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Glee Club formed 1787.

Musical Union founded by John Ella, 1845.

Music-halls. In 1878, 347 of these were licensed Harmonic Union (for performances of ancient and modern in London: first class, 3; second class, 6; third class, 13; fourth class, 53; etc.

music), 1852-4.

Musical Society of London established 1858.

Popular Monday Concerts" at St. James's Hall, founded by established in 1854 under major-gen. C. C. Hay. Musketry Schools at Hythe and Fleetwood were He re-signed in 1867. The school at Fleetwood was closed the same year.

S. A. Chappell, commenced with a "Mendelssohn night,' 14 Feb. 1859.

London Academy of Music founded in 1860.

Cæcilian Society, London, founded by Z. W. Vincent and oth
ers in 1785; ceased in 1861.
"Musical Education Committee" of the Society of Arts, Lon-
don, with the prince of Wales as chairman, held its first
meeting 22 May, 1865. Its first report, dated 27 June, 1865,
recommended the reconstitution of the Royal Academy.
National Training School for Music; building near the Albert
Hall, founded by the duke of Edinburgh, 18 Dec. 1873;
opened by him 17 May, 1876; first public concert, 23 June,

1879.
Royal and National College of Music; establishment proposed
at a meeting at Marlborough House, the prince of Wales in
the chair, Aug. 1878.
"Musical Association for the Investigation and Discussion of
Subjects connected with the Art and Science of Music,"
founded 16 April, 1874, by Messrs. Spottiswoode, Wheatstone,
Tyndall, G. A. Macfarren, J. Hullah, Sedley Taylor, Stone,
Pole, Chappell, Barnby, and others.

Muskets, see Fire-arms.

Muslin, a fine cotton cloth, so called, it is said, from having a downy nap on its surface resembling moss (French, mousse); according to others, because it was first brought from Moussol, in India. Muslins were first worn in England in 1670.-Anderson. By means of the mule (which see), British much superseded India muslins.

Muta (Syria). Here Mahomet and his followers defeated the Christians in his first conflict with them, 629.

Mute. A prisoner is said to stand mute, when, being arraigned for treason or felony, he either makes no answer, or answers foreign to the purpose. Anciently a

Henry Leslie's musical choir formed about 1855; dissolved 1880.
Church Choral Society, London, incorporated as Trinity Col-mute was subjected to torture.
lege, 1875.

National Opera house, N. Thames embankment, first brick laid
by Mlle. Tietjens, 7 Sept.; first stone by the duke of Edin-
burgh, 16 Dec. 1875.

Great Peace Jubilee in Boston, Mass., U. S., 15-20 June, 1869.
World's Peace Jubilee and International Musical Festival,
held in Boston, Mass., U. S., 17 June-4 July, 1872.
The Wagner Society in London gave concerts to introduce R.
Wagner's so-called "Music of the Future" (the due combi-
nation of music and poetry), Feb. 1873.
Wagner's "Lohengrin" performed at Covent Garden, 8 May;
at Drury-lane, 13 June, 1875. "Tannhäuser" performed at
Covent Garden, 29 April, 1876.

Three series of performances of Wagner's "Ring des Nibe-
lungen," in four parts (Rheingold, Wa küre, Siegfried, and
Gotterverdämmerung), at Bayreuth, in presence of the em
perors of Germany and Brazil, the king of Bavaria, and
many other sovereigns and princes, 13 Aug. et seq. 1876; at
Berlin, May, 1881.

Wagner Festival, Royal Albert Hall, London (Wagner present), 7-19 May, 1877.

MUSICAL CHARITIES. Royal Society of Musicians established 1738; incorporated 1790.

Royal Society of Female Musicians established 1839.

Choir Benevolent Fund, 1851.

Sacred Harmonic Benevolent Fund, 1855.

Tallis..

Palestrina

T. Morley

Purcell.

