Dorset. 1737, William, duke of Devonshire.

1745, Philip, earl of Chesterfield. 1747, William, earl
of Harrington. 1751, Lionel, duke of Dorset, again.
1755, William, duke of Devonshire. 1757, John, duke
of Bedford. 1761, George, earl of Halifax. 1763, Hugh,
earl of Northumberland. 1765, Francis, earl of Hert-
ford.

1767. George, viscount Townshend, 14 Oct.

1772. Simon, earl of Harcourt, 30 Nov.

1777. John, earl of Buckinghamshire, 25 Jan.

1780. Frederick, earl of Carlisle, 23 Dec.

1782. William Henry, duke of Portland, 14 April.

66 George, earl Temple, 15 Sept.

1783. Robert, earl of Northington. 3 June.

1784. Charles, duke of Rutland, 24 Feb.; died 24 Oct. 1787. 1787. George, marquess of Buckingham (late earl Temple), again, 16 Dec.

1790. John, earl of Westmorland, 5 Jan. 1795. William, earl Fitzwilliam, 4 Jan.

66 John, earl Camden, 31 March.

1798. Charles, marquess Cornwallis, 20 June.
1801. Philip, earl of Hardwicke, 25 May.
1806. John, duke of Bedford, 18 March.
1807. Charles, duke of Richmond, 19 April.
1813. Charles, earl Whitworth, 26 Aug.
1817. Charles, earl Talbot, 9 Oct.

1821. Richard, marquess Wellesley, 29 Dec.
1828. Henry, marquess of Anglesey, 1 March.
1829. Hugh, duke of Northumberland, 6 March.

1830. Henry, marquess of Anglesey, again, 23 Dec.
1833. Marquess Wellesley, again, 26 Sept.

1834. Thomas, earl of Haddington, 29 Dec.

1835. Henry, marquess of Normanby, 23 April.

1839. Hugh, viscount Ebrington, afterwards earl Fortescue, 3 April.

1841. Thomas Philip, earl de Grey, 15 Sept. 1844. William, lord Heytesbury, 12 July.

1846. John William, earl of Bessborough, 9 July; died 16 May,

1847.

1847. George William Frederick, earl of Clarendon, 26 May.
1852. Archibald William, earl of Eglinton, 28 Feb.
1853. Edward Granville, earl of St. Germans, Jan.
1855. George, earl of Carlisle, March.

1858. Archibald, earl of Eglinton, again, Feb.; resigned.
1859. George, carl of Carlisle, again, June; died 5 Dec. 1864.
1864. John, lord Wodehouse, afterwards earl of Kimberley,
1 Nov.

1866. James, marquess of Abercorn, July; made duke, 6 Aug.
1868.

1868. John, earl Spencer, Dec.

1874. James, duke of Abercorn, Feb.
1876. John, duke of Marlborough, 28 Nov.

1880. Francis T. de Grey, earl Cowper, 5 May.

Ireland Forgeries. In 1786 W. H. Ireland made public the Shakespeare manuscripts which he had forged, and deceived many critics. The play "Vortigern" was performed at Drury-lane theatre on 2 April, 1796. He shortly after acknowledged the forgery, and published his "Confessions" in 1805. He died in 1835.

Ireland, Young, a party (or rather "school") formed for the regeneration of the country, founded by Thos. Osborne, Charles Gavan Duffy (who established and conducted The Nation from 1842 to 1855), Smith O'Brien, and others in 1840. Some of their proceedings led to the state trials of 1843 and 1848. Mr. Duffy (afterwards premier of Victoria, Australia, and K. C. M. G.) published "Young Ireland, a Fragment of Irish History, 1840-50," in 1880.

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The

Irish University Bill (to combine Trinity College and the Catholic College), introduced by Mr. I. Butt, 16 May, 1876; withdrawn.

Iron found on Mount Ida by the Dactyles, owing to the forest having been burned by lightning, 1432 B.C.Arundelian Marbles [1407, Hales; 1283, Clinton]. The Greeks ascribed the discovery of iron to themselves, and referred glass to the Phoenicians. Moses relates that iron was wrought by Tubal-Cain (Gen. iv. 22). Swedish iron is very celebrated, and Dannemora is the greatest mine of Sweden.-The weekly publication Iron began 18 Jan. 1873; see Steel.

Belgium an early seat of the iron manufacture; coal said to have been employed at Marche-les-dames, 1340.

British iron cast by Ralph Page and Peter Baude in Sussex, 1543.-Rymer's Fœdera.

