Metropolitan Building Acts, see Building. Metropolitan Cattle Market, inaugurated by the lord mayor and corporation on Wednesday, 13 July, 1855, in presence of the prince consort. It is situated in Copenhagen Fields, an elevated site north of London, occupying an area of about fifteen acres; larger by nine acres than Smithfield, and capable of containing 30,000 sheep, 6400 bullocks, 1400 calves, and 900 pigs. In the centre is a circular building, let to bankers and others having business connected with graziers and cattleagents. Within and around the market are erected several large taverns. A place is set apart for slaughtering animals, with approved appliances for purposes of health, by ventilation, sewerage, etc.; there is also a place for hay-stands. Sales commenced on Friday, 15 June, 1855.-An act for establishing a meat and poultry market in Smithfield (which see) was passed in 1860. Metropolitan Commons. Acts respecting them passed 1866, 1869, and 1878, see Commons.

Metropolitan Convalescent Institution, FIRE BRIGADE, and HOUSELESS POOR; see Convalescent, Fire Brigade, and Houseless Poor.

Metropolitan District Asylum Board, instituted by parliament in 1867, proceeded to erect hospitals at Haverstock, Hill, Caterham, etc., 1868; causing much discontent in several parishes. The asylum for idiots at Leavesden, near Watford, Herts, inaugurated 27 Sept. 1870.

Metropolitan Drainage, see Sewers.

Metropolitan Drinking-fountain and Cattle-trough Association, founded 1859; see Drinking-fountains.

Metropolitan Meat Market, Smithfield, erected in accordance with an act passed in 1860, was inaugurated by the lord mayor, James Lawrence, 24 Nov. 1868, and opened for business 1 Dec.

Metropolitan Municipal Association met 11 Dec. 1866.

Metropolitan Police Magistrates, see Magistrates and Police.

Metropolitan Poor Act," for the establishment in the metropolis of asylums for the sick, insane, and other classes of the poor;" passed 29 March, 1867; was amended in 1869; see Poor.

Metropolitan Railway (Underground), at first between Paddington and Victoria street, near Holborn. The act for it passed in 1853; the construction began in the spring of 1860; and it was opened for traffic 10 Jan. 1863. Many serious difficulties were overcome with great skill and energy by the engineer, John Fowler, and the contractors, Jay, Smith, and Knight. In the first six months of 1865, there were 7,462,823 passengers. It has been continued to Moorgate street, and supplemented by the Metropolitan Districts Railway.

Metropolitan School Board, instituted by the Elementary Education act, 1870; was elected 29 Nov. 1870 (for three years). It included lord Lawrence, lord Sandon, professor Huxley, Miss Garrett, M.D., and Miss Davies. At its first meeting, 15 Dec., lord Lawrence was elected chairman, and Mr. C. Reed, M.P., vice-chairman; and it was decided that the chairman should be unpaid at present. On 27 Nov. 1873, 30 Nov. 1876, and 27 Nov. 1879, Mr. (afterwards sir) Charles Reed was elected chairman. He died 25 March, 1881; see Education.

Metropolitan Streets Act (30 & 31 Vict. c.

Mettray, see Reformatory Schools.

Metz, a fortified city in Lorraine, now in the department of the Moselle, N.E. France. It was the Roman

Divodunum or Meti, capital of the Mediomatrici, a powerful Gaulish tribe, and afterwards of the kingdom of Austrasia, or Metz, in the sixth century. It was made a free imperial city, 985. It was besieged by Charles VII. of France for seven months in 1444, and was ransomed for 100,000 florins, was captured by Henry II., 10 April, 1552, and successfully defended by the duke of Guise against the emperor Charles V. with an army of 100,000 men, 31 Oct. 1552 to 15 Jan. 1553. Metz was ceded to France by the peace of Westphalia, 24 Oct. 1648, and was fortified by Vauban and Belleisle. On 28 July, 1870, the emperor Napoleon III. arrived at Metz defeats at Woerth and Forbach, on 6 Aug., the whole French army (except the corps of MacMahon, De Failly, and Douay) was concentrated here, 10, 11 Aug., and by delay was hemmed in by the Germans. Marshal Bazaine assumed the chief command, 8 Aug. The emperor departed with the vanguard, which crossed the Moselle early on 14 Aug.

