July, the seventh, originally fifth, Roman month, named by Marc Antony from Julius Cæsar, the dictator of Rome, who was born in it. June, the sixth month, owes its name to Junius, which some derive from Juno, and others from Juniores, this being the month for the young, as May was for aged persons. Ovid, in his "Fasti," introduces Juno as claiming this month. duced to put the accused on trial. The constitution of 1791 established the trial by jury in France. An imperial decrec abolished trial by jury throughout the Austrian empire, 15 Jan. 1852. Trial by jury began in Russia, 8 Aug. 1866. A true bill for libel granted against alderman sir F. Truscott in his absence, who was honorably acquitted, 18 Sept. 1879. COERCION OF JURIES.-It is said that in early times the suitors used to feed the jury empanelled in their action, and Junius's Letters began in the Public Advertiser, hence arose the common-law of denying sustenance to a jury 21 Jan. 1769. They have been ascribed to Mr. Burke, Mr. William Gerard Hamilton, commonly called Single-speech Hamilton, John Wilkes, Mr. Dunning (afterwards lord Ashburton), sergeant Adair, the rev. J. Rosenhagen, John Roberts, Charles Lloyd, Samuel Dyer, gen. Lee, the duke of Portland, Hugh Boyd, lord George Sackville, and sir Philip Francis. The last named is generally considered to have been the author. Junius said, "I am the depository of my own secret, and it shall perish with me." The work of Mr. Chabot and hon. F. T. B. Twisleton was considered decisive of sir Philip Francis being Junius, May, 1871. Junker Party (Junker, German for young noble), a term applied to the aristocratic party in Prussia, which came into power under Otho von Bismarck-Schönhausen, appointed prime-minister, 9 Oct. 1862. Their political organ is the Kreuz-Zeitung. Juno, the planet discovered by M. Harding, of Lilienthal, near Bremen, 1 Sept. 1804. Its distance from the sun is 254 millions of miles, and it accomplishes its revolution in four years and 128 days, at the rate of nearly 42,000 miles an hour. Its diameter is estimated by German astronomers at 1424 English miles. Junonia, festivals in honor of Juno (the Greek Hera, or Here) at Rome, and instituted 431 B.C. Junta. The Spanish provincial juntas, or councils, declared against the French in 1808, and incited the people to insurrection. Jupiter, known as a planet to the Chaldeans, it is said, 3000 B.C. The discovery of the satellites, incorrectly attributed to Simon Mayr (Marius) in 1609, was made by Galileo on 8 Jan. 1610; see Planets. Jupiter's moons were all invisible on 21 Aug. 1867; a very rare occurrence.-JUPITER AMMON's temple in Libya was visited by Alexander, 332 B.C. Cambyses's army sent against it perished miserably, 525 B.C. The Greek Zeus was the Roman Jupiter. after the hearing of the evidence. A jury may be detained during the pleasure of the judge if they cannot agree upon a verdict; and may be confined without meat, drink, or fire, candle-light excepted, till they are unanimous. Some jurors have been fined for having fruit in their pockets when they were withdrawn to consider of their verdict, though they did not eat it.-Leon Dyer, 137. A jury at Sudbury not being able to agree, and having been some time under duress, forcibly broke from the court where they were locked up, and went home, 9 Oct. 1791.-Phillips. In Scotland, Guernsey, Jersey, and France, juries decide by a majority; in France, since 1831, a majority of two thirds is required. "Juste Milieu," according to Louis Philippe (in 1830), is the only principle of government which can secure the welfare of France. Justices, Lords, were appointed by English sovereigns to govern during their absence; especially by William III., and George I. and II. (1695-1760). George III. never left England. In Sept. 1821, when George IV. went to Hanover, lords justices were appointed, the No such appointment duke of York being the first. has been made during the present reign, it having been decided by the law authorities in 1843 to be unnecessary when the queen went to France. Ireland was sometimes temporarily ruled by lords justices. - Two lords justices of the court of appeal in chancery, having rank next after the chief baron of the exchequer, were appointed from 1 Oct. 1851, salary 60007. For recent changes see Court of Justiciary and Appeal. 1851. Sir James L. Knight-Bruce, resigned Oct., died 7 Nov 1866. Robert, lord Cranworth (afterwards lord chancellor). 