Walter Calverly, esq., of Calverly in Yorkshire, having murdered two of his children, and stabbed his wife in a fit of jealousy, being arraigned for his crime at York assizes, stood mute, and was thereupon pressed to death in the castle-a large iron weight being placed upon his breast, 5 Aug. 1605. -Stow.

Major Strangeway suffered death in a similar manner at Newgate, for the murder of his brother-in-law, Mr. Fussell, 1657.

Judgment was awarded against mutes, as if they were convicted or had confessed, by 12 Geo. III. 1772.

A man refusing to plead was condemned and executed at the Old Bailey on a charge of murder, 1778, and another on a charge of burglary at Wells, 1792.

An act passed by which the court is directed to enter a plea of "not guilty" when the prisoner will not plead, 1827.

Mutina (now Modena), N. Italy. Here Marc Antony, after defeating the consul Pansa, was himself beaten with great loss by Hirtius, the other consul, and fled to Gaul, 27 April, 43 B.C.

Mutinies, BRITISH. The mutiny throughout the fleet at Portsmouth for an advance of wages, April, 1797. It subsided on a promise from the admiralty, which not being quickly fulfilled occasioned a second Died mutiny on board the London man-of-war; admiral Colpoys and his captain were put into continement for or1604 dering the marines to fire, whereby some lives were lost. 1624 The mutiny subsided 10 May, 1797, when an act was passed to raise the wages, and the king pardoned the mutineers.

1585

1594

EMINENT MUSICAL COMPOSERS.

Born

1529
1583
1600 1662
1633 1672
1658 1695

1685 1750 Mutiny of the Bounty, 28 April, 1789; see Bounty.
1684 1759 Mutiny at the Nore, which blocked up the trade of the Thames,
broke out on 27 May, 1797, and subsided 13 June, 1797,
when the principal mutineers were put in irons, and sev
eral executed (including the ringleader, who had assumed
the name of rear admiral Richard Parker), 30 June, at Sheer-

Orlando Gibbons.

H. Lawes.

Lully

J. Seb. Bach*

G. F. Handel.

T. A. Arne

1710

C. Gluck

1714

W. A. Mozart

1778 1787 1756 1791

Joseph Haydn.

1732

1809

C. Dibdin..

1748

1814

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ness.

Mutiny of the Danaë frigate; the crew carried the ship into
Brest harbor, 27 March, 1800.

Mutiny on board admiral Mitchell's fleet at Bantry Bay, Dec.
1801, and January following; see Bantry Bay.
Mutiny at Malta, began 4 April, 1807, and ended on the 12th,
when the mutineers (chiefly Greeks and Corsicans) blew
themselves up by setting fire to a large magazine, consist-
ing of between 400 and 500 barrels of gunpowder.
1810 1856 Mutiny on the Jefferson Borden, U. S. schooner; two mates
1783 1859 murdered; put down by the captain, 20 April; vessel ar-
rived at Gravesend, May; 2 men condemned at Boston, U. S.,
1 Oct. 1875.

1799 1862

1794

1864

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1868

Mutiny on the Lennie, British ship, bound for America, cap1870 tain and two mates murdered by foreign seamen, 31 Oct. 1784 1871 1875. Van Hoydek, steward, managed to get the vessel to 1871 the Isle of Rhé; 11 men seized and conveyed to London; 1794 1871 tried, 4 convicted, 4 May; executed, 23 May, 1876. 1816 1875 Mutiny on the Caswell, Glasgow bark, capt. G. Best, 4 Jan., 1804 on way home from Valparaiso; captain and 3 men killed; mutineers overcome by others, some killed; vessel brought to Queenstown, 13 May; Christos Baumbos sentenced to death, 31 July; executed at Cork, 25 Aug. 1876. Giuseppe Pistoria executed at Cork, 25 Aug. 1879.

1810

1813

1813

1818

1844

Musical Glasses, see under Harmonic and Copo

phone.

*He had eleven sons musicians: four distinguished.

