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Lithuania, formerly a grand-duchy, N.E. of Prussia. The natives (belonging to the Slavonic race) long maintained their independence against the Russians and Poles. In 1386 their grand-duke, Jagellon, became king of Poland, and was baptized. Lithuania was not incorporated with Poland till 1501, when another duke, Casimir, became king of that country. The countries were formally united in 1569. The larger part of Lithuania now belongs to Russia, the remainder to Prussia. Liturgies (from the Greek Aeros, public, and pyov, work). The Greek and Roman liturgies are very ancient, having been committed to writing about the fourth and fifth centuries. The Roman church recognizes four: the Roman or Georgian, the Ambrosian, the Gallican, and the Spanish or Mosarabic. The Greek church has two principal liturgies: St. Chrysostom's and St. Basil's, and several smaller ones. Parts of these liturgies are attributed to the Apostles, to St. Ignatius (250), to St. Ambrose (died 397), and to St. Jerome (died 420). The present English Liturgy was first composed, and was approved and confirmed by parliament, in 1547-8. The offices for morning and evening prayer were then put into nearly the same form in which we now have them.

At the solicitation of Calvin and others, the liturgy was reviewed and altered..

1551

1638

It was first read in Ireland, in the English language, in 1550, and in Scotland, where it occasioned a tumult, in 1637, and was withdrawn... The liturgy was revised by Whitehead, formerly chaplain to Anne Boleyn, and by bishops Parker, Grindall, Cox, and Pilkington, dean May, and secretary Smith. John Knox is said to have used a liturgy for several years. The rev. Robert Lee, of Edinburgh, introduced a form of prayer in public worship, but gave it up when ordered to discontinue it in May, 1859; he soon after resumed it, and the discussion on the subject ceased only at his death. ..14 March, 1868

(See Common Prayer.) Liveries of the City of London. The term is derived from the custom of the retainers of the lord mayor and sheriff's wearing clothes of the form and color displayed by those functionaries. It was usual for the wardens of companies to deliver a purse containing 20s. to the lord mayor on 1 Dec. to obtain for individuals, so desiring, sufficient cloth to make a suit, and the privilege of wearing the livery. This added to the splendor of the lord mayor's train when the civic court went forth. A she. Liveries were regulated by statute in 1392, and frequently since. The nobility gave liveries to their retainers; see Companies.

Liverpool (W. Lancashire) is supposed to be noticed in Domesday-book under the name Esmedune, or Smedune.* Soon after the Conquest, William granted that part of the country situated between the rivers Mersey and Ribble to Roger of Poitiers, who, according to Camden, built a castle here about the year 1089. It afterwards was held by the earls of Chester and dukes of Lancaster. Population of the parliamentary borough in 1851, 375,995; in 1861, 443,938; in 1871, 493,405. Liverpool made a free borough by Henry III, Made an independent port..

Liverpool "a paved town" (Leland)

1229

1335

1558

"The people of her majesty's decayed town of Liverpool" petition Elizabeth to be relieved from a subsidy 1571 Separated from the duchy of Lancaster...

1628

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First musical festival.. King's dock constructed..

[The Queen's dock was also constructed about the same time.] Memorable storm raged.. The Exchange burned

The town-hall destroyed by fire

The Athenæum opened...

Union news-room erected..

The Lyceum erected..

Awful fire; loss exceeded 1,000,000.
Corn Exchange opened..
Statue of George III. commenced...
Royal Exchange completed..
Fall of St. Nicholas's tower, 28 killed..
Royal Institution founded..
Royal Institution opened by Mr. Roscoe.
Wellington Rooms built..
American seamen's hospital...
Prince's dock opened.

St. John's Market-place...
Royal Institution incorporated
Marine Humane Society formed.
New House of Industry erected
Liver theatre opened..

Old dock closed

Foundation of new custom-house laid.

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..1 Jan. 1799

1800

1802

..14 Sept. 66 ...4 Aug. 1808

1809

25 Oct. 46 .11 Feb. 1810

1814

1815

.2 Nov. 1818 1820 ..19 July, 1821 Feb. 1822

Blackrock light-house built, and light first shown,

Lunatic asylum founded, 1792; new buildings
Clarence dock completed...

Liverpool and Manchester railway opened †.
Zoological gardens opened....

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12 Aug. 1828

1 March, 1830 erected..

46

Sept. 15 Sept.