1853. Sir George James Turner, Jan., died 9 July, 1867. 1866. Sir Hugh M. Cairns, 29 Oct., became lord chancellor 29 1867. Sir John Rolt, July; resigned Feb. 1868. 1869. Sir George M. Giffard, Dec., died 13 July, 1870. PRESENT LORDS JUSTICES. Juridical Society was established in Feb. 1855, and opened with an address by sir R. Bethell on 12 May 1875. Sir Richard Baggallay, Nov. following. 1876. Sir George W. W. Bramwell. See Juries. Trial by jury was introduced into England during the Saxon heptarchy, mention being made of six Welsh and six Anglo-Saxon freemen appointed to try causes between the English and Welsh men of prop- trates, invested with extensive powers in minor cases, Justices of the Peace are unpaid local magiserty, and made responsible, with their whole estates, but subject to supersession and punishment by the King's real and personal, for false verdicts.-Lambard. By Bench for an abuse of their authority. They were first most authorities their institution is ascribed to Alfred nominated by William I. in 1076.-Stow. Persons termabout 886. In Magna Charta, juries are insisted on as the great bulwark of the people's liberty. When either ed conservators of the peace in each county were apparty is an alien born, the jury shall be one half deni-pointed by 1 Edw. III. c. 2, 1327; and their duties were zens, and the other half aliens, stat. 28 Edw. III. 1353. defined in 1860. The form of a commission of the peace settled by the judges, 23 Eliz. 1580.—Hawkins. By the common-law a prisoner upon indictment or Eyre. appeal might challenge peremptorily thirty-five, being under three juries; but a lord of parliament, and a peer of the realm, who is to be tried by his peers, cannot challenge any of his peers. An act for the trial by jury in civil cases in Scotland was passed in 1815. An act to consolidate and amend the laws relating to juries in Ireland was passed 4 Will. IV. 1833. A new act respecting juries, regulating their payment, etc., was passed 9 Aug. 1870. The clause respecting their payment was rescinded by act passed 28 Feb. 1871. Laws respecting juries in Ireland amended, 14 Aug. 1871. New Juries bill brought in by the attorney-general, sir John Coleridge, Feb. 1873. Juries are summoned to assist the coroner in investigating the causes of sudden or violent death.-GRAND JURIES (of not less than 12 or more than 23 persons) decide whether sufficient evidence is ad Justiciars. In ancient times the kings of England used to hear and determine causes; but it is declared by law that if the king cannot determine every controversy, he, to ease himself, may divide the labor among persons, men of wisdom and fearing God, and out of such to appoint judges. The Saxon kings of England appointed a judge after this manner, who was, in fact, the king's deputy. After the Norman conquest, the person invested with that power had the style of Capitalis Justicia, or Justiciarius Angliæ. These judges continued until the erection of the courts of King's Bench and the Common Pleas. The first justiciars of England were Odo, bishop of Bayeux, and William Fitz-Osborne, in 1067; and the last was Philip Basset, in 1261, or Hugh le Despencer, 1263 (Henry III.). Authorities vary. Justiciary, COURT OF, see Court of Justiciary. Justinian Code compiled by a commission appointed by the emperor Justinian I. Feb. 528, wherein was written what may be termed the statute law (scattered through 2000 volumes reduced to fifty). It was promulgated April, 529. To this code Justinian added the Digest or Pandects, the Institutes, and Novels, promulgated 16 Nov. 534. These compilations have since been called, collectively, the Body of Civil Law (Corpus Juris Civilis). Juvenile Offenders. In 1838 an act was passed Jute, the fibres of two plants, the chonch and isbund for instituting a prison for instructing and correcting (Corchorus olitorius and Corchorus capsularis), since juvenile offenders, and the military hospital at Park1830 extensively cultivated in Bengal for making gun-hurst in the Isle of Wight was appropriated for this purny-cloth, etc. Jute has been much manufactured at pose. An act for their committal to reformatories was Dundee as a substitute for flax, tow, etc., and in July, passed in 1854. Kaaba, see Caaba. K. Oct. 1874 Kreli, a Galcka chief in the Transkei territory, attacks .Jan. 1878 army, determined to storm