Mutiny in 19th Hussars, Curragh camp, Dublin; through discontent with officers on account of extra duty, 8 Sept.; 75 arrested; court-martial; sentenced to penal servitude, 2 for 5 years, 2 for 6 years, 1 for 7 years, 1 for 8 years, 14 Nov. 1877.

For Indian mutinies, see Madras, 1806, and India, 1857.

Mutiny Act (1 & 2 Will. and Mary, c. 5), for the discipline, regulation, and payment of the army, etc., was passed 12 April, 1689, and has since been re-enacted annually.

A parliamentary commission reported in favor of consolidating and simplifying military law by combining the Mutiny act and articles of war in a new act to be passed annually, etc., July, 1878.

Mycale (Ionia, Asia Minor), BATTLE OF, fought between the Greeks (under Leotychides, the king of Sparta, and Xantippus the Athenian) and the Persians, 22 Sept. 479 B.C.; the day on which Mardonius was defeated and slain at Platæa by Pausanias. The Persians (about 100,000 men), who had just returned from the unsuccessful expedition of Xerxes in Greece, were completely defeated, thousands of them slaughtered, and their camp burned. The Greeks sailed back to Samos with an immense booty.

Mycenæ, a division of the kingdom of Argives, in the Peloponnesus. It stood about fifty stadia from Argos, and flourished till the invasion of the Heraclidæ. Early history mythical.

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Discoveries on the supposed site of Mycenae made by Dr. Schliemann; reported.....A. D. March, 1874-Sept. 1876 Visited by the emperor of Brazil... 15 Oct. CL Discovery of tombs of Agamemnon and others, and many treasures; announced by Dr. Schliemann, 28 Nov. Dr. Schliemann reports his discoveries to the Society of Antiquaries, London, 22 March; publishes his "My. cenæ "

66

.Dec. 1877 Mylæ, a bay of Sicily where the Romans, under their consul Duilius, gained their first naval victory over the Carthaginians, and took fifty of their ships, 260 B.C. Here also Agrippa defeated the fleet of Sextus Pompeius, 36 B.C.

Myographion, an apparatus for determining the velocity of the nervous current, invented by H. Helmholtz in 1850, and since improved by Du Bois Raymond and others.

Mysore (S. India) was made a flourishing kingdom by Hyder Ali, who dethroned the reigning sovereign in 1761, and by his son, Tippoo Sahib, who considerably harassed the English. Tippoo was chastised by them in 1792; and on 4 May, 1799, his capital, Seringapatam, was taken by assault, and himself slain. The

English established a prince of the old royal family as maharajah of part of Mysore in 1799. Being without an heir, he was permitted to adopt a child of four years of age, in Aug. 1867; who succeeded him at his death, 27 March, 1868, and assumed the government in May, 1881. Tippoo's last surviving son, Gholam Mahomet, a British pensioner, died at Calcutta, 11 Aug. 1872.

66

Mysteries, derived from the Greek μvorýρior, a The Sacred mysteries is a mystery or revealed secret. term applied to the doctrines of Christianity, called the "mystery of godliness," 1 Tim. iii. 16, as opposed to the mystery of iniquity," 2 Thess. ii. 7. The Profane mysteries were the secret ceremonies performed by a select few in honor of some deity. From the Egyptian mysteries of Isis and Osiris sprang those of Bacchus and Ceres among the Greeks. The Eleusinian mysteries were introduced at Athens by Eumolpus, 1356 B.C. MYSTERY PLAYS, see Drama.

Mystics, a name given to those theologians who, in addition to the obvious meaning of the Holy Scriptures, assert that there are interpretations to be discovered by means of an emanation of the Divine Wisdom, by which the soul is enlightened and purified; for which purpose they advocate seclusion for contemplation and asceti

cism.

Mysticism taught at Alexandria by Clemens, Pantænus, Origen, and others, who mingled Christianity and Platonism, second and third centuries.