Iron-mills used for slitting iron into bars for smiths by Godfrey Bochs, 1590.

Tinning of iron introduced from Bohemia, 1681. Till about
1730 iron ores were smelted entirely with wood charcoal,
which did not wholly give way to coal and coke till 1788.
The operation termed puddling, and other very great im-
provements in the manufacture, invented by Mr. Henry
Cort, about 1781, who did not reap the due reward of his
ingenuity. He died in 1800.

Mr. Henry Bessemer patented his method of manufacturing
iron and steel, 17 Oct., 5 Dec. 1855; 12 Feb. 1856.
Strike of the puddlers and lock-out of the masters in Stafford-
shire, Northumberland, etc., lasted during March, April, and
May, 1865.

Iron-workers of Great Britain determine to form one trades-
union, with one executive, Oct. 1866.

Mr. Wm. Robinson announced a method of making wrought
iron from cast iron by means of magnetism, July, 1867.
Mr. John Heaton's process for making steel announced about
Nov. 1867; discussed Oct. 1868.

Strike of iron-workers in the north over, 31 Dec. 1866.

tons.

One of the finest, thickest, and heaviest armor plates ever
rolled in the world was pressed into the very perfection of
a manufactured armor-plate at the great Atlas Iron-works
of sir John Brown & Co., Sheffield. The size of it when
in the furnace was a little over 20 feet long by about 4 feet
broad and 21 inches thick. Its rough weight was over 21
It was built up in the furnace before being rolled by
five mould plates, each 3 inches thick, and one solid plate
of 6 inches. This mass, when reduced by intense heat to
the consistency of dough, was withdrawn from the furnace,
and in the course of less than a quarter of an hour was
passed between the enormous rollers many times, was re-
duced to a compact slab of iron of a uniform thickness of
15 inches, and then passed on to its bed to cool till fit for
having its rough edges planed down to the proper dimen-
sions, 6 Sept. 1867. Armor-plate 24 inches thick rolled at
same works, Oct. 1876.

Iron forts (cost about 1,000.000l.; made by Whitworth & Co.
at Manchester) put up at Spithead early in 1872.
Mr. Crampton's iron furnace, in which definite proportions of
coal dust and air are introduced under pressure, was tried
Ironstone miners in Yorkshire; great strike through reduction
at Woolwich and was reported successful, May, 1873.
in wages, May, 1874.

Iron trades, see Employers.
Iron merchant-vessels: built in 1860, 181; in 1877, 545.

IRON PRODUCED IN GREAT BRITAIN.
59 furnaces..

1740........
1788...
1796.

77

...

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17,350 tons. 61,920 124,789 227,000

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In 1855, 3,217,154 tons of pig iron were produced; in 1857, 3,659,447 tons; in 1865, 4,819,254 tons; in 1869, 5,445,757 tons; in 1873, 6,566,451 tons; in 1876, 6,555,997 tons; in 1879, 5,995,337 tons.

Iron Manufacture: between 1865-75 the capital invested rose from 7.000,000l. to 29,000,000l. Number of puddling furnaces rose from 3462 to 7159; also great increase in blast furnaces.

Great depression since 1876; due to excessive production and increased and cheap manufacture of steel, 1878-9.

Exports of Iron and Steel from United Kingdom: 1860, 1,502,- | Park, and reported successful; see Sewage and Inter500 tons; 1865, 1,687,071 tons; 1870, 2,825,575 tons; 1875, mittent Filtration. 2,457,306 tons; 1879, 2,883,484 tons.

The production of pig-iron in the United States in net tons was, for 1870, 2,052,821; for 1880, 3,781,021.

The total iron and steel production in the United States in net

tons was: 1870, 3,655,215; 1880, 7,265,140.

Irun, a frontier village of Spain. On 16 May, 1837, from St. Sebastian to attack Irun (held by the Carlists), the British auxiliary legion, under gen. Evans, marched which, after a desperate resistance, was carried by as

Iron and Steel Institute, the duke of Devon-sault, 17 May. shire, president, held its first meeting in London, 22 June, 1869, first provincial meeting at Merthyr-Tydvil, 6 Sept. 1870; first foreign meeting at Liege, 18 Aug. 1873;

second at Paris, 16 Sept. 1878.

Iron Cross, an order of knighthood established by Frederick William III. of Prussia, 10 March, 1813, to honor patriotic bravery in the war against France; was revived by William I. in the Franco-Prussian war, and awarded by him to his son for his victory at Wissembourg, 4 Aug. 1870. About 40,000 persons were decorated in 1870-1.