their intrenchments. The conflict lasted from 31 Dec. to 9 Jan. 1854, when the Russians were compelled to retire. Among these conflicts one occurred at Citate, 6 Jan.; see Citate. Kalafat was invested 28 Jan., and gen. Schilders attacked it vigorously on 19 April without success, and the blockade was raised 21 April. Kalakh, ancient capital of middle Assyria; where many discoveries have been made by Layard and others; see Assyria. Kaleidoscope, an optical instrument, which, by an arrangement of mirrors, produces a symmetrical reflection of various transparent substances placed between, was invented by Dr. (afterwards sir David) Brewster of Edinburgh; it was suggested in 1814 and perfected in 1817; see Debusscope. Kali Yugh, see Cali Yugh. Kalitsch (Poland). Here the Russians defeated the Swedes, 19 Nov. 1706; and here the Saxons under the French general Reynier were beaten by the Russians under Winzingerode, 13 Feb. 1813. Kalmar, see Calmar. Kalmuck, see Tartar. Kalunga Fort (E. Indies), attacked unsuccessfully by the British forces, and gen. Gillespie killed, 31 Oct. 1814; and again unsuccessfully, 25 Nov. It was evacuated by the Nepaulese, 30 Nov. same year. Kamptulicon, a substance used for flooring, patented by Elijah Galloway in 1843, and manufactured since 1851 by Messrs. Tayler, Harvey, & Co. It is composed of India-rubber and cork, combined by masticating machines. Kamtschatka, a peninsula, E. coast of Asia, was discovered by Morosco, a Cossack chief, 1690; taken possession of by Russia in 1697; and proved to be a peninsula by Behring in 1728. Four months, commencing at our midsummer, may be considered as the spring, summer, and autumn here, the rest of the year being winter. The amiable capt. Clarke, a companion of capt. Cook, died in sight of Kamtschatka, 22 Aug. 1779, and was buried in the town of St. Peter and Paul, in the peninsula. Kandahar, see Candahar. Kangaroos, animals indigenous to Australia (first seen by capt. Cook, 22 June, 1770), were bred at San Donato, the estate of prince Demidoff, in 1853, and since. Kansas, a western state of the United States, organized as a territory 30 May, 1854; admitted into the Union 29 Jan. 1861. During the greater part of 1855 et seq. this state was a scene of anarchy and bloodshed through fruitless efforts to make it a slave state; see Slavery in America. Karaïtes (or READERS), the Protestants of Judaism, a remnant of the Sadducees, formed into a sect by Ananben-David in the eighth century. They profess adherence to the Scriptures alone, and reject the Talmud and Rabbinical traditions. They still exist in Turkey, Poland, the Crimea, and other parts of the East. Their name is of uncertain origin. Karrack, see Carrack. Kars, a town in Asiatic Turkey, captured by the Russians under Paskiewich, 15 July, 1828, after three days' conflict. In 1855 it was defended by gen. Fenwick Williams, with 15,000 men, and with three months' provisions and three days' ammunition, against the Russian general Mouravieff, with an army of 40,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry. The siege lasted from 18 June to 28 Nov. 1855. The sufferings of the garrison were very great from cholera and want of food. The Russians made a grand assault on 29 Sept., but were repulsed with the loss of above 6000 men, and the garrison were overcome by famine alone.-Sandwith. Kars was restored to Turkey, Aug. 1856. On accepting gen. Williams's proposal for surrendering, gen. Mouravieff said: "Gen. Williams, you have made yourself a name in history; and posterity will stand amazed at the endurance, the courage, and the discipline which this siege has called forth in the remains of an army. Let us arrange a capitulation that will satisfy the demands of war, without disgracing humanity." In 1856 the general was made a baronet, with the title of sir William Fenwick Williams of Kars, and granted a pension. The Russians besieging Kars compelled to retire by Mukhtar Pacha.. ...about 13 July, 1877 Under the grand-duke Michael and Loris Melikoff, defeated 2, 4 Oct.; defeat the Turks at Aladja Dagh (which see)..... .14, 15 Oct. Kars taken, after 12 hours' fighting, by surprise (it is said by treachery)... .17, 18 Nov. [Killed and wounded: Russian, about 2500; Turkish, 5000, with loss of 10,000 prisoners, 100 guns, etc.] Kars ceded to Russia by the Berlin treaty .....13 July, 1878 Kashgaria, central Asia; subdued by