Much promoted by the works of the Pseudo-Dionysius ("The Mystic Theology," etc.), sixth century.

Introduced into the Western empire, ninth century. Eminent mediæval mystics (opposed by the schoolmen): Master Eckhart (1251-1329); John Tauler of Strasburg, where he acted heroically during the plague termed the "black death" (1290-1361); Henry Suso (1300-65). They aimed at a more spiritual religion than Romanism; but their followers were charged with immorality, pantheism, communism, and maintaining private inspiration. Jacob Böhme or Behmen, the German mystic, published his "Aurora" (an alleged divine revelation), 1612; died 18 Nov. 1624.

For modern mystics, see Quakers, Quietists, Hutchinsonians, and Swedenborgians.

Mythology (Greek μv0oç, fable), the traditions respecting the gods of any people. Thoth (or Mercury Trismegistus) is supposed to have introduced mythology among the Egyptians, 1521 B.C.; and Cadmus, the worship of the Egyptian and Phoenician deities among the Greeks, 1493 B.C.

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N.

B.C.-3967 Julian period. To find the Julian year on which the year of Nabonassar begins, subtract the year, if before Christ, from 748; if after Christ, add to it 747.

Naas (E. Ireland). Here a desperate engagement | Thursday, in "L'Art de Vérifier les Dates "), 26 Feb. 747 took place between a body of royal forces and the insurgent Irish, 24 May, 1798, during the rebellion. The latter were defeated with the loss of 300 killed and many wounded.

Nabonassar, ERA OF, received its name from the prince of Babylon, under whose reign astronomical studies were much advanced in Chaldæa. The years contain 365 days each, without intercalation. The first day of the era was Wednesday (said, in mistake, to be

Nachod (Bohemia). At this place the Prussians, under their crown-prince, defeated the Austrians, after a severe conflict, 27 June, 1866. The Prussian Uhlans vanquished the Austrian cavalry.

Nacolea (Phrygia). Near here the usurper Proco

pius was defeated, and soon afterwards slain by the emperor Valens, 366.

Nantes (W. France), formerly capital of the Namnetes. The edict in favor of the Protestants issued here

Nafels (Switzerland). Here an Austrian army was by Henry IV., 13 April, 1598, was revoked by Louis defeated by a small body of Swiss, 1388.

Naga Hills Massacre, see India, 1875.

Nag's Head Story. Matthew Parker was consecrated archbishop of Canterbury at Lambeth, 17 Dec. 1559, by bishops Barlow, Coverdale, Scory, and Hodgkins. Many years after, the Romish writers asserted that Parker and others had been consecrated at the Nag's Head Tavern, Cheapside, by Scory. This fiction was refuted by Burnet.

Nahum, FESTIVAL OF. Nahum, the seventh of the twelve minor prophets, about 713 B.C.; the festival is

24 Dec.

Naini Tal, see Landslips, 18 Sept. 1880.

Naissus (Moesia). The Goths were defeated near here with great slaughter by the emperor Claudius II.,

269.

Najara, or NAVARETE (N. Spain). At Logroño, near these places, Edward the Black Prince defeated Henry de Trastamere, and re-established Peter the Cruel on the throne of Castile, 3 April, 1367.

Names. Adam and Eve named their sons (Gen. iv. 25, 26). A Roman citizen had generally three names; prænomen, denoting the individual; nomen, the gens or clan; cognomen, the branch of the clan; sometimes he had the agnomen (e. g., Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus). The popes change their names on their exaltation to the pontificate, "a custom introduced by pope Sergius, whose name till then was Swine-snout," 687.Platina. Onuphrius refers it to John XII., 956; stating that it was done in imitation of SS. Peter and Paul, who were first called Simon and Saul. In France the name given at baptism was sometimes changed. The two sons of Henry II. of France were christened Alexander and Hercules; at their confirmation these names were changed to Henry and Francis. Monks and nuns, at their entrance into monasteries, assume new names; see Surnames. Miss Yonge's "History of Christian Names," published 1863. M. A. Lower's "Patronymica Britannica," 1860.