and assumed the chief command. After the disastrous

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1. Battle of Pange or Courcelles, gained by the first army under Von Steinmetz, after several hours' fighting, with great German loss........ 14 Aug. 1870 Bazaine was censured for not advancing on 15 Aug. 2. Battle of Vionville or Mars-la-Tour, gained by the 2d army under prince Frederick Charles, after twelve hours' fighting. By the unexpected unmasking of a mitrailleuse battery, Henry, prince of Reuss, and many German nobles were killed in a few moments. The victory was at first claimed by the French. (This battle, the most sanguinary in the war hitherto, included a Balaklava charge of a German regiment of cavalry upon a French battery, by which it was decimated, but to which the victory was greatly due. Twice as many Germans were killed as at Königgrätz, the killed and wounded being estimated at 17,000. The French loss was said to have been equally great)..16 Aug. Bazaine masses his troops for a decisive conflict, 17 Aug. 3. Battle of Rézonville or Gravelotte, gained by the combined 1st and 2d armies, commanded by the king in person, after twelve hours' fighting. "The most desperate struggle took place on the slopes over Gravelotte, which the Germans gained by nightfall, after repeated fatal charges; the fortune of the day being long in suspense. But the right of the French had been outflanked; they fell back fighting to the last, and retired under cover of Metz. The French are said to have lost 19,000, and the Germans 25,000." (The king, on the 19th, had not undressed for thirty hours. The carnage is considered to have been unexampled; a large number of French prisoners were made; and enormous loss was experienced by the imperial guard. The German army included Saxons and Hessians), 18 Aug. Bazaine repulsed in a sortie at Courcelles, near Metz (he claimed a victory).... His whole army defeated by gen. Manteuffel, of the army ..26 Aug. of prince Frederick Charles, in a battle lasting from the morning of 31 Aug. to noon 1 Sept. Von Steinmetz sent to govern Posen; prince Frederick Charles sole commander before Metz.. ...21 Sept. Three vigorous but ineffective sallies..... .23, 24, 27 Sept. About 100,000 soldiers estimated in Metz.......30 Sept. Great sortie; the Germans surprised; about 40,000 French engaged; they are repulsed after a severe engagement from 3 P.M. till dark; loss about 2000 French About 600 oxen and 500 sheep captured during a sortie, .....7 Oct.

and 600 Germans

8 Oct.

Gen. Boyer arrives at Versailles to treat for terms of capitulation ...14 Oct.

Metz surrenders with the army, including marshals Ba

zaine, Canrobert, and Le Bouf; 66 generals; about 6000 officers; 173,000 men, including the imperial guard; 400 pieces of artillery; 100 mitrailleuses; and 53 eagles or standards. The capitulation was signed at Frescati by gens. Jarras .27 Oct.

and Stiehle on behalf of the French and German commanders. 27 Oct. General order to the army issued by marshal Bazaine, saying that they were conquered by famine," 27 Oct.

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Order to the army issued by prince Frederick Charles, recognizing their bravery, great obedience, calmness, cheerfulness, and devotion. The Germaus enter Metz....

MEX

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..27 Oct. 1870 .29 Oct. One cause of the fall of Metz was the great army it contained; it might have been successfully defended by 20,000 men.

Marshal Bazaine was tried and condemned to death for surrendering Metz and the army, 6 Oct.-10 Dec.; punishment commuted to 20 years' imprisonment, 12 Dec.; .....9 Aug. 1874 he escaped from Isle St. Marguerite.. (See France.)

Mexican War. The war between the United States and Mexico, which commenced in the spring of 1846, was caused immediately by the annexation of the independent state of Texas (which was once a part of Mexico, and had separated by means of a revolution) to the American Union. Hostilities were threatened by Mexico, and gen. Zachary Taylor was ordered by the president of the United States to march into Texas, to the borders of the Rio Grande, with an army of occupaIn Jan. 1846, he took position opposite the Mextion. ican city of Matamoras, and commenced a fortification, which he called Fort Brown. Soon after this hostilities began, and continued until near the close of 1847. Gen. Taylor invaded central Mexico, and gen. Scott, beginning at Vera Cruz, penetrated the country to the capital, gaining victories at every step. He took possession of the city of Mexico on 14 Sept. 1847. On 2 Feb. 1848, a treaty of peace was signed at Guadalupe Hidalgo. By this war the United States came into possession of Northern Mexico and California.