China; annexed by Keen Lung, 1760; insurrections subdued, 1826 et seq. Mahomed Yakoob Beg, during an insurrection of the Tungani, made himself ruler of Kashgaria, 1866, and sent envoys to London, etc., 1867. He was at length attacked by the Chinese, totally defeated, and said to have been assassinated, 1 May, 1877. The capital, Kashgar, was taken, and the country regained by China, Nov.; and the war closed, Dec. 1877. Katharine's Hospital, St., founded about 1148, by Matilda, queen of Stephen, and refounded by Eleanor, queen of Henry III., 1273. The hospital was removed to Regent's Park in 1827, the site having been bought for 163,000l. by the St. Katharine's Docks Company. The brethren are in orders, and restricted from marriage; the sisters are unmarried or widows. A school, attached in 1829, was enlarged in 1849. New arrangements, recommended by a royal commission in 1869, have not yet been approved by the crown. Order of St. Katharine for nurses instituted by the queen; annual payment 507. for 3 years, badge for life; first investiture.... .4 June, 1879 Katzbach (Prussia). Near this river the Prussian general Blucher defeated the French under MacDonald and Ney, 26 Aug. 1813. He received the title of prince of Wahlstatt, the name of a neighboring village. Keating's Act, 18 & 19 Vict. c. 67 (1855), relates to bills of exchange. Keble College (Oxford), founded in memory of the rev. John Keble, author of the "Christian Year," born 25 April, 1792; died 29 March, 1866. The first stone of the building was laid by the archbishop of Canterbury, 25 April, 1868; the building was dedicated 23 June, 1870; the chapel, the gift of William Gibbs, was dedicated and the library opened 25 April, 1876. Keeper OF THE KING'S CONSCIENCE. The early chancellors were priests, and out of their supposed moral control of the king's mind grew the idea of an equity court in contradistinction to the law courts. A bill in chancery is a petition through the lord chancellor to the king's conscience for remedy in matters for which the king's common-law courts afford no redress. The keeper of the king's conscience is therefore now the of ficer who presides in the court of chancery; see Chancellor and Lord Keeper. Keeper (Lord) of the GREAT SEAL OF ENGLAND differed only from the lord chancellor in that the latter had letters-patent, whereas the lord keeper had none. Richard, a chaplain, was the first keeper under Ranulph, in 1116. The two offices were made one by 5 Eliz. 1562. Cowell. See Chancellor.-The office of lord keeper of the great seal of SCOTLAND was established in 1708, after the Union. Kenilworth Castle (Warwickshire) was built it to Henry III. It was enlarged and fortified by Simon about 1120, by Geoffrey de Clinton, whose grandson sold de Montfort, to whom Henry gave it as a marriage portion with his sister Eleanor. Queen Elizabeth conferred it on her favorite, Dudley, earl of Leicester. His entertainment of the queen commenced 19 July, 1575, and cost the earl daily 1000l. After the battle of Evesham and defeat and death of Simon de Montfort, by prince Edward (afterwards Edward I.), 1265, Montfort's younger son, Simon, shut himself up in Kenilworth castle, which sustained a siege for six months against the royal forces of Henry III., to whom it at length surrendered. Upon this occasion was issued the "Dictum de Kenilworth,” or "ban of Kenilworth," enacting that all who had borne arms against the king should pay him the value of their lands for periods varying from 7 years to 6 months. Kennington Common (Surrey). The Chartist demonstration, 10 April, 1848, took place on the common. It was directed to be laid out as a public pleasure-ground in 1852. Kensal Green, see Cemeteries. Kensington. The palace was purchased by William III. from lord chancellor Finch, who made the road through its park. The gardens were improved by queens Mary, Anne, and Caroline, who died here. Here died George, prince of Denmark, and George II.; and here queen Victoria was born, 24 May, 1819. By permission of the government, a military band played in Kensington Gardens on Sundays New parish church erected by sir Gilbert G. Scott was Objected to; discontinued.. 