Iron Crown (of Italy), of gold and precious stones, set in a thin ring of iron, said to have been forged from a nail of Christ's cross, was made by order of Theudelinde for her husband, Agilulf, king of the Longobards, 591. She presented it (to be kept) to the church at Monza. Charlemagne was crowned with this crown, and after him all the emperors who were kings of Lombardy; Napoleon I. at Milan, on 26 May, 1805, put it on his head, saying, "Dieu me l'a donnée; gare à qui y touchera" ("God has given it to me; woe to him who touches it"). The crown was removed from Monza to Mantua by the Austrians on 23 April, 1859. After the peace of Vienna in 1866, the crown was given up to gen. Menabrea on 11 Oct., and presented to king Victor Emmanuel at Turin on 4 Nov. The order of the "Iron Crown of Italy," instituted by Napoleon, 26 May, 1805, was abolished in 1814, but revived by the emperor of Austria, 12 Feb. 1816; see Gotha. The order of the Crown of Italy was instituted by king Victor Emmanuel, 20 Feb. 1868.

Iron Mask, THE MAN WITH THE.* A mysterious prisoner in France, wearing a mask and closely confined under M. de St.-Mars, at Pignerol (1679), Exilles (1681), Sainte-Marguerite (1687), and at the Bastile (1698), where he died, 19 Nov. 1703. He was of noble mien, and was treated with profound respect; but his keepers had orders to despatch him if he uncovered. M. de St.Mars himself always placed the dishes on his table, and stood in his presence.

the "Holy Catholic Apostolic Church." They use a Irvingites, followers of Edward Irving,† now called liturgy (framed in 1842 and enlarged 1853), and have church officers named apostles, angels, prophets, etc. In 1852 lighted candles were placed on the magnificent altar, and burning of incense during prayers was prescribed. The Gothic church, in Gordon square, was solemnly opened 1 Jan. 1854. It is said that all who join the church offer it a tenth of their income. They had 30 chapels in England in 1851.

Isandula, ISANDLANA, or ISANDLWANA, termed the "English Cremera;" see Zululand, 22 Jan. 1879.

Isauria, a province in Asia Minor, conquered by the Romans B.C. 78; by the Saracens A.D. 650; was retaken by the emperor Leo III., who founded the Isaurian dynasty, 718, which ended with Constantine VI. in 797. Isauria was incorporated with Turkey 1387.

Isernia (S. Italy). Here the Sardinian general Cialdini defeated the Neapolitans, 17 Oct. 1860. Islam, or ESLÂM, submission to God, the name given to Mahometanism (which see).

Isle of France, Man, ETC.; see Mauritius, Man, etc.

Isles, BISHOPRIC OF. This see contained not only the Hebrides, or Western Isles, but the Isle of Man, which for nearly 400 years had been a separate bishopric. The first bishop of the Isles was Amphibalus, 360; see Iona. Since the revolution (when this bishopric was discontinued) the Isles have been joined to Moray and Ross, or to Ross alone. In 1847, however, Argyll and the Isles were made a seventh post-revolution and distinct bishopric; see Bishops.

Isly (N.W. Africa). Here Abd-el-Kader, the Arab chief, was totally defeated by the French, under Bugeaud, 14 Aug. 1844.

Ismail (Bessarabia). After a long siege by the Russians, who lost 20,000 men before the place, the town was taken by storm, 22 Dec. 1790; when Suwarrow, the most merciless warrior of modern times, put the brave Turk

Iron-clads, see Circular, Navy, and United States, ish garrison (30,000 men) to the sword and delivered up 1862; Germany, 1878.

Iron-plated Ships, see Iron-clads.

Irredenta Cry, see Italy, 1878.

Irrigation, practised in the East and in Egypt from the most remote ages. It was strenuously advocated for India by sir A. Cotton and others at the Social Science Congress at Manchester, Oct. 1866. In 1865 acts were passed for utilizing London sewage in the irrigation of grass land, and the results are said to be generally favorable. The subject was much discussed, Aug. 1873. A method of producing artificial rain from ponds by means of steam-power, patented by Isaac Brown of Edinburgh, was tried by Mr. Coleman at Stoke

The following conjectures have been made as to his identity: An Armenian patriarch forcibly carried from Constantinople (who died ten years before the mask); the duc de Vermandois, son of Louis XIV., reported to have perished in the camp before Dixmude; the duc de Beaufort, whose head is reported to have been taken off before Candia; James, duke of Monmouth, executed on Tower hill; a son of Anne of Austria, queen of Louis XIII., either by cardinal Mazarine or by the duke of Buckingham; the twin brother of Louis XIV. (a conjecture received by Voltaire and others); Foucquet, an eminent statesman in the time of Louis XIV.; and a count Matthioli, secretary of state to Charles III., duke of Mantua. M. Delort and the right hon. Agar Ell's (afterwards lord Dover) endeavored to prove Matthioli to have been the person. The mask, it seems, was not made of iron, but of black velvet, strengthened with whalebone, and fastened behind the head with a padlock.