Namur, in Belgium, was made a county in 932: taken by the French, 1 July, 1692; by William of England, 4 Aug. 1695; ceded to the house of Austria by the peace of Utrecht, and garrisoned by the Dutch as a barrier town of the United Provinces in 1715. The city of Namur was ceded to Austria, 1713; taken by the French in 1746, but was restored in 1749. In 1782, the emperor Joseph expelled the Dutch garrison. In 1792 it was again taken by the French, who were compelled to evacuate it in 1793; regained 1794; delivered up to the allies, 1814; assigned to Belgium, 1831. It was the site of a severe conflict in June, 1815, between the Prussians and the French under Grouchy, when retreating after the battle of Waterloo.

Nancy (N.E. France), an ancient city, capital of Lorraine in the thirteenth century. After taking Nancy, 29 Nov. 1475, and losing it, 5 Oct. 1476, Charles the Bold of Burgundy was defeated beneath its walls, and slain by the duke of Lorraine and the Swiss, 5 Jan. 1477; see Lorraine. Nancy was embellished by Stanislas, exking of Poland, who resided and died here Feb. 1766. It was captured by Blucher, Jan. 1814; and on the retreat of MacMahon's army, and expecting the German army, surrendered to four Uhlans, 12 Aug. 1870. It was restored at the peace.

Nankin, said to have been made the central capital of China, 420. It was the court of the Ming dynasty from 1369 till Yung-lo removed it to Pekin in 1410. On 4 Aug. 1842, the British ships arrived at Nankin, and peace was made. The rebel Tae-pings took it on 19, 20 March, 1853. It was recaptured by the imperialists, 19 July, 1864, and found to be in a very desolate condition.

XIV., 22 Oct. 1685. Awful cruelties were committed here by the republican Carrier, Oct.-Nov. 1793; see Drowning.

Naphtha, a clear, combustible rock oil, known to the Greeks, called "oil of Media," and thought to have been an ingredient in the Greek fire (which see). Napier's Bones, see Logarithms.

Naples, formerly the continental division and seat of government of the kingdom of the Two Sicilies, began with a Greek colony named Parthenope (about 1000 B.C.), which was afterwards divided into Palæopolis (the old) and Neapolis (the new city); from the latter the present name is derived. The colony was conquered by the Romans in the Samnite war, 326 B.C. Naples, after resisting the power of the Lombards, Franks, and Germans, was subjugated by the Normans under Roger Guiscard, king of Sicily, A.D. 1131. Few countries have had so many political changes and cruel and despotic rulers, or suffered so much by convulsions of nature, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, etc. In 1856, the population of the kingdom of Naples was 6,886,030, of Sicily, 2,231,020; total, 9,117,050. It now forms part of the revived kingdom of Italy. Naples conquered by Theodoric the Goth.. The city retaken by Belisarius... Taken again by Totila..... Retaken by Narses.

Becomes a duchy nominally subject to the Eastern em

pire.

Duchy of Naples greatly extended..

493

536

543

552

.568 or 572

Robert Guiscard, the Norman, made duke of Apulia,

founds the kingdom of Naples... Naples conquered, and the kingdom of the Two Sicilies founded by Roger Guiscard II...

593

1059

1131

.26 Feb. 1266

29 Oct. 126S 30 March, 1282

The imperial house of Hohenstaufen (see Germany) ob-
tains the kingdom by marriage, and rules........1194-1266
The pope appoints Charles of Anjou king, who defeats
the regent Manfred (son of Frederick II. of Germany)
at Benevento (Manfred slain).
Charles defeats Conradin (the last of the Hohenstaufens
who had come to Naples by invitation of the Ghibel-
lines) at Tagliacozzo, 23 Aug.; Conradin beheaded,
The massacre called the Sicilian Vespers (which see),
Andrew of Hungary, husband of Joanna I., murdered,
18 Sept. 1345
His brother Louis, king of Hungary, invades Naples.... 1349
.22 May, 1382
Queen Joanna put to death
Alphonso V. of Aragon (called the Wise and Magnani-
mous), on the death of Joanna II., seizes Naples.
Naples conquered by Charles VIII. of France.
And by Louis XII. of France and Ferdinand of Spain,
who divide it...

