trand du Guesclin. Peter was totally defeated, and | THIS PILLAR WAS SET VP IN PERPETVAL REMEMBRANCE OF THAT afterwards treacherously slain. Montigny, see under Fire-arms. Montlhery (Seine-et-Oise, France), site of an indecisive battle between Louis XI. and a party of his nobles, termed "The League of the Public Good," 16 July, 1465. Montmartre, HEIGHTS OF, near Paris, taken by Blucher, 30 March, 1814. They were fortified during the communist insurrection, March, 1871; and retaken by the army of Versailles, 28 May. Montmirail (Marne, France). Here Napoleon de feated the allies, 11 Feb. 1814. Montpellier (S. France), built in the eighth century, prospered as the neighboring city, Maguelonne, decreased. It was acquired by marriage by the king of Aragon, 1204; by the king of Majorca, 1276; was ceded to France, 1349; given to Charles the Bad, king of Nain exchange for Mantes, etc., 1365; sequestered by France, 1378. It was seized by the Huguenots early in the reign of Henry III., and held by them till Sept. 1622, when it surrendered after a siege, followed by a treaty of peace, 20 Oct. varre, Montreal, the second city in Lower Canada, built by the French, about 1642. Population, 1871, 107,225. 25 April, 1849 .23 Aug. 1850 ..12 July, 1852 66 Another, destroying 1200 houses; the loss estimated at a million sterling.. At an anti-papal lecture here, by Gavazzi, riots ensued, and many lives were lost. .10 June, 1853 10 Dec. 1856 opened by .25 Aug. 1860 Fierce riots at the attempt to bury Joseph Guibord, a Roman Catholic, while under censure, in the Roman Catholic cemetery The cathedral destroyed by fire Victoria railway bridge (which see) formally the prince of Wales.. ...Sept. 1875 [He belonged to the "Institut Canadien," censured for possessing forbidden books; he died in 1869; after much litigation, the privy-council judicial committee affirmed his right to burial against the clerical authorities.] 66 Riot at a memorial Romanist procession; one man killed, 26 Sept. Guibord buried with military and police escort..16 Nov. Violent bread riots. .17 Dec. Fierce Orange riots, with loss of life......12 July et seq. 1877 Montserrat, a West India island, discovered by Columbus in 1493, and settled by the British in 1632. It has several times been taken by the French, but was secured to the British in 1783. Monument of London, built by sir Christopher Wren, 1671-7. The pedestal is 40 feet high, and the edifice altogether 202 feet, that being the distance of its base from the spot where the fire which it commemorates commenced. It is the loftiest isolated column in the world. Its erection cost about 14,500l. The staircase is of black marble, consisting of 345 steps. Of the four original inscriptions, three were Latin, and the following in English-cut in 1681, obliterated by James II. recut in the reign of William III.; and finally erased by order of the common council, 26 Jan. 1831. They produced Pope's indignant lines: "Where London's column, pointing at the skies, * William Green, a weaver, fell from this monument, 25 June, 1750. A man named Thomas Craddock, a baker, precipitated himself from its summit, 7 July, 1780. Mr. Lyon Levy, a Jewish diamond merchant, of considerable respectability, threw himself from it, 18 Jan. 1810; as did more recently three other persons, in consequence of which a fence was placed round the railing of the gallery in 1839. MOST DREADFUL BURNING OF THIS PROTESTANT CITY, BEGUN AND CARRYED ON BY Ye TREACHERY AND MALICE OF Y POPISH FACTION, IN Y BEGINNING OF SEPTEM. IN Y YEAR OF OUR LORD 1666, IN ORDER TO Y CARRYING ON THEIR HORRID PLOT FOR EXTIRPATING Ye PROTESTANT RELIGION AND OLD ENGLISH LIBERTY, AND Y INTRODUCING POPERY AND SLAVERY. Monuments, see Ancient. An act passed 22 July, 1878, empowers the Metropolitan Board of Works to take care of Cleopatra's Needle and other monuments. Moodkee (India). Here, on 18 Dec. 1845, the Sikhs attacked the advanced guard of the British, and