Mexico, anciently Anahuac, North America, is said to have been conquered by the Aztecs, who founded the city of Mexico about 1325. It was discovered in 1517, and conquered by Fernando Cortez, 1519-21; explored by Alexander von Humboldt, 1799-1804. It is stated that there have been above 260 insurrections in Mexico since 1821. Population, 1874, about 9,276,079; 1879, 9,686,777.

1503

1521 1522

1535 1817

Mexico declared independent by the treaty of Aquala,

23 Aug. 1821

Augustin Iturbide, president of a provisional junto, Feb; Mexico formed into an empire, the crown declined by Spain; Iturbide made emperor

Compelled to abdicate..

Mexican federal republic proclaimed..

cover his dignity; shot.

Federal constitution established

Treaty of commerce with Great Britain..

Expulsion of the Spaniards decreed, .

Spanish expedition against Mexico surrendered,
Mexican revolution; the president Guerrero deposed,

Santa Anna president..

Independence of Mexico recognized by Brazil, June, 1830; by Spain

Declaration of war against France. This war terminated.

War with the United States.

The Mexicans defeated at Palo Alto, and at Matamoras,

.... Feb. admiral.... Project of establishing a Mexican monarchy for archduke Maximilian of Austria disapproved of by British and .. Feb. Spanish governments.. Negotiation ensues between the Spanish and Mexicans; convention between the commissaries of the allies and the Mexican general Doblado at Soledad......19 Feb. The Mexican general Marquez takes up arms against Jua rez, and gen. Almonte joins the French general Lorencez; Juarez demands a compulsory loan, and puts March, Mexico in a state of siege.. Conference between plenipotentiaries of the allies at Orizaba, the English and Spanish declare for peace, which is not agreed to by the French, 9 April; who declare 16 April, war against Juarez. The Spanish and British forces retire; the French gov. . May, ernment sends reinforcements to Lorencez...... The French, induced by Marquez, advance into the interior; severely repulsed by Zaragoza at Fort Guada ....5 May, lupe, near Puebla... ...31 May, Juarez quits the capital.. The French defeat the Mexicans at Cerro de Borgo, near 13, 14 June, Orizaba... The Mexican liberals said to be desirous of negotiation, Aug. Gen. Forey and 2500 French soldiers land.......28 Aug. Letter from the emperor Napoleon to Lorencez disclaiming any intention of imposing a government on Mexi...Sept. co; announced. Death of Zaragoza, a great loss to the Mexicans. .8 Sept. Gen. Forey deprives Almonte of the presidency at Vera Cruz, and appropriates the civil and military power to ..Oct. himself. Ortega takes command of the Mexicans

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46

66

66

Treaty of peace signed 2 Feb.; ratified..

Political convulsions..

Feb.; dictator..

President Arista resigns, 6 Jan.; and Santa Anna returns,

He abdicates; Carera elected president..

Who also abdicates; succeeded first by Alvarez,

terwards by gen. Comonfort..

Property of the clergy sequestrated. New constitution established...

Siege of Puebla; bravely defended, 29 March; severe assault, 31 March-3 April, it is surrendered at discretion 18 May, by Ortega.. Juarez and the republican government remove to San ..31 May, Luis de Potosi.. Mexico occupied by the French under Bazaine, 5 June; Forey and his army enter, 10 June; provisional gov ernment..

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Beginning of a Reformed Church by Aguilar and others, Comonfort chosen president.

July,

Coup d'état constitution annulled by the church party; Comonfort compelled to retire, 11 Jan.; gen. Zuloaga takes the government...

Assembly of notables at Mexico decide on the establishment of a limited hereditary monarchy, with a Roman Catholic prince as emperor, and offer the crown to the archduke Maximilian of Austria; a regency estab .6-10 July, lished. .11 Aug. Marshal Forey resigns his command to Bazaine and re......1 Oct. turns to France..

The French reoccupy Tampico..