Ismail to pillage, and ordered the massacre of 6000 women. It was again captured by the Russians 26 Sept. 1809, and retained till the treaty of Paris in 1856, when it was ceded to Moldavia.

Ispahan was made the capital of Persia by Abbas the Great, in 1590. It lost its supremacy in 1796, when Teheran became the capital.

Israel, KINGDOM OF, see Jews. -Handel's oratorio "Israel in Egypt" first performed 4 April, 1789.

Issus (Asia Minor), the site of Alexander's second great battle with Darius, whose queen and family were captured, Oct. 333 B.C. The Persian army, according to Justin, consisted of 400,000 foot and 100,000 horse; 61,000 of the former and 10,000 of the latter were left dead on the spot, and 40,000 were taken prisoners. Here the emperor Septimius defeated his rival Niger, A.D. 194. Istamboul, see Constantinople,

+ Edward Irving was born 15 Aug. 1792, and was engaged as assistant to Dr. Chalmers, at Glasgow, in 1819. In 1823 he attracted immense crowds of distinguished persons to his sermons at the Scotch church, Hatton Garden. A new church was built for him in Regent square in 1827. Soon after he propounded new doctrines on the human nature of Christ; and the "Utterances of Unknown Tongues," which began in his congregation with a Miss Hall and Mr. Taplin, 16 Oct. 1831, were countenanced by him as of divine inspiration. He was expelled from the Scotch church 15 March, 1833. His church, "reconstituted with the threefold cord of a sevenfold ministry," was removed to Newman street. He died 8 Dec. 1834.

Ister, see Danube.

Isthmian Games received their name from the isthmus of Corinth, where they were observed; instituted by Sisyphus about 1406 B.C., in honor of Melicertes, a sea-god.-Lenglet. Reinstituted in honor of Neptune by Theseus about 1239 B.C.; and their celebration was held so sacred that even a public calamity did not prevent it. The games were revived by Julius Caesar, 60 B.C.; and by the emperor Julian, A.D. 362.

Istria was finally subdued by the Romans, 177 B.C. After various changes it came under the rule of Venice in 1378, and was annexed 1420. It was obtained by Austria, 1796; by France, 1806; by Austria, 1814.

the German emperors; since then Spain, France, and Germany struggled for the possession of the country, which has been divided among them several times. Spain predominated in Italy during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; yielded to the house of Austria at the beginning of the eighteenth. The victories of Bonaparte in 1797-8 changed the government of Italy; but the Austrian rule was re-established at the peace in 1814. In 1848 the Milanese and Venetians revolted and joined Piedmont, but were subdued by Radetzky; see below. The hostile feeling between Austria and Piedmont gradually increased till war broke out in April, 1859. The Austrians were defeated, and the kingdom of Italy, comprising Piedmont, Sardinia, Lombardy, Tuscany, Modena, Parma, the Romagna, Naples, and Sicily, was re-established 17 March, 1861, by the Italian parOn 29 Oct. 1861, the internal government was reorganized; the 59 provinces were placed under prefects, subject to four directors-general. In 1861 the population was 21,728,529. War with Austria was declared 18 June, 1866; and on 3 Oct. peace was signed at Vienna, and Venetia was ceded to Italy; see below for the events. The kingdom of Italy was consummated by the occupation of Rome as the capital, 1870. Estimated population of the kingdom, 1862, 25,003,635 (Rome was added in 1870); 1878, 28,209,620. For other details see Rome and the various Italian cities throughout the volume.

Italia Irredenta ("unredeemed Italy "), a secret society which first appeared in Italy Nov. 1877, and said to have 200 committees, the chief at Naples. Its pro-liament (consisting of 443 deputies from 59 provinces). fessed object is to add to the Italian kingdom Trieste, the Tyrol, and other Austrian provinces on the Adriatic. In 1879 col. Haymerle, an Austrian military resident at Rome, published Res Italicæ," freely discussing the subject. The Italians were much annoyed, and the publication was disavowed by the Austrian government.