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.....1 Jan. 1834 ..8 Sept. 1836 .Sept. 1837

Great fire; 300,000l. property destroyed.
Lock Hospital and Waterloo dock opened.
Victoria and Trafalgar docks opened.
British Association meet here, first time
Mechanics' Institute opened.
New fish-market opened...
Apothecaries' Company formed..
Liverpool and Birmingham (Grand Junction) railway
opened....
4 July,

..8 Feb.

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Railway to London (now the Northwestern) opened its

entire length..

York..

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.17 Sept. 1838

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Statistical Society and Polytechnic Society founded
The Liverpool steamer, of 461 horse-power, sails for New
Awful storm raged..
Foundation of the collegiate institution laid by lord
Stanley..
Liverpool Philharmonic Society founded..

Foundation of St. George's hall and courts laid.. Immense fire: property worth more than half a million sterling destroyed...

Mr. Huskisson's statue erected.

Procession of Orangemen; fatal riot..
The queen visits Liverpool...
British Association meet here, second time.

st. George's Hall opened....

Bread riots (150,000 persons out of employ
frost)...

Gigantic landing - stage for large steamers
Many commercial failures

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The first grand work of the kind, about 31 miles long. The first shaft was commenced in Oct. 1826, and the excavation of the tunnel, one mile and a quarter long, Jan. 1827; the tunnel was completed in Sept. 1828, and opened 30 July, 1829. At the opening of the railroad, the duke of Wellington and other illustrious persons were present; and Mr. Huskisson, who alighted during a stoppage of the engines, was knocked down by one of them, which went over his thigh and caused his death, 15 Sept. 1830.

Stanley park, 100 acres (cost 42,000l.) opened.....7 May, 1870 Stanley Hospital; foundation laid by the earl of Derby,

RECENT BISHOPS.

1782. Richard Watson; died 4 July, 1816.

6 June, 14 Sept. .3 Nov. .11 Sept. 1871 .April, 1872 20 May,

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1816. Herbert Marsh; translated to Peterborough, 1819.

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British Association meets here third time.......
Equestrian statue of the queen unveiled..
Seamen's Orphan Institution founded.
Tunnel across Mersey to Birkenhead begun.
Sefton park opened by prince Arthur..
Great landing stage burned; loss about 150,000l., 28 July, 1874
Duke of Edinburgh lays foundation of the Art Gallery,
29 Sept.; and opens the Seamen's Orphanage, 30 Sept.
About 325,000l. bequeathed to charities by R. L. Jones,
a timber-merchant.

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..Jan. 1875 Visit of M. Michel Chevalier, free-trader............21 April, Statue of Wm. Rathbone, eminent merchant, unveiled,

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1 Jan. 1877 Rotunda theatre burned... 9 July, Walker Art Gallery (gift of the mayor, Andrew Walker), cost above 30,000l., opened by the earl of Derby, 6 Sept. Bishoprics act, permitting the erection of a see at Liverpool, passed. ..16 Aug. 1878 Panic through false alarm of fire at Colosseum theatre; 37 persons crushed to death. .....11 Oct. Strike of dock laborers and sailors; riots suppressed, 7 Feb.; strike ends..

Mysterious disappearance of Miss found in London.

Bishopric established..

Liverpool nominated a city

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Foundation of University College; about 88,000l. subscribed....

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.Oct. 64 New water-works in the valley of the river Vyrnwy, 25 miles from Oswestry, begun... .14 July, 1881 Discovery of infernal machines in steamers Malta and Bavarian; announced.. .24 July, Plot to blow up the town hall discovered; bag of explo sives found at door; two Fenians apprehended, 10 June; convicted, sentenced to penal servitude; James McGrath for life; James McKnivett, 15 years..2 Aug. 66 Dock space in 1810, 26 acres for ships, 704,000 tons; in 1857, 209 acres, tonnage 4,320,000.

Liverpool Administration. Shortly after the assassination of Mr. Perceval (11 May, 1812), the earl of Liverpool became first minister.* His administration terminated when he was attacked by apoplexy, 17 Feb. 1827, and Mr. Canning succeeded as prime-minister, 10 April.

Earl of Liverpool, first lord of the treasury.
Earl of Eldon, lord chancellor.

Earl of Harrowby, lord president of the council.
Earl of Westmorland, lord privy seal.

N. Vansittart, chancellor of the exchequer (succeeded by F. J.

Robinson, 1823).