were repulsed three miles, losing many men and fifteen pieces of cannon. Sir Robert Sale was mortally wounded. The battle followed that of Ferozeshah (which see). Mooltan (N.W. India), an ancient city, was stormed by Runjeet Sing, 1818. Here his son, Moolraj Sing, ruler of the Sikhs, treacherously murdered Mr. Vans Agnew and lieutenant Anderson, 21 April, 1848. Several conflicts took place between the British and the Sikhs, in which the latter were beaten, and Mooltan taken after a protracted siege, 2-22 Jan. 1849. Moon. Opacity of the moon, and the true causes of lunar eclipses, taught by Thales, 640 B.C. Hipparchus made observations on the moon at Rhodes, 127 B.C. Posidonius accounted for the tides from the motion of the moon, and said that the moon borrows her light from the sun, 79 B.C.-Diog. Laert. Maps of the moon constructed by Hevelius, 1647; Cas sini.. Beer and Mädler's map published... Professor John Phillips invited the British Association to make arrangements to obtain a "systematic representation of the physical aspect of the moon " Photographs of the moon taken by Draper at New York, 1840; by Bond, 1850; by Mr. Warren de la Rue, 1857; by Rutherford. Largest photograph ever taken of the moon, made by professor Henry Draper of New York.. Hansen's Tables of the Moon," calculated at the expense of the British and Danish governments, published at the cost of the latter.. 1680 1834 1862 1871 1860 1857 The British Association "lunar committee" publish two sections of a map of the moon, on a scale of 200 inches to her diameter... ...July, 1867 The earl of Rosse made experiments on the radiation of heat from the moon... ....1868-73 Prof. J. F. Julius Schmidt, of Athens, completed his map of the moon after 34 years' work: diameter 2 metres. 1874 Mr. James Nasmyth and Mr. J. Carpenter published the result of many years' observations in "The Moon"... Mr. Edmund Neison published "The Moon and the Conditions and Configurations of its Surface ".......July, 1876 Prof. Schmidt's map published at Berlin... 1878 (See Eclipse.) Moore's Creek Bridge (North Carolina), BATTLE AT, between Americans, 1000 strong, and Tory Scotch settlers, numbering 1500, on 27 Feb. 1776. The Tories were beaten, losing 70; the Americans none. Moors, formerly the natives of Mauritania (which see), but afterwards the name given to the Numidians and others, and now applied to the natives of Morocco and the neighborhood. They frequently rebelled against the Roman emperors, and assisted Genseric and the Vandals in their invasion of Africa, 429. They resisted for a time the progress of the Arab Mahometans, but were overcome in 707, and in 1019 by them introduced into Spain, where their arms were long victorious. In 1063 they were defeated in Sicily by Roger Guiscard. The Moorish kingdom of Granada was set up in 1237, and lasted till 1492, when it fell before Ferdinand V. of Castile, mainly owing to internal discord. The expulsion of the Moors from Spain was decreed by Charles V., but not fully carried into effect till 1609, when the bigotry of Philip III. inflicted this great injury to his conntry. About 1518 the Moors established the piratical states of Algiers and Tunis (which see). In the history of Spain, the Arabs and Moors must not be confounded. Moplahs, industrious fanatical Mahometans in Malabar, East Indies, gave trouble by their attacks on Hindoos and the British, especially in 1845; an outbreak was suppressed about 15 Sept. 1873. Moral Philosophy, the science of ethics, defined as the knowledge of our duty, and the art of being virtuous and happy. Socrates (about 430 B.C.) is regarded as the father of ancient, and Grotius (about 1623) the father of modern, moral philosophy; see Philosophy. Morat (Switzerland), where Charles the Bold of Burgundy was completely defeated by the Swiss, 22 June, 1476. A monument, constructed of the bones of the vanquished, was destroyed by the French in 1798, and a stone column erected. 