1856 .14 May, 1872 New town hall by R. Walker opened by the duchess of Teck...... consecrated... .Aug. 1855 ..7 Aug. 1880 Kent, see Britain and Holy Maid. Odo, bishop of Bayeux, brother of William the Conqueror, was made earl of Kent, 1067; and Henry Grey was made duke of Kent in 1710; he died without male heirs in 1740. Edward, son of George III., was created duke of Kent in 1799; was father of queen Victoria, and died 23 Jan. 1820; see England. "Kent," an East-Indiaman, of 1350 tons burden, left the Downs, 19 Feb. 1825, bound for Bombay. In the Bay of Biscay she encountered a dreadful storm, 28 Feb. On the next day she accidentally took fire, and all were in expectation of perishing, either by the tempest or the flames. The Cambria, capt. Cook, bound to Vera Cruz, providentially hove in sight, and nearly all on board were saved. The Kent blew up, 2 March. Kentish Fire, a term given to the continuous cheering common at the Protestant meetings held in Kent, 1828 and 1829, with the view of preventing the passing of the Catholic Relief bill. Kentish Petition to the house of commons, censuring its proceedings, was signed at Maidstone, 29 April, 1701. It gave much offence. Kentish Town, N.W. London, an old manor, church property, originally formed part of the great forest of Middlesex. Since 1855 building has very greatly increased, and two railway-stations have been erected. Kentucky, a western state of the United States, ad- | remains the Turks and Tartars had spared, the Russians mitted into the Union 1792. It declared for strict neu- conveyed away for the construction of Sebastopol. trality in the conflict between the North and South in Kherson, a Russian city on the Dnieper, founded April, 1861, but was invaded by the Southern troops in 1778. Potemkin, the favorite of Catherine, who died at August. On their refusal to retire, after much corre-Jassy in 1791, is buried here, and John Howard, the spondence, the legislature of Kentucky gave in its ad- English philanthropist, who died here, 20 Jan. 1790, is hesion to the Union, 27 Nov. 1861. In the campaign buried about three miles from the town, where an obethat ensued sharp skirmishes took place, and on 19 Jan. lisk has been erected to his memory by the czar Alex1862, the confederates under Zollicoffer were defeated and himself killed at Mill Spring, and in March no confederate soldiers remained in Kentucky; sec United States. Keroselene, a new anesthetic, derived from the distillation of coal-tar by Mr. W. B. Merrill, of Boston, Mass., U. S., was tried and made known early in 1861. Kertch, formerly Panticapæum, capital of the ancient kingdom of Bosporus, late a flourishing town on the strait of Yenikale, Sea of Azof. It was entered by the allies (English and French), 24 May, 1855; the Russians retired after destroying stores, etc. The place was dismantled by the allies, and most of the inhabitants removed. Ket's Rebellion: a revolt in July, 1549, instigated by William Ket, a tanner, of Wymondham, Norfolk. He demanded the abolition of enclosures and the dismissal of evil counsellors. The insurgents amounted to 20,000 men, but were quickly defeated by the earl of Warwick. More than 2000 fell; Ket and others were tried 26 Nov., and hanged soon after. Kettle Creek (Georgia) BATTLE AT, fought 14 Feb. 1779. American patriots under Pickens attacked and routed a tory force under Boyd. Kew (Surrey). The palace was successively occupied by the Capel family and Mr. Molyneux; by Frederick, prince of Wales, 1730, and George III. Queen Charlotte died here, 4 Nov. 1818. A new palace erected by George III., under the direction of Mr. Wyatt, was pulled down in 1827. The gardens contained a fine collection of plants, and were decorated with ornamental buildings, most of them erected by sir William Chambers, about 1760. ander I. Khiva (formerly Carasmia), in Turkestan, Asia, governed by a khan, Muhammed Rachim. An expedition sent against it by the emperor Nicholas of Russia in 1839 perished through the rigor of the climate in 1840. Russian influence is extending. Population: Uzbeks (Turk Tartars), about 100,000; Tadjiks, 100,000; Persians, 40,000; Nomads, etc., 100,000. To obtain redress for many outrages, a Russian expedi tion sent to Khiva... .10 June, After several defeats, the town, Khiva, surrendered un- czar.. An insurrection against the Russians repressed and pun- Part of Khiva annexed. The country disturbed by revolts. Khokand, a khanate in central Asia, subject to China about 1760; rebelled and became tributary only, 1812. A rebellion, which broke out in Sept., was suppressed Oct. 1874. War with Russia; gen. Kaufmann