Viscount Sidmouth, home secretary (succeeded by Robert Peel, 1822).

Viscount Castlereagh (afterwards marquess of Londonderry), foreign secretary (succeeded by George Canning, 1822). Earl Bathurst, colonial secretary.

Viscount Melville, first lord of admiralty.

Earl of Buckinghamshire, board of control (succeeded by G.
Canning, 1816; C. Bathurst, 1820; C. Wynne, 1822).
Charles Bathurst (1813), chancellor of duchy of Lancaster (suc-
ceeded by N. Vansittart, lord Bexley, 1823).
Wellesley Pole (afterwards lord Maryborough), 1815, master of

the mint.

F. J. Robinson, 1818; W. Huskisson, 1823, board of trade. Earl of Mulgrave, ordnance (succeeded by duke of Wellington, 1819).

Liverpool Bishopric established by order of the privy council, 24 March, 1880; St. Peter's church to be the cathedral; first bishop, John Charles Ryle, D.D.

Livingstone, see under Africa.

Livonia, a Russian province on the Baltic Sea, first visited by some Bremen merchants about 1158. It has belonged successively to Denmark, Sweden, Poland, and Russia. It was finally ceded to Peter the Great in 1721. Livret d'Ouvrier, a species of workman's passport, introduced into France by Turgot about 1781; abolished 23 March, 1869.

Llandaff (S. Wales). The first known bishop was St. Dubritius, said to have died in 612. The see is valued in the king's books at 1547. 14s. 1d. per annum. Present income 4200Z.

* Robert Jenkinson, born 7 Jan. 1770, entered the house of commons under Mr. Pitt; opposed the abolition of the slavetrade in 1792; became lord Hawkesbury in 1796; became foreign minister under Mr. Addington, in 1801; succeeded his father as earl of Liverpool in 1808; died 4 Dec. 1828.

1819. Wm. Van Mildert; translated to Durham, 1826. 1826. Charles Richard Sumner; translated to Winchester, 1827. 1827. Edward Copleston; died 14 Oct. 1849. 1849. Alfred Ollivant, PRESENT bishop.

Llerena, see Villa Franca.

Lloyd's (London), at the Royal Exchange. About 1710, a coffee-house, kept by Edward Lloyd, Abchurch lane, became a place of meeting of merchants. After several removals it was established finally at the Royal Exchange in 1774, and remained there till the fire in 1838, when it was removed till the present building was completed in 1844. Here resort eminent merchants, etc.; and here are effected many insurances on ships and merchandise. Lloyd's is supported by subscribers who now pay annually 51. 5s., formerly 41. 4s. The books kept here contain an account of the arrival and sailing of vessels, and are remarkable for their early intelligence of maritime affairs. In 1803, the subscribers instituted the Patriotic Fund (which see). The Austrian Lloyd's, an association for general, commercial, and industrial purposes, was founded at Trieste, by Baron Bruck, in 1833. It has established regular communication between Trieste and the Levant by means of a fleet of steamers carrying the mails, and publishes a journal.

Loadstone, see Magnetism.

Loan Exhibitions, see National Portraits, Scientific Apparatus, etc.

Loan Societies. The laws relating to them were amended by the act 3 & 4 Vict. c. 110; passed Aug. 1840.

Loano, Piedmont (N. Italy). Here the Austrians and Sardinians were defeated by the French, under Massena, 23, 24 Nov. 1795.

Loans for the public service were raised by Wolsey in 1522 and 1525. In 1559 Elizabeth borrowed 200,000/ of the city of Antwerp, to enable her to reform her own coin, and sir Thomas Gresham and the city of London joined in the security.-Rapin. The amount of some of the English and other loans, during memorable periods,

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War against Russia..
For deficiency in revenue..
[Both taken by the
By East India Company
A subscription loan (18,000,000l.), to carry on the war against
France, filled up in London in 15 hours and 20 minutes (see
Loyalty Loans), 5 Dec. 1796.