400th anniversary kept, 1876. Moravia, an Austrian province, occupied by the Slavonians about 518, and conquered by the Avars and Bohemians, who submitted to Charlemagne. About 1000 it was subdued by Boleslas of Poland, but recovered by Ulrich of Bohemia in 1030. After various changes, Moravia and Bohemia were amalgamated into the Austrian dominions in 1526. Moravia was invaded by the Prussians in 1866, and they established their headquarters at Brunn, the capital, 13 July. The demand of the Moravians for home rule was resisted Oct. 1871. Moravians, or UNITED BRETHREN, said to have been part of the Hussites, who withdrew into Moravia in the fifteenth century, but the brethren assert that their sect was derived from the Greek church in the ninth century. In 1722 they formed a settlement called Herrnhut, the watch of the Lord, on the estate of count Zinzendorf. Their church consisted of 500 persons in 1727. They were introduced into England by count Zinzendorf about 1738; he died at Chelsea in June, 1760. In 1851 they had thirty-two chapels in England. They are zealous missionaries, and founded settlements in foreign parts about 1732. London Association founded in 1817. The United Brethren in the United States, in 1880, had 4524 organized churches and 157,835 communicants. They settled in Pennsylvania in 1746. Moray Floods, see Inundations, 1829. Morden College (Blackheath), almshouses for decayed merchants with pensions, established by sir John Morden, 1695; opened 1702. Christ of LATTER-DAY SAINTS). This sect derives its 1831 .1831-2 Joseph and his brother Hyrum, when in prison on a charge of treason, shot by an infuriated mob, and Brigham Young chosen seer.. voo determined on. 1840-1 June, 1844 Much harassed by their neighbors; departure from Nau- The United States judge at Utah resigned from inability A conference of Mormon elders, etc., was held in London; A Mormon meeting at Southampton.. June, 1858 ..18 Feb. 1861 Morea, a name given to the Peloponnesus in the A French Mormon priest preached at Paris in......Oct. 1862 thirteenth century; see Greece. Moreton Bay (New South Wales). The colony founded here in 1859 has since been named Queensland (which see). 1865 "Latter-day Saints' meetings held in London.. June, 1867 Synod held in Store street, London (London conference 650 new Mormons sailed from Liverpool for Utah, Brigham Young, ordered to be tried for bigamy, flees; Morganatic Marriages, when the left hand is given instead of the right, between a man of superior and a woman of inferior rank, in which it is stipulated that the latter and her children shall not enjoy the rank or inherit the possessions of the former. The children are legitimate. Such marriages are frequently contracted in Germany by royalty and the higher nobility. It has been asserted that our George I. was thus married to the duchess of Kendal; the late duke of Sussex to lady Cecilia Underwood; Frederic VI. of Den-Brigham Young resigns temporal powers......10 April, 1873 The Mormon conferences at the Holborn Amphitheatre, mark to the countess of Danner, 7 Aug. 1850; and sev25 May, 64 eral Austrian princes recently. Nineteen missionaries for Britain arrive at Liverpool, 12 Nov. Brigham Young again indicted for polygamy, about 15 Oct. 1874 Morgarten (Switzerland). 1300 Swiss engaged 20,000 Austrians, commanded by the duke Leopold, whom they completely defeated, 15 Nov. 1315, upon the heights of Morgarten, overlooking the defile through which the enemy was to enter their territory from Zug. Morice-dance, an ancient dance peculiar to some of the country parts of England, and, it is said, also to Scotland; it was performed before James I. in Herefordshire. Morisonians, followers of the rev. James Morison of Kilmarnock, suspended for heterodoxy, 1841. Brigham Young surrenders for trial, 2 Jan.; proceedings Morning Post, fashionable daily paper, favorable to the Whigs and High-church party, first appeared 2 Mormons (calling themselves the Church of Jesus Nov. 1772. Conservative, 1874. Price reduced to 1d., Said to be derived from Morgengabe, the gift of a husband of a limited part of his property to such a bride on the morning after the marriage. 