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The archduke Maximilian will accept the crown if it be the will of the people.... ......3 Oct. 1863 The Mexican general Comonfort surprised and shot by partisans.. 12 Nov. Successful advance of the imperialists; Juarez retires from San Luis de Potosi, 18 Dec.; it is entered by the imperialists .24 Dec.

.Jan. 1872

Civil war going on with varying success Rebels nearly subdued...

Death of Benito Juarez (aged about 68) by apoplexy, 18 July,

April-June, July,

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The country tranquil; Diaz accepts the amnesty; announced ...14 Aug.

The French occupy various places.........Jan. and Feb. 1864 The ex-president, gen. Santa Anna, lands at Vera Cruz, professing adhesion to the empire, 27 Feb.; dismissed by Bazaine.. 12 March, Juarez enters Monterey, which becomes the seat of the republican government.. .3 April, The archduke Maximilian definitively accepts the crown from the Mexican deputation at Miramar....10 April, The emperor and empress land at Vera Cruz, 29 May; enter the city of Mexico.. ...12 June, The emperor visits the interior; grants a free press. Aug. The republicans defeat the imperialists at San Pedro, 27 Dec. Juarez, at Chihuahua, exhorts the Mexicans to maintain their independence... ..1 Jan. 1865 The emperor institutes the order of the Mexican eagle.. Surrender of Oaxaca to Marshal Bazaine

Lerdo de Tejado (of good character) elected president,
.Nov.
Oct.; Diaz submits..
Railway from Mexico city to Vera Cruz completed; runs,

Death of Santa Anna, ex-president...

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Presidency of Juarez expires; he determines to continue
to act, 30 Nov.; he flees to Texas
.20 Dec.
Bagdad, on the Rio Grande, seized by American Juarists,
4, 5 Jan.; occupied by the American general Weitzel, 5
Jan.; his conduct disavowed, and Bagdad reoccupied
by the imperialists..
.20 Jan. 1866
Ministerial changes
....March-April,
Emperor Napoleon agrees to withdraw all his soldiers
from Mexico between Nov 1866 and Nov. 1867.. April,
Guerilla warfare going on, numerous conflicts, with va-
rying success.
March-May,
Matamoras captured by the liberals under Escobedo,
23, 24 June,

The empress Charlotte departs for France. 13 July; con-
spiracy against the government suppressed, 15-17 July,
Convention between Maximilian and the French; trans-
fer of the receipts of the customs to France...30 July,
Juarez and his party take Tampico...
..1 Aug.
The Americans disallow Maximilian's blockade of Mata-
17 Aug.

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....1 April, 1876 Progress of Reformed church; overtures for union with Episcopal church of United States........about April, Insurgents defeated at Oaxaca, 29 May; at Queretaro, June, 20 June, Diaz defeats the government troops at Tekoar, 12 Nov.; enters Mexico, assumes power as provisional president... .20 Nov. President Lerdo de Tejado retires; Iglesias takes arms as president... Dec. 66 Diaz defeats Iglesias, who retreats; Diaz elected president, 18 Feb.; proclaimed .5 May, 1877 Brief rebellion; about 80 hanged; announced....28 Dec. 1878 Insurrection of Negrete; Diaz marches against him; becomes president.. ..16 June, 1879 Manuel Gonzalez elected, 11 July; succeeds......1 Dec. 1880 About 200 lives lost through precipitation of train on San Morelos railway into the river near Cuartla, through fall of bridge.. ..night of 24 June, 1881

EMPERORS.

1822. Aug. Augustin Iturbide, Feb., abdicated 23 March, 1823; shot for attempting to recover his authority, 19 July, 1824. 1864. Maximilian (brother to the emperor of Austria), born 6 July, 1832; accepted the crown 10 April, 1864; married, 27 July, 1857, to princess Charlotte, daughter of Leopold I., king of the Belgians; adopted Augustin Iturbide as his heir, Sept. 1865; shot (after a trial) 19 June, 1867.

Mezzotinto, see Engraving.

Mhow Court-martial, see Trials, Nov. 1863. Miami (or MAUMEE) River, BATTLES OF. These were battles fought by Americans, under gen. Harmar, and a body of Indians, on the extreme western borders of Ohio, on 19 and 22 Oct. 1790. The Americans were defeated, with a loss of 183 killed and 31 wounded.