French loan on 9 July, 1855, on account of the war with Russia. The French legislature passed a bill for raising by loan 750 million francs (30,000,000l. sterling). On the 30th the total subscribed in France amounted to 3,652,591,985 francs (about 146,103,6791.), nearly five times the amount required; 2,533,888,450f. were from Paris; from the departments, 1,118,703,535. The number of subscribers was 316,864. No less than 231,920,155 francs were made up by subscription of 50 francs and under. About 600 millions came from foreign countries. The English subscription of 150,000,000 francs was returned, as double the amount required had been proffered. The French government raised a loan of 20,000,000/. for the Italian war from its own people without difficulty, May, 1859. A Turkish loan, in 1854, at 7 per cent., recommended by lord Palmerston; a loan of 5,000,000l., at 4 per cent., on the security of England and France, was taken up by Rothschild in Aug. 1855, and was well received: the stock rose to a small premium.

French loan for 17,600,000l. announced 29 Jan. 1868. French loan for 2.000.000.000 francs (80,000,000%): nearly twice the amount subscribed in France alone, 28 June, 1871; another loan (of 120,000,000l. at 6 per cent.), for speedy payment of the indemnity and evacuation of the provinces held by the Germans; announced 26 July 1872; above twice the amount subscribed; see France. Foreign Loans Committee: appointed to inquire concerning certain loans to Honduras, Costa Rica, and Paraguay, in their report comment on the exaggerated statements respecting the revenues and resources of the states in the prospectuses, the efforts of the contractors to make fictitious markets; the proceedings on the stock exchange to main

tain their prestige; the secrecy adopted in the proceedings; | size, and their colors more variegated, 4 Aug. 1748. They "the best security against the recurrence of such evils will be found, not so much in legislative enactments as in the infested Germany in 1749, Poland in 1750, and Warsaw enlightenment of the public as to their real nature and ori- in June, 1816. They are said to have been seen in Longin, thus rendering it more difficult for unscrupulous persons don in 1857. Russia was infested by them in July, 1860; to carry out schemes... which have ended in so much Algeria, severely, in 1866 and in 1874; Sardinia, in 1868; discredit and disaster," July, 1875. Kansas, Nebraska, and Minnesota, U.S., 1873-4.

Lobsters and Crabs. The size at which they are to be sold is regulated by the Fisheries act, 1877. Local Government Act, passed in 1858, was

amended in 1861.

Local Government Board (a new department of the government, comprising the supervision of the public health and local government, together with the powers and duties of the Poor-law Board) was established in pursuance of an act passed 14 Aug. 1871. First president, Mr. James Stansfeld, appointed president of the Poor-law Board, March, 1871. Mr. (now sir John) Lambert, C.B., first secretary, appointed Sept. 1871.

Local Loans Act, passed 13 Aug. 1875. "Local Option," see Permissive Bill. Local Rates, in England, come from 26 sources. Local self-government is a chaos of authorities, of rates, and areas.-G. J. Göschen.

ments, etc.

Including rates for the poor, highway, police, sewers, improve Amount received in the year 1871-2, 22,215,096.; 1873-4, 24,295,1337. (to which parliament added by grant 1,511,0187.); 1874-5, 26,466, 2317.; 1875-6, 27,312,8741. 1876-7, 28,333,1677. England and Wales: 1878, 51,785,0927.; 1879, 56,087,1821.

Lochleven Castle (Kinross), built on an isle in Loch Leven, it is said by the Picts, was the royal residence of Alexander III. and his queen when taken from it to Stirling. It was besieged by the English in 1301, and in 1334. Patrick Graham, first archbishop of St. Andrews, imprisoned for attempting to reform the church, died here about 1478. The earl of Northumberland was confined in it, 1569. It was the place of queen Mary's imprisonment in 1567, and of her escape on Sunday, 2 May, 1568..

Lock Hospital, established 1747; the asylum,

1787.

Locke King's Acts, 17 & 18 Vict. c. 113 (1854), and 30 & 31 Vict. c. 69 (1867), relate to mortgages. Locke's Act, 23 & 24 Vict. c. 127 (1860), relates to legal proceedings.

Lock-outs, see Strikes.

Locks, early used by the Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and the Chinese. Denon has engraved an Egyptian lock of wood. Du Cange mentions locks and padlocks as early as 1381.

in 1818.

Barron's locks (on the many-tumbler principle) were patented
in 1778; Bramah's in 1788, and Chubb's "detector" locks
Mr. E. Beckett Denison (now sir Edmund Beckett) invented a
lock asserted to be secure against picking, in 1852.
New locks have been produced by Messrs. Day and Newell,
Yale, Andrews, and others, especially in America.
Mr. Hobbs, an American, exhibited his own locks in the Crys-
tal Palace in 1851, and showed great skill in picking others.
Locomotives, see Railways. The use of steam
locomotives on ordinary roads is regulated by acts passed
in 1861, 1865, and 1878.