27 June, 1881. Morocco, or MAROCCO, an empire in North Africa, formerly Mauritania (which see). In 1051 it was sub ist of antiquity, flourished. He acquired great fame by his accurate representation of an "unswept floor after a feast." The Romans also excelled in mosaic-work, as evidenced by the innumerable specimens preserved. Byzantine mosaics date from the fourth century after Christ. The art was revived in Italy by Tafi, Gaddi, Cimabue, and Giotto, who designed mosaics, and introduced a higher style in the thirteenth century. In the sixteenth century Titian and Veronese also designed dued for the Fatimite caliphs by the Almoravides, who in Greece in the time of Alexander and his successors, eventually extended their dominion into Spain. These when Sosos of Pergamos, the most renowned Mosaic artwere succeeded by the Almohades (1121), the Merinites (1270), and in 1516 by the Scherifs, pretended descendants of Mahomet, the now reigning dynasty. The Moors have had frequent wars with the Spaniards and Portuguese, due to piracy. Population about 6,000,000. Invasion of Sebastian of Portugal, who perishes with his army at the battle of Alcazar.. 4 Aug. 1578 Tangiers (which see) acquired by England, 1662; given up. 1683 The Moors attack the French in Algeria at the instigation of Abd-el- Kader; the prince de Joinville bombards Tangiers, 6 Aug., and Mogador.. ....16 Aug. 1844 Marshal Bugeaud defeats the Moors at the river Isly, and acquires the title of duke... 14 Aug. Peace between France and Morocco.. .....10 Sept. The Spaniards, who possess several places on the coast of Morocco (Ceuta, Peñon de Velez, etc.), having suffered much annoyance by Moorish pirates, declare war, 22 Oct. 1859 1822. Muley Abderahman. SULTANS. ..Aug. 1877 1859. Sidi Muley Mohammed, Sept.; died Sept. 1873. 1873. Muley Hassan (son), proclaimed 25 Sept. Morphia, an alkaloid, discovered in opium by Sertürner in 1803. Morrill Tariff, see United States, 1861. Mortality Tables have been frequently compiled. The Northampton tables (for 1735-80), by Dr. Price; the Carlisle tables (for 1780-7), by Dr. Hailsham; see Bills of Mortality. Mortar, a short gun with a large bore and close chamber for throwing bombs; said to have been used at Naples in 1435, and first made in England in 1543. The mortar left by Soult at Cadiz, in Spain, was fixed in St. James's park in Aug. 1816. On 19 Oct. 1857, a colossal mortar, constructed by Mr. Robert Mallet, was tried at Woolwich, with a charge of 70 lbs. it threw a shell subjects for this art. The practice of copying paintings in mosaics came into vogue in the seventeenth century; and there is now a workshop in the Vatican where chemical science is employed in the production of colors, and where 20,000 different tints are kept. In 1861, Dr. Salviati of Venice had established his manufacture of "enamel - mosaics;" and in July, 1864, he fixed a large enamel mosaic picture in one of the spandrils under the dome of St. Paul's cathedral, London. He has since executed commissions for the queen and other persons. Mosandrium, see Philippium. Moscow, the ancient capital of Russia, was founded, it is said, by Dolgorouki, about 1147. The occupation of the south of Russia by the Mongols in 1235 led to Moscow becoming the capital, and, beginning with Jaroslav II., 1238, its princes became the reigning dynasty. It is regarded as a holy city by the Russians. Cathedral of the Assumption built, 1326; of the Transfig. Möskirch (Baden). Here the Austrians were defeated by Moreau and the French, 5 May, 1800. Moskwa or Borodino, BATTLE OF; see Borodino. weighing 2550 lbs. 14 miles horizontally, and about ians inhabiting this coast were long under the protection mile in height. Mortara Abduction, see