Expulsion of the French

1435 1494

1501 1504

Naples and Sicily united to Spain
Insurrection of Masaniello, occasioned by the extortions
of the Spanish viceroys. An impost was claimed on a
basket of figs and refused by the owner, with whom
the populace took part, headed by Masaniello (Thomas
Aniello), a fisherman; they obtained the command of
Naples, many of the nobles were slain and their pal-
aces burned, and the viceroy was compelled to abolish
the taxes and to restore the privileges granted by
Charles V. to the city..
...June, 1647

Masaniello, intoxicated by his success, was slain by his
..16 July,
own followers.
Another insurrection suppressed by don John of Aus
Oct.

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66

..13 Oct.

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Ferdinand, re-established, soon returns to tyrannical
..June,
A plague rages in Naples...
.Nov. 1815-June, 1816
Establishment of the society of the Carbonari...
1819
Successful insurrection of the Carbonari under gen. Pépé;
the king compelled to swear solemnly to a new consti-
tution..
13 July, 1820
The Austrians invade the kingdom at the king's instiga-
tion; gen. Pépé defeated.
.7 March, 1821
.23 March,
....4 Jan. 1825

Fall of the constitutional government.
Death of Ferdinand (reigned 66 years)..

[In 30 years, 100,000 Neapolitans perished by various kinds of death.]

Insurrection of the Carbonari suppressed.

66

.Aug. 1828 Accession of Ferdinand II., Bomba (as faithless and ty rannical as his predecessors) .8 Nov. 1830 Dispute with England respecting the sulphur trade, 1838; settled. ..May, 1840 Attilio and Emilio Bandiero, with 18 others, attempting an insurrection in Calabria, are shot... .17 Jan. 1844 [The statement that lord Aberdeen had given notice of this attempt was contradicted by his lordship.] Prospect of an insurrection in Naples: the king grants a new constitution, with liberal ministry.. .29 Jan. 1848 Great fighting in Naples; the liberals and the national guard almost annihilated by the royal troops, aided by the lazzaroni.. 15 May, A martial anarchy prevails; the chiefs of the liberal party arrested in.. Settembrini, Poerio, Carafa, and others, after a mock trial, are condemned, and consigned to horrible dungeons for life.. After remonstrances with the king on his tyrannical government (May), the English and French ambassadors are withdrawn. ..28 Oct. 1856 Attempted assassination of the king by Milano....8 Dec. The Cagliari, a Sardinian mail steamboat plying between Genoa and Tunis, sailed from the former port on 25 June, 1857, with 33 passengers, who, after a few hours' sail, took forcible possession of the vessel, and compelled the two English engineers (Watt and Park) to steer to Ponza..

Dec. 1849

June, 1850

.25 June, 1857

[Here they landed, released some prisoners there, took them on board, and sailed to Sapri, where they again landed, and restored the vessel to its commander and crew. The latter steered immediately for Naples; but on the way the vessel was boarded by a Neapolitan cruiser, and all the crew were landed and consigned to dungeons, where they remained for nine months waiting for trial, suffering great privations and insults. This caused great excitement in England; and, after much negotiation, the crew were released, the vessel given up to the British government, and 30007. given as a compensation to the sufferers.]

1131. Roger I. (of Sicily, 1130), Norman. 1154. William I. the Bad; son.

1166. William II. the Good; son. 1189. Tancred, natural son of Roger.

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A subscription for Poerio and his companions in England amounted to 10,000l... ...July, Insubordination among the Swiss troops at Naples, many shot, 7 July; major Latour sent to Naples by the Swiss Confederation. 16 July, ...Oct.