Michael, St., AND George, St. This order of knighthood, founded for the Ionian Isles and Malta, 27 April, 1818, was reorganized in March, 1869, in order to admit servants of the crown connected with the colonies. Among the first of the new knights were the earl of Derby, earl Russell, and carl Grey.

Michaelmas, 29 Sept., the feast of St. Michael, the reputed guardian of the Roman Catholic church, under the title of "St. Michael and All Angels." Instituted, according to Butler, 487.

The custom of eating goose at Michaelmas has been erroneously attributed to queen Elizabeth's eating of the bird at dinner on 29 Sept. 1588, at the house of sir Neville Umfreyville, at the time she heard of the destruction of the Spanish Armada. The custom is of much older date, and is observed on the continent.-Clavis Calendaria.

Michael's Mount, St. (Cornwall), is considered by some to be the Iktis of Diodorus Siculus, and an ancient resort of the tin-merchants. St. Michael was said to have appeared on the mount, 495 or 710; and the place, thus reputed holy, became the seat of a body of monks, who received a charter from Edward the Confessor, 1044, and many privileges from pope Gregory VII., 1079.

Michigan, a northwest state of the United States, settled by the French, 1670; admitted into the Union, 26 Jan. 1837. Population, 1880, 1,636,331. Capital, Lansing.

Micrometer, an astronomical instrument used to measure any small distances and the minuter objects in the heavens, such as the apparent diameters of the planets, etc., was invented by William Gascoigne, who was killed at the battle of Marston Moor, 2 July, 1644. It was improved by Huyghens about 1652. Sir Joseph Whitworth made a machine to measure the millionth of an inch about 1858; the measurement of the 30,000th of an inch is now common.

Microphone (Greek, μspóc, little, pov, sound), a name given by Wheatstone, in 1827, to an instrument for rendering weak sounds audible by means of solid rods. The name was also given to an arrangement invented (in Dec. 1877) by professor D. E. Hughes (an American, an inventor of the printing telegraph), and shown to the Royal Society, 9 May, 1878.

An electric current is established between two moderately conducting bodies (such as pieces of charcoal, metallized by being plunged when heated into mercury) resting slightly upon each other, mounted on a piece of thin wood. If the contact is so made that one of the bodies may be easily displaced, minute sounds produced on the wood disturb the electric conductivity at the place of contact, and may be heard by the help of the telephone. The sonorous and electric waves are thus rendered synchronous, and become convertible. The tread of a fly sounds like that of a large quadruped; see Telephone.

Microscopes, said to have been invented by Jansen in Holland about 1590, by Fontana in Italy, and by Drebbel in Holland, about 1621. Those with double glasses were made at the period when the law of refraction was discovered, about 1624. Solar microscopes were invented by Dr. Hooke. In England great improvements were made in the microscope by Benjamin Martin (who invented and sold pocket microscopes about 1740), by Henry Baker, F.R.S., about 1763, and still greater during the present century by Wollaston, Ross, Jackson, Varley, Powell, and others. Diamond microscopes were made by Andrew Pritchard in 1824; and the properties of "test objects," to prove the qualities of microscopes, discovered by him and Goring in 1824-40. A binocular microscope (i. e. for two eyes) was constructed by professor Riddell in 1851, and Wenham's important improvements were made known in 1861. Treatises on the microscope by J. Quekett (1848), by Dr. W. B. Carpenter (1856 et seq.), by Dr. Lionel Beale (1858-64), and Griffith and Henfrey's "Micrographic Dictionary" (1856 and 1875), are valuable. The Microscopical Society of London was established 20 Dec. 1839, and the Quekett Microscopical Club, 1865. In 1865 Mr. H. Sorby exhibited his spectrum microscope, by which the millionth of a grain of blood was detected.

Micro-tasimeter, a new instrument invented by Mr. T. A. Edison, in which he has applied the principle of the carbon microphone to the measurement of infinitesimal pressure; announced July, 1878. poses to apply the principle to delicate barometers, thermometers, hygrometers, etc.

He pro

Middle Ages, see Dark Ages. Henry Hallam's "Middle Ages" appeared in 1818.

Middle Creek (Kentucky), BATTLE OF, fought 10 Jan. 1862, in the valley of the Big Sandy. Gen. James A. Garfield, with about 1500 men, here defeated gen. Humphrey Marshall, commanding 3000 confederates.