Jews, 1858. Mortimer's Cross (Herefordshire). The earl of Pembroke and the Lancastrians were here severely defeated by the young duke of York, afterwards Edward IV., 2 Feb. 1461. He assumed the throne as Edward IV. in March following. Mortmain Acts (mort main, dead hand). When the survey of all the land in England was made by William I., 1085-6, the whole was found to amount to 62,215 knights' fees, of which the church then possessed 28,015, to which additions were afterwards made, till the 7th of Edward I. 1279, when the statute of mortmain was passed, from a fear that the estates of the church might grow too bulky. By this act it was made unlawful to give any estates to the church without the king's leave; and this act, by a supplemental provision, was made to reach all lay fraternities, or corporations, in the 15th of Richard II. 1391. Mortmain being such a state of possession as makes property inalienable, it is said to be in a dead hand. Several statutes have been passed on this subject: legacies by mortmain were especially restricted by the 9th Geo. II. c. 36 (1736). Mosaic-work (the Roman opus tessellatum) is of Asiatic origin, and is probably referred to in Esther i. 6, about 519 B.C. It had attained to great excellence of the British, who held Belize and a group of islands in soldiers secreting themselves in the mosses on the bor- Motets, short pieces of church music, some of which are dated about the end of the thirteenth century. Good motets were written between 1430 and 1480; and very fine ones in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The "Motet Society," for the publication of these works, was founded in 1847, by Wm. Dyce. Motion. On 13 Nov. 1873, prof. Sylvester described *St. Juan del Norte (Greytown) was held by the British on behalf of the Mosquitos till the American adventurers under col. Kinney took possession of it in Sept. 1855. He joined Walker; and on 10 Feb. 1856, their associate, Rivas the president, claimed and annexed the Mosquito territory to Nicaragua. to the London Mathematical Society a machine for converting spherical into rectilinear and other motions, and for producing perfectly parallel motion, the discovery of M. Peaucellier, a French engineer officer, about 1867; see Kinematics. Mottoes, ROYAL. Dieu et mon Droit, first used by Richard I., 1198. Ich dien, "I serve," adopted by Edward the Black Prince at the battle of Cressy, 1346. Honi soit qui mal y pense, the motto of the Garter, 1349. Je maintiendrai, "I will maintain," adopted by William III., to which he added, in 1688," the liberties of England and the Protestant religion." Semper eadem was assumed by queen Elizabeth, 1558, and adopted by queen Anne, 1702, see them severally. Mount Everest, 29,002 feet high, the highest point in the Himalayas and as yet known in the world, was named after the late sir George Everest, superintendent of the trigonometrical survey of India in Dec. 1843, by his successor, col. Andrew Waugh. Mountain Meadow, see Massacres. Mountain Party, see Clubs, French. Mounts, see Bernard, Calvary, Etna, Hecla, Olivet, and Vesuvius. Mourning for the Dead. The Israelites neither washed nor anointed themselves during the time of mourning, which for a friend lasted seven days; upon extraordinary occasions a month. The Greeks and Romans fasted. White was used in mourning for the imperial family at Constantinople, 323. The ordinary color for mourning in Europe is black; in China, white, in Turkey, violet; in Ethiopia, brown, it was white in Spain until 1498. Anne of Brittany, the queen of two successive kings of France, mourned in black, instead of wearing white, as was then the custom, on the death of her first husband, Charles VIII., 7 April, 1498.-Hénault. Mousquetaires, or MUSKETEERS, horse - soldiers under the old French régime, raised by Louis XIII., 1622. This corps was considered a military school for the French nobility. It was disbanded in 1646, but was restored in 1657. A second company was created in 1660, and formed cardinal Mazarin's guard.