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Army increased; defences strengthened.
Many political imprisonments; the foreign ambassadors
collectively address a note to the king stating the ne-
cessity for reform in his states, 26 March; the count of
Syracuse recommends reform and alliance with Eng-
land
. April, 1860
Garibaldi lands in Sicily, 11 May; defeats the Neapolitan
army at Calatafimi..
...15 May,
Revolutionary committee at Naples..
...15 June,
Francis II. proclaims an amnesty; promises a liberal
ministry; adopts a tricolor flag, etc... .....26 June,
Baron Brenier, French ambassador, wounded in his car-
riage by the mob.
27 June,

A liberal ministry formed; destruction of the commissa-
riat of the police in 12 districts; state of siege pro-
claimed at Naples; the queen-mother flees to Gaeta,
28 June,
Garibaldi defeats Neapolitans at Melazzo, 20 July; enters
Messina, 21 July; the Neapolitans agree to evacuate
Sicily
30 July,
The king of Sardinia in vain negotiates with Francis II.
for alliance.
...July,
Francis II. proclaims the re-establishment of the constitu-
tion of 1848, 2 July; the army proclaim count de Trani
king.
10 July,
Garibaldi lands at Melito, 18 Aug.; takes Reggio. 21 Aug.
Defection in army and navy; Francis II. retires to Gaeta,
6 Sept.; Garibaldi enters Naples without troops. 7 Sept.
Garibaldi assumes the dictatorship, 8 Sept.; gives up the
Neapolitan fleet to the Sardinian admiral Persano, 11
Sept.; expels the Jesuits; establishes trial by jury;
releases political prisoners..
.Sept.
He repulses the Neapolitans at Cajazzo, 19 Sept.; defeats
them at the Volturno
..1 Oct.

The king of Sardinia enters the kingdom of Naples, and
takes command of his army, which combines with
Garibaldi's
Naples unsettled through intrigues..

66 66

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Death of Sisto Riario Sforza, cardinal archbishop, a pro-
posed successor to the pope...
....6 Oct.
Antonio Scialoia, statesman and financier, died, aged 61,
about 17 Oct. 66
Revival of brigandage, chiefly in the south....July-Aug. 1878
(General history under Italy.)

SOVEREIGNS OF NAPLES AND SICILY.
1250. Conrad; son.

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1254. Conradin, son; but his uncle,

1258. Manfred, natural son of Frederick II., seizes the government; killed at Benevento in 1266.' 1266. Charles of Anjou, brother of St. Louis, king of France. [Conradin beheaded, 29 Oct. 1268.] 1282. Insurrection in Sicily.

(Separation of the kingdoms in 1282.)

1343. Joanna (reigns with her husband, Andrew of Hungary), 1343-45; with Louis of Tarento, 1349-62; Joanna put to death (22 May, 1382) by

1382. Charles III., grandson of Charles II; he becomes king of Hungary; assassinated there, 1386.

66 Louis I., titular, crowned.

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1385. Louis II., son of Louis I.
1386. Ladislas of Hungary.
1414. Joanna II., sister, dies in 1435, and bequeaths her do-
minions to Regnier of Anjou. They are acquired by
1435. Alphonso I., thus king of Naples and Sicily.

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1815. Ferdinand I., formerly Ferdinand IV., of Naples and 1859. Francis II., 22 May; born 16 Jan. 1836; last KING OF Sicily.

1825. Francis I.

1830. Ferdinand II., Nov. 8 (termed king Bomba).

Napoléon, Code, see Codes.

Napoleon Memorial. Subscriptions from the royal family and the three services for a statue of prince Louis Napoleon (killed in Zululand, 1 June, 1879) were closed about 15 July, 1879. The statue was placed in St. George's chapel, Windsor, May, 1881; placing it in Westminster Abbey having been much opposed.