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Its statute (of 62 articles) asserts that the Catholic church is nothing but the society of all believers in Jesus Christ, and that he only is its supreme head and pastor; rejects all miracles since the death of the Apostles; declares that the Catholic faith is only that revealed in the Holy Scriptures, etc.

Italian Language, based on Latin, is said by Dante to be formed of a selection of the best portions of the different dialects. Pure elegant poetry was written by Guido Cavalcanti, who died 1301; and good prose by Malespini, about 1250.

Dante......

PRINCIPAL ITALIAN AUTHORS.
Born Died

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Born Died

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Pepin gives Ravenna to the pope..

754

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Charlemagne invades Italy, 774; overcomes the Lombards; crowned emperor of the West at Rome by pope Leo III..

.25 Dec.

800

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The Saracens invade Italy and settle at Bari..
Invasion of Otho I. 951; crowned emperor.
Genoa becomes important..

842

2 Feb. 962

1544

1801

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1000 1016-17 1051

1873

Petrarca...

Boccaccio.

Ariosto...

Machiavelli..... 1469 1527 Volta... 1474 1533 Monti.

Guicciardini. 1482 1540 Leopardi.

Tasso....

1595 Gioberti. Galileo... 1564 1642 Nicolini. .... 1782 Metastasio...... 1698 1782 Manzoni........ 1784

The following terms are often used with reference to certain periods in the history of Italian literature and art:

1. Trecento (three hundred), from the birth of Dante (1265) to the death of Boccaccio (1375), which two, with Petrarca, are styled the triumvirate of the Trecento."

2. Quattrocento (four hundred), from 1375 to the revival of Italian literature by Lorenzo de' Medici in the fifteenth cen tury. During this period Latin was revived, to the prejudice of Italian.

3. Cinquecento (five hundred), from about 1480 to 1590. A sensuous style of art, founded on the heathen mythology, began to prevail.

4. Seicento (six hundred), from 1590 to 1700. The bad taste which prevailed during this period is ascribed to the influence of the Spaniards and the Jesuits throughout Italy. Seicentisti is a term of reproach.

The Trecento and Cinquecento were the most flourishing peri

ods.

Italian Republic was the name given to the remodelled Cisalpine republic. Napoleon Bonaparte president, Jan. 1802.

The Saracens expelled by the Normans..
The Normans acquire Naples from the pope.
Pope Gregory VII., Hildebrand, pretends to universal sov-
ereignty, in which he is assisted by Matilda, countess
of Tuscany, mistress of the greater part of Italy.....1073-85
Disputes between the popes and emperors, relative to ec-
clesiastical investitures, begin (and long agitate Italy
and Germany)....

Rise of the Lombard cities...
Who war with each other.

..about 1073 .about 1120 1144

The Venetians obtain many victories over the Eastern emperors.

1125

about 1161 1154-75 1167

Wars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines (which see) begin
Frederick I. (Barbarossa) interferes; his wars..
Lombard League formed..
His defeat at Legnano..
Peace of Constance..

Civil wars again..

Rise of the Medici at Florence.

.29 May, 1176 1183 ..1199, etc.

, about 1251 ...1236-50

Wars of Frederick II. and the Lombard League..
His natural son, Manfred, king of Sicily, defeated and
killed at the battle of Benevento by Charles of Anjou,
Who defeats Conradin at Tagliacozzo..

26 Feb. 1266 23 Aug. 1268 1277

The Visconti rule at Milan...
The Sicilian Vespers; massacre of the French, who are
expelled from Sicily.
.30 March, 1282
Clement V. (pope, 1305) fixes his residence at Avignon in
France...

Italy (either from Italus, an early king, or italus, a bull calf) was called the garden of Europe. The invading Pelasgians from Greece, and the Aborigines (Umbri-Louis Gonzaga makes himself master of Mantua, with ans, Oscans, and Etruscans) combined, form the Latin race, still possessing the southern part of Europe. The history of Italy is soon absorbed into that of Rome, founded 753 B.C. Previous to the fifteenth century it was desolated by intestine wars and the interference of

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spoiled of its Italian possessions.... Leo X., pope, patron of literature and art... Wars of Charles V. and Francis I....

Francis defeated and prisoner at Pavia..

1509 ...1513-22 ..1515-21 24 Feb. 1525

Parma and Placentia made a duchy for his family by

pope Paul III. (Alexander Farnese)..

1545

Peace of Cateau-Cambresis..