-Hénault. Mozambique, chief of the Portuguese territories, E. Africa, on an isle, was visited by Vasco de Gama, 1498; conquered by the Portuguese under Tristan da Cunha and Albuquerque, 1506; a settlement was established, 1508. Mucker (hypocrites), a German sect, see Ebelians and Brazil, 1874. Muggletonians, so called from Ludowic Muggleton, a tailor, known about 1641, prominent about 1650; convicted of blasphemy, Jan. 1676, died 1697. He and John Reeve affirmed that God the Father, leaving the government of heaven to Elias, came down and suffered death in a human form. They asserted that they were the two last witnesses of God who should appear before the end of the world, Rev. xi. 3. This sect existed 1850. Mühlberg, on the Elbe, Prussia. Here the German Protestants were defeated by the emperor Charles V., 24 April, 1547, and John Frederick, elector of Saxony, was taken prisoner. Mühldorf (Bavaria). Near this place Frederick, duke of Austria, was defeated and taken prisoner by Louis of Bavaria, 28 Sept. 1322. Mulberry-trees. The alleged first planted in England are in the gardens of Sion House. Shakespeare planted a mulberry-tree with his own hands at Stratfordupon-Avon; and Garrick, Macklin, and others were entertained under it in 1742. Shakespeare's house was afterwards sold to a clergyman of the name of Gastrel, who cut down the mulberry-tree for fuel, 1765. A silversmith purchased the whole, and manufactured it into memorials. 1753; named, from Crompton's residence, hall-in-thewood-wheel; and muslin-wheel, from its giving birth to the British muslin and cambric manufacture; and mule, from its combining the advantages of Hargreaves's spinning-jenny and Arkwright's adaptation. It is stated that Crompton at the time knew nothing of the latter. He did not patent his invention, but gave It produced yarn treble the fineness and very much softer than any ever before produced in England. Parliament voted him 5000/. in 1812, now considered a most inadequate compensation. Mr. Roberts invented the self-acting mule in 1825. it up in 1780. Mulhouse, or MÜLHAUSEN (in N.E. France), an imperial city, under Rodolph of Hapsburg; joined the Swiss Confederation in 1515, annexed to France in 1798; conquered and annexed to Germany, 1870–1. The calico manufacture was introduced in 1746. Mummies (from the Arabic mum, wax); see Embalming. The mummies in the British Museum, with other Egyptian antiquities, were placed there about 1803. Mr. Alex. Gordon, in 1737, published an essay on three Egyptian mummies, one of which was brought to England in 1722 by capt. Wm. Lethieullier; two others came in 1734, one of which was retained by Dr. Mead, the other was given to the College of Physicians. In 1834, Mr. T. J. Pettigrew published a "History of Egyp tian Mummies." Münchengrätz (Bohemia) was taken by the Prussians under prince Frederick Charles, after a severe action, 28 June, 1866. The Austrians lost about 300 killed and 1000 prisoners, and the prince gained about 12 miles of country. Munda (now Monda, S. Spain). Here Cneius Scipio defeated the Carthaginians, B.C. 216; and here Julius Cæsar defeated the sons of Pompey, 17 March, 45, after a severe conflict. Mundane Eras. That of Alexandria fixed the Creation at 5502 B.C. This computation continued till A.D. 284, Alex. era 5786; but in A.D. 285 ten years were subtracted, and 5787 became 5777. This coincided with the Mundane era of Antioch (which dated the Creation 5492 B.C.).