Middle-class Examination AND Schools, see Education (1858, and 1865-8).

Middle-class Education Corporation, established in 1866, for education of children of clerks and others in similar ranks of life. Building in Cowper street, London.

Middle-levels, see Levels.

Middlesborough, N. Riding of Yorkshire, on the Tees, a coal port and a seat of the iron manufacture, the first house erected by George Chapman, April, 1830;

1249

Midian, now ARZ MADIAN, N. W. Arabia; anciently held by the descendants of Midian, a son of Abraham. Having enticed the Israelites to idolatry, they were severely chastised, 1452 B.C. They invaded Canaan about B.C., and were thoroughly defeated by Gideon. Capt. Richard F. Burton explored the ruined cities of Midian in 1877, and found the remains of ancient mines, many relics, and gold. An expedition, equipped by the khedive of Egypt, and placed under his command, started from Suez, 10 Dec. 1877, and returned 20 April, 1878. He brought home 25 tons of geological specimens, specimens of silver and copper ore, many coins and other antiquities, and photographs of the remains of ruined cities, etc.

Midland Railway Station, St. Pancras, N. London, possessing the largest known roof in the world (245) feet 6 inches wide, and 698 feet long), was opened for traffic 1 Oct. 1868. The engineer was Mr. H. W. Barlow. The architect of the magnificent Gothic hotel was sir G. Gilbert Scott.

Midwifery. Women were the only practitioners among the Hebrews and Egyptians. Hippocrates, in Greece, 460 B.C., is styled the father of midwifery as well as of physics.* It advanced under Celsus, who flourished A.D. 37, and of Galen, who lived 131. In England midwifery became a science about the period of the institution of the college of physicians, 10 Hen. VII. 1518. Dr. Harvey engaged in the practice of it, about 1603; Astruc affirms that madame de la Vallière, mistress of Louis XIV., in 1663, employed Julian Clement, a surgeon, with great secrecy.

Mifflin, Fort, CAPTURE OF. Fort Mifflin was upon Mud Island, in the Delaware, just below Philadelphia, and opposite Red Bank. It was garrisoned by Americans, under lieut.-col. Smith, of Maryland. After a series of assaults by land and water, and a gallant defence until the fort was utterly disabled, it was surrendered to the British on 16 Nov. 1777, after a loss of near 250

Reverts to Austria, upon Naples and Sicily being ceded to Spain.

1748

Militia in 1872, 139,018; 1875, 149,330; 1877, 134,500. Militia (volunteers) Enlistment act, consolidating and amending the laws, passed..

Seized by the French..

Retaken by the Austrians.. Regained by the French...

Surrenders to the Austrians.

.30 June, 1796 1799 ..31 May, 1800 Made the capital of the kingdom of Italy, and Napoleon Bonaparte crowned with the Iron Crown here.26 May, 1805 The Milan decree of Napoleon against all continental intercourse with England.. ...17 Dec. 1807 Insurrection against the Austrians; flight of the viceroy, 18 March, 1848 .5 Aug. Treaty of peace between Austria and Sardinia....6 Aug. 1849 Another revolt promptly suppressed and rigorously punished... ...6 Feb. et seq. 1853 Milan visited by the emperor of Austria... .Nov. 1856 Amnesty for political offences granted.. ...Dec. 1857 After the defeat of the Austrians at Magenta, 4 June, Napoleon III. and the king of Sardinia enter Milan, 8 June, 1859 Peace of Villafranca; a large part of Lombardy transferred to Sardinia, ..12 July, Victor Emmanuel enters Milan as king.. .......8 Aug. 1860 Reactionary plots of Neapolitan soldiery suppressed,

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29, 30 April, 1861 The Victor Emmanuel gallery opened by the king, 15 Sept. 1867 The arts exhibition opened by the king... .26 Aug. 1872 Visit of the emperor of Germany. .18-23 Oct. 1875 The Mentana Memorial inaugurated by Garibaldi..4 Nov. 1880 National exhibition, opened by the king.. ....5 May, 1881 (See Italy.)

Milbank Penitentiary, Westminster. The very unhealthy site was purchased of the marquess of Salisbury in 1799 for 12,0007. The building, a modification of Jeremy Bentham's Panopticon (which see), first received convicts 27 June, 1816.