defeats about 30,000 16 Sept. 1875 21 Sept. .21 Oct. 46 66 The people expel the new khan. nounced.. .28 Nov. Rebels totally defeated at Assake (chiefs submit), 30 Jan. 1876 Khuschk, see Kuschk. .29 Feb. Khyber Pass (the principal northern entrance into Afghanistan from India). It is ten miles west of Peshawur, extending about thirty-three miles towards Jellalabad; lying between lofty slate cliffs, varying from 600 to 1000 feet in height; held by Afreedees and other warlike tribes, to whom Dost Mahomed formerly paid subsidies, which were discontinued by his son Shere Ali, ameer of Afghanistan. The pass forced by col. Wade, 26 July; and gen. sir John Keane retired through it after his victorious campaign.. Kherson, an ancient Dorian colony (deriving its name from Chersonesus, a peninsula), came under the sway of the great Mithridates about 120 B.C.; and afterwards of that of Rome, A.D. 30. It continued important, Kiel, chief town of Holstein, a seaport, and a memand its possession was long disputed by the Russians ber of the Hanseatic league in 1300. The university and Greeks. Justinian II. cruelly treated it. It was was founded in 1665. By a treaty between Great taken by Vladimir, grand-duke of Russia in 988, when Britain, Sweden, and Denmark, signed here 14 Jan. he and his army received Christian baptism, and he 1814, Norway was ceded to Sweden; see Norway. An married the emperor's sister Anne, who obtained Kher- extraordinary assembly of the revolted provinces, Schlesgon as her dowry. The city was destroyed by the Lithu- wig and Holstein, met here 9 Sept. 1850. By the conanians; and the Turks found it deserted when they vention of Gastein between Austria and Prussia, 14 Aug. took possession of the Crimea in 1475. What ancient | 1865, the former was to govern Holstein, but Kiel to be held by Prussia as a German federal port. This was annulled in 1866 by the issue of the war. Kilcullen (Kildare). Here a large body of the insurgent Irish defeated the British forces commanded by gen. Dundas, 23 May, 1798. The general, in a subsequent engagement, overthrew the rebels near Kilcullen bridge, when 300 were slain. Kildare (E. Ireland). The Curragh, or race-course, here was once a forest of oaks. Here was the nunnery of St. Bridget, founded by her in the fifth century, and here was a building called the fire-house, where, it is supposed, the nuns kept the inextinguishable fire which existed till the Reformation. The see was one of the earliest episcopal foundations in Ireland; St. Conlæth, who died 519, the first prelate. The first Protestant bishop was Thomas Lancaster, in 1550. The see is valued, by an extent returned 39 Hen. VIII., at 69%. 118. 4d. Irish per year. Kildare was united to Dublin in 1846; see Dublin. The insurrection in Kildare, which swelled into the rebellion, commenced 23 May, 1798. On that night, lieut. Gifford of Dublin and a number of other gentlemen were murdered by insurgents. This rebellion was quelled in 1799. The Curragh is now a military camp. Kilfenora (Clare), a bishopric, said to have been founded by St. Fachnan. Cardinal Paparo, in 1152, rendered it a suffragan see to Cashel, but in 1660 it was annexed to Tuam, and to Killaloe in 1752. Kilkenny (S.E. Ireland), an English settlement about 1170. The castle was built 1195, by Wm. Marshall, earl of Pembroke. At the parliament held here by Lionel, duke of Clarence, 1367, the statute of Kilkenny was passed. After a siege, the town surrendered to Cromwell, 28 March, 1650, on honorable terms. Killala (Mayo) was invaded by a French force, landing from three frigates, under gen. Humbert, 22 Aug. 1798. The invaders were joined by the Irish insurgents, and the battles of Castlebar and Colooney followed; and the French were defeated at Ballynamuck, 8 Sept. same year. Killala (Sligo), an early see. The author of the Tripartite life of St. Patrick says that "in 434 he came to a pleasant place where the river Muadas (Moy) empties itself into the ocean; and on the south banks of the said river he built a noble church called Kil-Aladh, of which he made one of his disciples, Muredach, the first bishop." The see of Achonry was united to Killala in the seventeenth century; and both were united to Tuam in 1839; see Tuam and Bishops. Killaloe (Clare), a see supposed to have been founded by St. Molua, whose disciple, St. Flannan, son to king Theodoric, consecrated at Rome by John IV. in 639, was also bishop. At the close of the twelfth century, Roscrea was annexed to Killaloe, and Kilfenora has been held with it. Clonfert and Kilmacduach were united to them in 1836. Killiecrankie (a defile in Perthshire). Here the forces of William III., commanded by gen. Mackay, were defeated by the adherents of James II. under Graham of Claverhouse, viscount Dundee, who fell in the moment of victory, 17 or 27 July, 1689. Kilmacduach (Galway). This see was held with Clonfert, from 1602. St. Coleman was its first bishop, in the seventh century. It was valued, 29 Eliz., 1586, at 137. 