-Nicholas. Munich, the capital of Bavaria, founded by duke Henry of Saxony, 962. It was taken by Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden in 1632, by the Austrians, in 1704, 1741, and 1743; and by the French under Moreau, 2 July, 1800. It abounds in schools, institutions, and manufactories. The university was founded by king Louis in 1826. A Bavarian art-exhibition was opened here by prince Adalbert, 20 July, 1869. A congress of "Old Catholics" (which see) met here, 23 Sept. 1871. International exhibition opened, 19 July, 1879. Population, Dec. 1871, 169,693, 1875, 198,829. Municipal Corporations, etc., see Corpora tions. Münster (W. Prussia). The bishopric, said to have been founded by Charlemagne, 780, was secularized in 1802; seized by the French, 1806, part of the duchy of Berg, 1809; annexed to France, 1810; ceded to Prussia, 1815. The Anabaptists, under John of Leyden, the king of Münster, held the city in 1534-5. Here were signed the preliminaries of the treaty of Westphalia (which see), MUNSTER, the southern province of Ireland, an ancient or Münster, Jan. 1647; definitively signed 24 Oct. 1648. kingdom. In 1568 a commission was issued for its government by a president and council, and new colonies were founded in 1588. Muradal, see Toloso. Murcia, a province, formerly a kingdom, N.E. Spain, was subdued by the Moors, 713; by Ferdinand of Castile, 1240; and divided between Castile and Aragon, 1305. Murcia, the capital, was sacked by the French under Sebas tiani, 23 April, 1810. It was inundated by the Segura, after a violent storm, 15-17 Oct. 1879, when about 1000 persons perished. Murder, the highest offence against the law of God. | the harp and the organ" (3875 B.C., Gen. iii. 21). The (Gen. ix. 6, 2348 B.C.) A court of Ephcta was establish- flute, and harmony, or concord in music, are said to have ed by Demophoon of Athens for the trial of murder, been invented by Hyagnis, 1506 B.C.-Arund. Marbles. 1179 B.C. The Persians did not punish the first offence. Vocal choruses of men are first mentioned 556 B.C.-DuIn England, during a period of the heptarchy, murder fresnoy. See Organ, and other musical instruments. was punished by fines only. So late as Henry VIII.'s Prior to 1600, the chief music in England was masses, time the crime was compounded for in Wales. Murder- ballads, and madrigals; but dramatic music was much ers were allowed benefit of clergy in 1503. Aggravated cultivated from that time. About the end of James I.'s murder, or petit treason (a distinction now abolished), reign, a music professorship was founded in the Univerhappened in three ways: by a servant killing his master, sity of Oxford by Dr. William Hychin; and the year 1710 a wife her husband, and an ecclesiastical person his supe- was distinguished by the arrival in England of George rior (stat. 25 Edw. III. 1350). The enactments relating to Frederick Handel. Mozart came to England in 1763; this crime are very numerous, and its wilful commission Joseph Haydn in 1791; and Carl Maria von Weber in has been rarely pardoned by our sovereigns. The act 1825. whereby the murderer should be executed on the day next but one after his conviction was repealed 1836; see Assassinations, Executions, Trials; also London, 1872, Bravo, Burton, Euston, Ratcliffe, Road, Richmond, Hurley Street, Whitechapel, Poisoning; Railways, 1864 and 1881.-Slough. 1857.. 184 1858. 183 1863..... 270 1869 1859. 204 Murders in England and Wales (from Coroner's inquests). 1856..... 205 1862.. 221 1868... 261 1874.... 223 265 1875..... 200 246 1870. 222 1876. 207 1865... 226 1871... 226 1877.. 199 1860..... 268 1866. 272 1872..... 257 1878..... 176 1861..... 210 1867.. 255 1873..... 223 1879... 153 Convictions for murder; 1878, 20; 1879, 34. Muret (S. France). Here the Albigenses, under the count of Thoulouse, were defeated by Simon de Montfort, and their ally Peter of Aragon killed, 12 Sept. 1213. Murfreesborough (Tennessee, North America) was the site of fierce conflicts between the federals under Rosecrans and the confederates under Bragg, from 31 Dec. 1862 to 3 Jan. 1863, when Bragg retired with great loss. This struggle is called also the battle of Stone river. Muriatic Acid, see Alkali. At his death his territories divided; after a conflict, his son Sa'id Thuwainy obtained Oman; and Majid, Zanzibar (which see)... 