Locri, a people of Northern Greece. They resisted
Philip of Macedon, were aided by the Athenians and
Thebans, and defeated by him at Charonea, 7 Aug.
338 B.C.

Lodgers paying 10l. a year for a whole year for Reform act passed 15 Aug. 1867. Act to protect their apartments without furniture acquired the suffrage, by goods from distraint, passed 16 Aug. 1871.

Lodging-houses. An act placing common lodging-houses under the watch of the police was passed in 1851. In that year a model lodging-house erected by prince Albert appeared at the Great Exhibition. Since then, blocks of lodging-houses for the poor have been erected by baroness Burdett - Coutts and others. Mr. Peabody's donation of 12 March, 1862, has been appropriated for a similar purpose; see Peabody. On 19 Nov. 1863, the city of London voted 20,0007, and a piece of land in Victoria street (now Farringdon road) for the purpose. See London, 1845.

Lodi (N. Italy). Napoleon Bonaparte, commanding the French army, totally defeated the Austrians, under Beaulieu, after a bloody engagement at the bridge of Lodi, 10 May, 1796. The republican flag floated in Milan a few days after.

Logarithms, the indexes of the ratio of numbers one to another, were invented by baron Napier of Merchiston, who published his work in 1614. The invention was completed by Mr. Henry Briggs at Oxford, who published tables, 1616-18. The method of computing by means of marked pieces of ivory was discovered about the same time, and hence called Napier's bones.

Logic," the science of reasoning." Eminent works on it are by Aristotle; Bacon," Novum Organon;" Locke "On the Understanding;" and modern treatises on logic, by archbishop Whately, sir William Hamilton, and Mr. John Stuart Mill.

Earl Stanhope's Demonstrator, or Logical Machine, invented
in the latter part of the eighteenth century, was described
by rev. Robert Harley to the British Association, 19 Aug.
1878.

In his "Principles of Science," 1874, Mr. Wm. Stanley Jevons
describes his "Logical Abecedarium" and "Logical Slate."
G. Boole on Laws of Thought," 1852.
J. Venn's Symbolic Logic," July, 1881.

Logierian System of musical education, commenced by J. B. Logier, in Jan. 1815, and introduced into the chief towns of the United Kingdom, Prussia, etc. He died 1846.

Log-line, used in navigation, about 1570; first mentioned by Bourne in 1577. It is divided into spaces of 50 feet, and the way which the ship makes is measured by a half-minute sand-glass, which bears nearly the same proportion to an hour that 50 feet bear to a mile; the line used in the royal navy is 48 feet.

Logograph, apparatus invented by Mr. W. H. Barlow, about 1874, to give graphic representation of the vibratory motions of the air-waves of speech, somewhat resembling a telegraphic message.

Logographic Printing, in which the commoner words were cast in one mass, was patented by Henry Johnson and Mr. Walter of the Times in 1783. Anderson's "History of Commerce," vol. iv., was printed by these types in 1789.

Logroño, see Najara.

Locusts, one of the plagues of Egypt, 1491 B.C. (Exod. x.). Owing to the putrefaction of vast swarms in Egypt and Libya, upwards of 800,000 persons are said to have perished, 128 B.C. Palestine was infested with Loi des Suspects, enacted by the French consuch swarms that they darkened the air; and, after de-vention, 17 Sept. 1793, during the Reign of Terror, vouring the fruits of the earth, they died, and their intolerable stench caused a pestilential fever, A.D. 406. similar catastrophe occurred in France in 873. A swarm of locusts settled upon the ground about London, and consumed the vegetables; great numbers fell in the streets; they resembled grasshoppers, but were three times the

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filled the prisons of Paris. The Public Safety bill, of a similar character, was passed 18 Feb. 1858, shortly after Orsini's attempt on the life of the emperor Napoleon III.