1559 1627-31

Louis XII. joins Venice and conquers Milan (soon lost). 1499 | Treaty ceding Savoy and Nice to France signed, 24 League of Cambray (1508) against Venice, which is deMarch; approved by the Sardinian parliament, 29 May, 1860 The French troops retire from Italy.... ..May, Vain insurrections in Sicily.. .....4 April, 2 May, Garibaldi lands at Marsala in Sicily, 11 May; assumes the office of dictator, 14 May; defeats the Neapolitans at Calatifimi, 15 May; and at Melazzo, 20 July; by a convention the Neapolitans agree to evacuate Sicily (see Sicily)..... .30 July,

War of the Mantuan succession.

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Catinat and the French defeat the duke of Savoy at Marsaglia...

.4 Oct. 1693

War of Spanish succession commences in Italy.
Battle of Turin...

Division of Italy at the peace of Utrecht..
The duke of Savoy becomes king of Sardinia..
Successful French campaign in Italy..

1701 .7 Sept. 1706 .11 April, 1713 1720

1745

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Eugène Beauharnois made viceroy of Italy.
Austria loses her Italian possessions by the treaty of
Presburg; ratified.

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.1 Jan. 1806

.7 April, 1815
...1831-3

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The kingdom ceases on the overthrow of Napoleon, 1814;
the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom established for Aus-
tria...
Formation of the Young Italy party by Mazzini; insur-
rections..

Italian Association for Science first met (at Pisa).. 1837
Insurrection in Lombardy and Venice, March; supported
by the king of Sardinia and by the pope.. .. April, 1848
The king, defeated at Novara, abdicates, 23 March; and
Lombardy reverts to Austria..
.May, 1849
Feb. 1859

(See Sardinia and Austria.)

"Napoléon III. et l'Italie" published..

The Austrian ultimatum, rejected by Sardinia .26 April,
The Austrians cross the Ticino, 27 April; and the French
enter Genoa..
..3 May,
Peaceful revolution at Florence, 27 April; Parma, 3
..15 June,
May; Modena.
The Austrians defeated at Montebello, 20 May; Palestro,
30, 31 May; Magenta, 4 June; Marignano, 8 June; Sol-
ferino....
24 June,
Provisional governments established at Florence, 27
April; Parma, May; and Modena (the sovereigns re-
....15 June,
tire).
Insurrection in the papal states Bologna, Ferrara, etc.
13-15 June,
by the Swiss

Massacre of the insurgents at Perugia
troops..

The allies cross the Mincio..

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The Sardinians enter kingdom of Naples, 15 Oct.; defeat
Neapolitans at Isernia..
..17 Oct.
Garibaldi defeats Neapolitans at the Volturno, 1 Oct.
1860; meets Victor Emmanuel, and says, "King of
Italy!" the latter replies, "I thank you!". .26 Oct.
By universal suffrage (plebiscitum), Sicily and Naples
vote for annexation to Sardinia..
21 Oct.
Capua bombarded; the Neapolitans retire, 2 Nov.; and
are defeated at the Garigliano..
.3 Nov.
Victor Emmanuel enters Naples as king, 7 Nov; Gari-
baldi resigns the dictatorship and retires to Caprera,
9 Nov.
Victor Emmanuel receives homage from the Neapolitan
clergy, etc.; gives money to encourage education; ap-
points a ministry, including Poerio, etc. .......... Nov.
Siege of Gaeta commences; attack by sea prevented by
the presence of the French fleet.... .3 Nov. etc.
Treaty of Zurich signed (see Zurich)..
Decree in honor of Garibaldi's army.
Reactionary movements suppressed..
Prince of Carignan-Savoy appointed lieutenant of Na-
ples...
.Jan. 1861

The French fleet retires from Gaeta, 19 Jan.; after severe
bombardment it surrenders; Francis II. retires to
Rome..
.13 Feb.
Monastic establishments in Naples abolished, with com-
pensation to the inmates; schools established.... Feb.
Assembly of the first Italian parliament, 18 Feb., which
decrees Victor Emmanuel king of Italy,
26 Feb. and 14 March,
Naples unsettled through reactionary intrigues of the
papal party.