1741 1775 1803 1839 1856 Syud Redin compelled to fly, and a chief, Azan bin Gheo, seized the government... ...Oct. 1868 The imaum endeavored to regain his authority....Aug. 1870 The city was taken by Sa'id Toorkee, and the chief killed. .about 30 Jan. 1871 Sa'id Abdool Ascer said to be deposed by his brother, Sa'id Toorkee, end of.. .Dec. 1875 Museum, originally a quarter of the palace of Alexandria, like the Prytaneum of Athens, where eminent learned men were maintained by the public. The foundation is attributed to Ptolemy Philadelphus, who here placed his library about 280 B.C. Besides the British Museum, Soane's Museum, and the Museum of Geology (which see), there are very many others in London. The opening of public museums and galleries on Sunday was long advocated in parliament: negatived by 271 to 68, 19 May, 1874. Dictionaries of Music: Rousseau's, published 1767; in Encyclopedie Méthodique,' 1791; Fétis, "Biographie Universelle des Musiciens," 1835-44, and..... 1860-5 The publication of the excellent " Dictionary of Music and Musicians," edited by Mr. George Grove, began..Jan. 1878 MUSICAL NOTES, etc.; see Gamut. The first six are said to have been invented by Guy Aretino, a Benedictine monk of Arezzo, about 1025.-Blair. The notes at present used were perfected in 1338. Counterpoint was brought to perfection by Palestrina about 1555. Gufforio of Lodi read lectures on musical composition in the fifteenth century, and they effected great improvement in the science. The Italian style of composition was introduced into these countries about 1616. The MUSICAL PITCH was settled in France in 1859. The middle A to be 870 simple or 435 double vibrations in a second; but through error of measurement the fork made gave (A) 439 double vibrations (C, 522). At a meeting on the subject, held at the Society of Arts, on 23 Nov. 1860, the concert pitch of C was recommended to be 528 vibrations in a second; but the fork made by Mr. J. H. Griesbach gives 535} vibrations. Mr. Hullah adopted 512 vibrations. A lower pitch was adopted at concerts in London in Jan. 1869. 528 vibrations for C adopted for performances at the international exhibition of 1872, at a meeting, 20 Jan. 1872. [Handel's tuning fork, 1740, was 495; the Philharmonic Society's, 1813-43, was 515.] Mr. A. J. Ellis's elaborate "History of Musical Pitch" is published in "Journal of the Society of Arts," 5 March, 1880, and separately. MUSICAL FESTIVALS. Several were held on the continent in the eighteenth century; for Haydn at Vienna, 1808, 1811; others at Erfurt, 1811; Cologne, 1821; and frequently since. Study of music greatly increased by the teaching of John Hul- The Tonic sol fa system, in which the letters d. r, m. f,s,l,t (for MUSICAL FESTIVALS IN ENGLAND. Dr. Bysse, chancellor of Mu "Sons of the Clergy" annual musical performances at St. Paul's began 1709. MUSICAL INSTITUTIONS. The Ancient Academy of Music was instituted in 1710. It originated with numerous eminent performers and gentlemen wishing to promote the study of vocal harmony. Madrigal Society was established in 1741, and other musical societies followed. The Philharmonic Society of New York, organized 2 April, 1842. "Ancient concerts began 1776; ceased, 1848. Royal Society of Music arose from the principal nobility and gentry uniting to promote the performance of operas composed by Handel, 1785. Music. "Jubal, the father of all such as handle Philharmonic Society's concerts began in 1813. *Pythagoras (about 555 B.C.) maintained that the motions of the twelve spheres must produce delightful sounds, inaudible to mortal ears, which he called "the music of the spheres." St. Cecilia, said to have enticed an angel from the celestial regions by her melody, is termed the patroness of music. She died in the second century. Royal Academy of Music, established 1822 (which see). New Philharmonic Society established 1852. British Orchestral Society, 1872. Catch Club formed, 1761; centenary kept, July, 1861. |