6s. 8d. per annum. It is united to Killaloe. Kilmainham Hospital (Dublin), the noble asylum of aged and disabled soldiers in Ireland, built by It enacted among other things, "that the alliance of the English by marriage with any Irish, the nurture of infantes, and gossipred with the Irish, be deemed high-treason." And again, "if anie man of English race use an Irish name, Irish apparell, or anie other guize or fashion of the Irish, his lands shall be seized, and his body imprisoned, till he shall conform to English modes and customs." Said never to have been enforced. Wren, was founded by Arthur, earl of Granard, marshalgeneral of the army in Ireland, 1675; and the duke of Ormond perfected the plan in 1679. Kilmallock (Limerick). An abbey was founded here by St. Mochoallog, or Molach, about 645, and an abbey of Dominicans was built in the thirteenth century. Ware. A charter was granted to Kilmallock by Edward VI., and another by Elizabeth in 1584. The town was invested by the Irish forces in 1598, but the There was siege was raised by the earl of Ormond. much fighting here in 1641 and 1642; see Fenians, March, 1867. Kilmore (Armagh), an ancient town, whose bishops were sometimes called Brefinienses, from Brefney, and sometimes Triburnenses, from Triburna, a village; but, in 1454, the bishop of Triburna, by assent of pope Nicholas V., erected the parish church of St. Fedlemid into a cathedral. Florence O'Connacty, the first bishop, died in 1231. Valued, 15 Jas. I., with Ardagh, at 1007. per annum. The joint see of Elphin and Ardagh was united to it in 1841. Kilsyth (central Scotland). Here Montrose defeated the Covenanters, 15 Aug. 1645, and threatened Glas gow. Kimberley's Act, see under Crime. his successful use of this clay for fuel and gas-making, Kimmeridge Clay. Rev. H. Moule announced March, 1874; practicability doubted. Kinburn, a fort, at the confluence of the rivers Bug and Dnieper. Here Suwarrow defeated the Turks, 28 June, 1788. Kinburn was taken by the English and French, 17 Oct. 1855. Three floating French batteries, said to be the invention of the emperor, on the principle of horizontal shell-firing, were very effective. On the 18th the Russians blew up Oczakoff, a fort opposite. Kinder-garten (children's garden), a system of education devised by Froebel, but practically carried out by Mr. and Mrs. Ronge, in Germany, in 1849, and in England in 1851. The system, founded mainly on selftuition, and enlivened by toys, games, and singing, is set forth in Ronge's "Kinder-garten," published in 1858; and has been partially adopted in English schools. The Froebel Society established 1874. Kindred, TABLE OF, in the Book of Common Prayer, was set forth in 1563; see Lev. xviii., 1490 B.C. Kinematics (Greek kivéw, I move), the science of motion. Reuleaux's "Kinematics of Machinery," translated by A. B. W. Kennedy; published June, 1876. "Kinematism" is a method of treating certain diseases by movement. work" first appeared 1809; new ed. 1876; see Motion. Prof. Rankine's "Machinery and Mill King: German, König. The Latin, Rex; Scythian, Reis; Spanish, Rey; Italian, Rè; French, Roy; Hebrew, Rosch, chief or head. Nimrod was the first founder of a kingdom, 2245 B.C.-Dufresnoy. Misraim built cities in Egypt, and was the first who assumed the title of king in that division of the earth, 2188 B.C. The "manner of the king" is set forth in 1 Sam. viii., 1112 B.C. cian states were originally governed by kings; and kings was the first king of Israel, 1095 B.C. Most of the Gre were the first rulers in Rome. King of England.-The style was used by Egbert, 828; Saul 1199 The title of "king of France" assumed, and the French Pope Leo X. conferred the title of Defender of the arms quartered, by Edward III, in right of his mother, 1340 Faith" on Henry VIII.... 11 Oct. 1521 |