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Garibaldi exhorts the Italians to arm
Grand-duke of Tuscany abdicates.,
Constitutional assemblies meet at Florence, 11 Aug.; and
at Modena..
16 Aug.
Tuscany, Modena, Parma, and the Romagna enter into a
defensive alliance, and declare for annexation to Pied-
mont, 20 Aug.-10 Sept.; fiscal restrictions between
them and Piedmont abolished..
10 Oct.
Assassination of col. Anviti at Parma...
..5 Oct.
Garibaldi appeals to the Neapolitans; subscriptions in
Italy and elsewhere to supply arms for the Italians,
Oct.
Tuscany, etc., choose the prince Eugène of Carignan Sa-
voy as regent of central Italy, 5 Nov.; the king of
Sardinia refusing his consent, the prince declines the
office, but recommends the chevalier Buoncampagni,

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Ricasoli forms a ministry to continue Cavour's policy,

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San Martino resigns the government of Naples; active
measures taken against the insurgents and brigands
by Cialdini, his successor, appointed.........16 July,
The king opens the exhibition of Italian industry at
Florence..
.14 Sept.
The kingdom recognized by Portugal and Belgium, 1
Oct.; divided into fifty nine prefectures, etc., 13 Oct.
Skirmishes in the south with brigands and foreign emis-
saries in the cause of Francis II.
..Oct.
Cialdini retires, and La Marmora becomes lieutenant-
general of Naples....
2 Nov.
Brigandage still prevailing in the south, aided by the
king of Naples; insurgents defeated, and many killed,
19 Nov.
José Borges, a Spaniard, lands in Calabria, 15 Sept.; calls
on the people to rise for Francis II., Sept.; taken and
shot..
...8 Dec.
The reactionist warfare continues; cruelties of the brig.
ands lead to reprisals...... .Dec. 1861, Jan. and Feb. 1862
Ricasoli compelled to resign by court influence, 1 March;
Rattazzi forms an administration..
The kingdom recognized by Prussia.
Surrender of Civatella del Tronto, the last Bourbon for-
tress in Sicily..
14 March,
Triumphant progress of Garibaldi through Italy, estab-
lishing rifle clubs
March and April,

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Conspiracy among the Neapolitan soldiers at Milan sup-
pressed..
..19 April,
The king received at Naples with great enthusiasm,

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10 Nov. Garibaldi retires from Sardinian service.. .18 Nov. ....7 Dec. New Sardinian constitution proclaimed.. The pope condemns the pamphlet "Le Pape et le Con.31 Dec. grès The emperor Napoleon recommends the pope to give up the legations... ..31 Dec. The pope refuses and denounces the emperor.....8 Jan. Count Cavour charged with the formation of a ministry, 16 Jan. Annexation to Sardinia voted for (by universal suffrage) in Parma, Modena, and the Romagna, 13 March; Tuscany, 16 March; accepted by the king...18-22 March,

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...April, ......3 July,

Calls on the Hungarians to rise..

The king issues a proclamation against his proceedings, as tending to rebellion.

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.26 July, 1862 | The kingdom recognized by Spain, Mr. Moens released after a ransom of 5000. had been paid... .26 Aug. Bank of Italy established... .7 Nov. French troops leaving Italy; general election, the moderate party predominate.

..June, 1865

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Nov.

66

...3 Aug. Garibaldi enters Catania, and organizes a provisional government 19 Aug. Sicily proclaimed to be in a state of siege, 21 Aug; and .22 Aug. put under gen. Cialdini.. Garibaldi issues his last proclamation; embarks at Catania; lands at Melito, in Calabria, and marches towards Reggio, 25 Aug; La Marmora proclaims a state of siege, 26 Aug.; Garibaldi and his followers fall in with the royalists under Pallavicini, at Aspromonte, where, after a short skirmish, he is wounded and taken prisoner, 29 Aug.; removed to Varignano, near Spezzia,

1 Sept.

Mr. J. F. Bishop sentenced to ten years' imprisonment, 6 Sept. Gen. Durando issues a diplomatic circular condemning Garibaldi's proceedings, yet asserting the necessity of the Italian government possessing Rome.....10 Sept. A subscription in England enables professor Partridge, of King's College, London, to go to Garibaldi..19 Sept. Princess Maria Pia married by proxy to the king of Portugal.... 27 Sept. Garibaldi issues a rhetorical appeal to the English nation, urging its intervention for the cause of liberty, 28 Sept. Inflammatory manifesto addressed to the people of Italy by Joseph Mazzini.. ...Sept. Amnesty granted to Garibaldi and his followers...5 Oct. Sharp reply of M. Drouyn de Lhuys to Durando's note, 8 Oct. End of state of siege in Naples and Sicily.......17 Oct. Disorderly encounter between Italians and Austrians on the banks of the Po..... ..1 Nov. Father Passaglia and 10,000 (out of 80,000) Italian priests sign a declaration against the temporal authority of the pope.. ..Nov. Garibaldi removed to Pisa, 9 Nov.; ball extracted from his foot by Zanetti .23 Nov.