Lollards (by some derived from the German lollen, to sing in a low tone), the name given to the first reformers of the Roman Catholic religion in England, the

before the foundation of Rome *—that it was the capital of the Trinobantes, 54 B.C., and long previously the seat of their kings. In A.D. 61 it was known to the Romans as Lundinium, or Colonia Augusta, and the chief residence of the merchants. It is said, but not truly, to have derived its name from Lud, an old British king, who was buried near where Ludgate formerly stood; but its name is from Llyn-din, the "town on the lake.”† It became the capital of the Saxon kingdom of Essex, and was called Lundenceaster. In 1860, London and the suburbs were estimated to cover 121 square miles (11 miles each way, being three times as large as in 1800), in 1880, 122 square miles. The population of the metro

followers of Wicliffe. The sect is also said to have been founded in 1315 by Walter Lollard, who was burned for heresy at Cologne in 1322. The Lollards are said to have devoted themselves to acts of mercy. The first Lollard martyr in England was William Sawtree, parish priest of St. Osith, London, 12 Feb. 1401, when the Lollards were proscribed by parliament, and numbers of them were burned alive. Sir John Cobham, lord Oldcastle, a follower of Wicliffe, was accused of treason and condemned, Sept. 1413. He escaped to Wales, where he was captured, and brought to London and burned, 25 Dec. 1418. Lollards' Tower, part of the bishop's prison, was near St. Paul's, not Lambeth palace.-Dr. Maitland. Lombard Merchants, in England, were under-politan districts in 1851 was 2,362,236; in 1861, 2,808,stood to be composed of natives of some one of the four republics of Genoa, Lucca, Florence, or Venice.-AnderLombard usurers were sent to England by pope Gregory IX. to lend money to convents, communities, and private persons who were not able to pay down the tenths which were collected throughout the kingdom with great rigor that year, 13 Hen. III. 1299. They had

son.

offices in the street named after them to this day. Their usurious transactions caused their expulsion from the kingdom in the reign of Elizabeth.

Lombardists, disciples of Peter Lombard, the schoolman, bishop of Paris, author of the "Book of Sentences," who died in 1164.

862; in 1871, 3,264,530; in 1881 (3 April), 3,814,571.
The population of the "city" in 1801, 156,859; in 1811,
120,909; in 1821, 125,434; in 1831, 125,574; in 1841,
125,008; in 1851, 122,440; in 1861, 112,063; in 1871, 74,-
897; in 1881, 50,526. Day census, 25-30 April, 1881,
260,670. Revenue of corporation, 1862, 437,341.; 1875,
655,3917.: expenditure, 592,244.; in 1877, revenue, 634,-
7341.: expenditure, 667,8127.
(metropolitan district), April, 1881, 27,405,4887.; the
"city," 3,537,561/. The "port" of London extends
from London Bridge to the North Foreland; see Docks,
Mayors, and Treaties.

Annual ratable value

LONDON (metropolitan district, 690 square miles), contains 6612 miles of streets; 528,794 inhabited houses; popu. lation, 4,025,659..

Income of the city estates, 538,6514...

...June, 1873

Boadicea, queen of the Iceni, reduces London to ashes,
and puts 70,000 Romans and strangers to the sword...

She is defeated by Suetonius, 80,000 Britons are massa-
cred, and she takes poison..
Bishopric said to have been founded by Theanus..
London rebuilt and walled in by the Romans.
800 vessels said to be employed in the port of London
for the export of corn...
St. Paul's church founded by Ethelbert.
Bishopric revived by St. Mellitus..
A plague ravages London...
Great fire which nearly consumed the city.
London pillaged by the Danes...
Alfred repairs and strengthens London..
Easterlings settle in London..
Tower built by William I.
Another great fire..