In consequence of many deaths during a great epidemic, the convicts were placed in Woolwich hulks, 1822-3. On 16 June, 1843, a committee reported the penitentiary a failure.

The system was abolished in parliament, and the building styled Milbank prison.

Miletus, a Greek city of Ionia, Asia Minor, founded about 1043 B.C. The Milesians defended themselves successfully, 623-612 B.C. During the war with Persia it was taken, 494, but restored, 449. Here Paul delivered his celebrated charge to the elders of the church of Ephesus, A.D. 60 (Acts xx.).

Milford Haven (Wales). Here the earl of Richmond, afterwards Henry VII., landed on his way to encounter Richard III., whom he defeated at Bosworth, 1485. The packets from this port to Ireland, sailing to Waterford, were established in 1787. The dock-yard, established here in 1790, was removed to Pembroke in

1814.

Military Asylum, Royal, at Chelsea, "for the children of the soldiers of the regular army." The first stone was laid by the duke of York, 19 June, 1801.

Military Education, see Army, June, 1868. Military Knights of Windsor, see Poor Knights of Windsor.

Military or Martial Law is built on no settled principle, but is entirely arbitrary, and, in truth, no law; but sometimes indulged, rather than allowed, as law. Sir Matthew Hale. It has been several times proclaimed in parts of these kingdoms, and in 1798 was almost general in Ireland, where it was also proclaimed in

1803.

.11 Aug. 1875

Militia of Jesus, a society of Roman Catholic youth of France and Italy, formed to support the papal cause by moral agencies, became known in 1877.

Milk. The type of food as containing all things needful for the development of the animal body. A process for its condensation was invented by Mr. Gail Borden, near New York, in 1849, for which he was awarded a medal at the Great Exhibition in 1851, when he erected factories. He invented meat biscuit, 1850. The Anglo-Swiss Condensed-milk Company was established in 1866; and since then the Aylesbury Company. Typhoid fever (said to be caused by bad milk) prevailed in London, Aug., Sept. 1873; about 20 died of fever through milk, at and near Eagley, Lancashire.. March, 1875 Milky Way (Galaxy) in the heavens. Juno is said by the Greek poets to have spilled her milk in the heavens after suckling Mercury or Hercules. Democritus (about 428 B.C.) taught that the via lactea consisted of stars, which Galileo (1610-42) proved by the telescope.

Gen. Zolli

Mill Spring (Kentucky), BATTLE AT. coffer, confederate, was here defeated by gen. George H. Thomas, with a loss of 300 men, 19 Jan. 1862. Gen. Zollicoffer was killed.

Millenarians suppose that the world will end at the expiration of the seven thousandth year from the creation; and that during a thousand years (millennium) Christ and the saints will reign upon the earth; see Rev. xx. The doctrine was very generally inculcated in the second and third centuries, by Papias, Justin Martyr, and others.

Millenary Petition, presented to king James on his accession, 1603, on behalf of nearly a thousand Puritan ministers against the "human rites and ceremonies" of the church of England.

Mills. Moses forbade mill-stones to be taken in pawn, because it would be like taking a man's life to pledge (Deut. xxiv. 6). The hand-mill was in use among the Britons previously to the conquest by the Romans. The Romans introduced the water-mill. Cotton-mills moved by water were erected by sir Richard Arkwright at Cromford, Derbyshire. chanics. Mill-work exhibition at the Agricultural Hall, London, N., 10-18 May, 1881.

He died in 1792. See Me

Mincio, a river of Lombardy. Here the Austrians were repulsed by the French under Brune, 25-27 Dec. 1800; and by Eugène Beauharnais, 8 Feb. 1814, near Valeggio.

Minden (Prussia), BATTLE OF, 1 Aug. 1759, between the English, Hessians, and Hanoverians (under prince Ferdinand of Brunswick), and the French (under marshal De Contades), who were beaten and driven to the ramparts of Minden. Lord George Sackville (afterwards lord George Germaine), who commanded the British and Hanoverian horse, for some disobedience of orders was tried by a court-martial on his return to England, found guilty, and dismissed, 22 April, 1760. He was afterwards restored to favor, and became secretary of state, 1776.