Meeting of parliament; determined opposition to Rattazzi, 18 Nov; he resigns 30 Nov. 9 Dec. New ministry formed by Farina.

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The new parliament meets at Florence. ..18 Nov. Serious financial deficiency; heavy taxation proposed, 13 Dec.; much dissatisfaction; the ministers resign, 21 Dec.; a new ministry formed under La Marmora, 31 Dec. Death of the patriot and soldier, Massimo d'Azeglio, 15 Jan. 1866 Formation of the "Consorzio Nazionale," a public subscription for reducing the national debt.. ..27 Feb. Massacre of Protestants at Barletta, Naples; attributed .19 March, 12 May,

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to priests...

Alliance with Prussia..

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Volunteers numerously enlisted..

.7 June et seq.

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.18 June,

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Tristany and other bandits captured.. Commercial treaty with Great Britain signed....6 Aug. Death of Farina.. .5 Sept. Several bandits captured on board the French ship Aunis; given up to France, July; restored to Italy, 12 Sept. The army of Piedmont (50,000) consolidated by La Marmora and expanded into the army of Italy " (250,000), Oct. 66 The king visits Naples; reviews National Guard, etc., 11-17 Nov. General election; triumph of the moderate party...Jan. 1864 Garibaldi's visit to England amid much enthusiasm,

April, Franco-Italian convention signed (French troops to quit Rome in two years [from 6 Feb. 1865], Florence to be the capital of Italy, etc.)..... 15 Sept. Riots at Turin in consequence; many persons killed by the military.... 21, 22 Sept.

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Minghetti and his colleagues blamed; resigned; a minis.24 Sept. try formed by La Marmora.... Garibaldi denounces the convention 10 Oct. Desperate state of the finances announced by Sella, the .Nov. minister; he proposes stringent remedies.. Railway from Turin to Florence opened.. ....4 Nov. The convention approved by the chamber of deputies, 19 Nov.; by the senate (after an able speech by Cialdini, 6 Dec.). .9 Dec. Decree for transfer of the capital published.....11 Dec. Prince Humbert resides at Naples.. ...... Dec. Stated that 346 brigands had been killed in action; 453 taken in action, and 132 surrendered; about 300 remain to be tracked; many pretend to be subjects of the ex-king Francis II. of Naples... ..Dec. Demonstration against the king of Turin, 30 Jan.; he goes to Florence.. .3 Feb. 1865 Amnesty for political offences published; brigandage in the Neapolitan and Roman states increasing...March, Fruitless negotiations with the pope by Vegezzi respecting the position of bishops.. April to July,

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Plebiscitum in Venetia; for annexation with Italy, 641,758; against, 69. .21 Oct.

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The king enters Venice, 7 Nov.; visits Verona, Mantua,
.Nov.
Circular of Ricasoli to the prefects, recommending in-
dustrial development and commerce, forbidding agita-
tion, and enjoining neutrality regarding Rome, 15 Nov.
Letter from Ricasoli to the clergy recommending a free
church in a free state..
26 Nov.
Persano committed for trial; examination begins, 1 Dec.
Parliament opened by the king, who declares that "Italy
is now restored to herself"
.15 Dec.
Sig. Tonello received by the pope, 15 Dec.; many bishops
Dec.
return to their dioceses.
Persano acquitted of cowardice at Lissa... .30 Jan. 1867
Government proposal for investing part of the property
of the religious bodies for support of clergy (Free
Church and Ecclesiastical Liquidation bill) brought
forward....
..Jan.

Great reduction in the army (to 146,000) ordered...Jan.
Defeat of the ministry on question of the right of public
meetings in Venetia, 11 Feb., parliament dissolved,
Ricasoli reconstructs his ministry.

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The pope accepts Italian help to suppress brigandage,
March,
Elections give a majority for government.. March,
Resignation of Ricasoli, 5 April; a ministry formed by
Rattazzi..
...8 April,
Persano condemned: degraded and dismissed the service
for disobedience, incapacity, and negligence.. 15 April, 66
Treaty of commerce with Austria signed at Florence,
23 April,

Public funeral of the patriot Carlo Poerio........1 May,
Italy joins in the conference at London respecting the
Luxemburg question.
.7-11 May,
National financial embarrassments; the king gives up
part of his civil list; proposed sale of church lands,
and reduction of expenditure...
. May et seq.
17,200,000l. advanced for church lands by Fould and
others of Paris..
Church Property bill passed

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