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Lombardy (N. Italy) derived its name from the Langobardi, a German tribe from Brandenburg, said (doubtfully) to have been invited into Italy by Justinian to serve against the Goths. Their chief, Alboin, established a kingdom which lasted from 568 to 774. The last king, Desiderius, was dethroned by Charlemagne. (For a list of the Lombard kings, see Italy.) About the end of the ninth century the chief towns of Lombardy fortified themselves, and became republics. The first Lombard league, consisting of Milan, Venice, Pavia, Modena, etc., was formed to restrain the power of the German emperors, in 1167. On 29 May, 1176, they defeated the emperor Frederick Barbarossa at Legnano, and eventually compelled him to sign the peace of Constance in 1183. In 1226 another league was formed against Frederick II., which was also successful. After this, petty tyrants rose in most of the cities, and foreign influence quickly followed. The Guelph and Ghibelline factions greatly distracted Lombardy, and from the fifteenth century to the present time it has been contended for by the German and French sovereigns. The house of Austria obtained it in 1748, and held it till 1797, when it was conquered by the French, who incorporated it with the Cisalpine republic, and in 1805 with the kingdom of Italy. On the breaking-up of the French empire in 1815, the LOMBARDO-VENETIAN KINGDOM was established by the allied sovereigns and given to Austria, who *The fables of Geoffrey of Monmouth state that London was had lost her Flemish possessions. Lombardy and Venice founded by Brute, a descendant of the Trojan Eneas, and called revolted, and joined the king of Sardinia in March, 1848; New Troy, or Troy-novant, until the time of Lud, who surbut they did not support him well, and were again sub-rounded it with walls, and gave it the name of Caer Lud, or Lud's town, etc.-Leigh. jected to Austria after his defeat at Novara, 23 March, 1849. An amnesty for political offences was granted in 1856. Great jealousy of Sardinia was felt by Austria after 1849. In 1857 diplomatic relations were suspended; and in April, 1859, war broke out; the Austrians crossing the Ticino and entering Piedmont. The French emperor declared war against Austria, and immediately sent troops into Italy. The Austrians were defeated at Montebello, 20 May; Palestro, 30, 31 May; Magenta, 4 June; and Solferino, 24 June. By the peace of Villa-six franca (11 July), the largest part of Lombardy was ceded to Louis Napoleon, who transferred it to the king of Sardinia. It now forms part of the new kingdom of Italy, to which Venetia was also surrendered by the treaty of Vienna, 3 Oct. 1867.

First stone bridge finished.

Charter of king John; mayor and common council to be

elected annually §..

1214

†The original walls of London said to have been the work of Theodosius, Roman governor of Britain, 379; but they are supposed to have been built about 306. There were originally four principal gates, but the number increased; and among others were the Prætorian way, Newgate, Dowgate, Cripplegate, Aldgate, Aldersgate, Ludgate, Bridegate, Moorgate, Bishopsgate, and the Postern on Tower hill. Eight gates were removed in 1760-1, and the last of the city boundaries, Temple Bar (rebuilt 1670-2), was removed early in Jan. 1878.

It is still preserved in the city archives. This charter is written in beautiful Saxon characters, on a slip of parchment inches long and one broad, and is in English as follows: "William the king greeteth William the bishop, and Godfrey the portreve, and all the burgesses within London, friendly. And I acquaint you that I will that ye be all there law-worthy as ye were in king Edward's days. And I will that every child be his father's heir, after his father's days. And I will not suffer that any man do you any wrong. God preserve

you."

§ Stow incorrectly states this charter to have been given in Lonato (Brescia, N. Italy). Here Napoleon Bona-1209, but it bears date 19 May in the 16th year of king John's parte defeated Wurmser and the Austrians, 3 Aug. 1796. London. Some assert that a city existed on the spot 1107 years before the birth of Christ, and 354 years

reign, which began in 1199. This charter was acted on at that period in various instances, as many of the mayors were af terwards continued in their offices for several years together; and the same right was exerted in the case of Mr. Alderman

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New Building act begins operation..
Penny steamboats begun....
Model lodging-houses built..
Railway mania..

...1 Jan. 1845

66

66

1846

Wood, who filled the office of lord mayor during two succeeding years, those of 1816 and 1817.-Leigh.

*This terrible pestilence broke out in India, and, spreading itself westward through every country on the globe, reached England. Its ravages in London were so great that the common cemeteries were not sufficient for the interment of the dead, and various pieces of ground without the walls were as signed for burial places. Among these was the waste land now forming the precincts of the Charterhouse, where upwards of 50,000 bodies were then deposited. This disorder did not subside till 1357.-Leigh.

This proclamation or decree was dated from Nonesuch, 7 July, 1580, and it was forbidden to erect new buildings where none had before existed in the memory of man. The extension of the metropolis was deemed calculated to encourage the increase of the plague, create a trouble in governing such multitudes, a dearth of victuals, multiplying of beggars, and inability to relieve them; an increase of artisans more than could live together; impoverishing other cities for lack of inhabitants. The decree stated that lack of air, lack of room to walk and shoot, etc., arose out of too crowded a city. A proclamation to the same effect was also issued by James I.

Twopenny omnibuses begun.
Great Chartist demonstration in London (see Chartists),
Reappearance of the cholera...
Coal Exchange opened...

10 April, 1848 ..Sept. 1849 ....30 Oct.

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