NAPLES; deposed; fled 6 Sept. 1860.

1861. Victor Emmanuel II. of Sardinia, as KING OF ITALY,

March; see Italy, end.

war the uchy was annexed to Prussia by decree, 20 Sept., and possession taken 8 Oct. 1866. Population of the duchy in 1865, 468,311.

1788. Count Frederick William made DUKE in 1806. 1839. Adolphus William Charles, born 24 July, 1817. 1814. William George, 20 Aug.

Narbonne (S.E. France), the Roman Narbo Martius, founded 118 B.C., made capital of a Visigothic king-The Zulu power established about.... dom, 462; captured by the Saracens, 720; retaken by Pepin le Bref, 759. Gaston de Foix, the last vicomte (killed at Ravenna, 11 April, 1512), resigned it to the king in exchange for the duchy of Nemours. Many councils held here, 589-1374.

Narceine AND Narcotine, alkaloids obtained from Opium (which see). Narceine was discovered by Pelletier in 1832; and narcotine by Derosne in 1803.

Here Peter the Great of

Narva (Esthonia, Russia). Russia was totally defeated by Charles XII. of Sweden, then in his nineteenth year, 30 Nov. 1700. The army of Peter is said to have amounted to 60,000, some Swedes affirm 100,000 men, while the Swedes were about 20,000. Charles attacked the enemy in his intrenchments, and slew 18,000; 30,000 surrendered. He had several horses shot under him. He said, "These people seem disposed to give me exercise." Narva was taken by Peter in 1704.

Naseby (Northamptonshire), the site of a decisive victory over Charles I. by the parliament army under Fairfax and Cromwell. The main body of the royal army was commanded by lord Astley; prince Rupert led the right wing, sir Marmaduke Langdale the left, and the king himself headed the body of reserve. The king fled, losing his cannon, baggage, and nearly 5000 prisoners, 14 June, 1645.

Nashville (Tennessee, U. S.) was occupied by the confederates in 1861, and taken by the federals, 23 Feb. 1862. Near here the confederates under Hood were defeated by the federals under Thomas, 14-16 Dec.

1864.

Nassau, a German duchy, made a county by the emperor Frederick I. about 1180, for Wolfram, a descendant of Conrad I. of Germany; from whom are descended the royal house of Orange now reigning in Holland (see Orange and Holland), and the present duke of Nassau. Wiesbaden was made the capital in 1839. On 25 April, 1860, the Nassau chamber strongly opposed the conclusion of a concordat with the pope, and claimed liberty of faith and conscience. The duke adopted the Austrian motion at the German diet, 14 June, and after the

1721

1812 1823

Natal (Cape of Good Hope). Vasco de Gama landed here on 25 Dec. 1497, and hence named it Terra Natalis. The Dutch attempted to colonize it about... Lieut. Farewell, with some emigrants, settled.. Capt. Allen Gardiner's treaty with the Zulus.. .6 May, 1835 Dutch republic, Natalia, set up; put down by the Brit Natal annexed to the British possessions.. ...8 Aug. 1843 Made a bishopric (Dr. John Wm. Colenso, bishop), 1853; and an independent colony... Attempts to depose bishop Colenso for unsound doctrine having failed, the rev. W. R. Macrorie was sent out as bishop of Maritzburg, to act with the clergy opposed to their bishop.. .Dec. 1868

ish....

.12 May, 1842

(See Church of England, 1863-8.) A bishop of Zululand appointed.... Alleged insurrection of Caffres under Langalibalele quickly suppressed..

1856

1871 . Nov. Dec. 1873

He and others were tried, it was said illegally, and punished with imprisonment; he is sent to Robben Island.......

.4 Aug. 1874

Bishop Colenso came to England to advocate his case... Sir Garnet Wolseley sent as temporary governor, Feb.; Langalibalele released, and placed under surveillance out of the colony, sir Garnet returns.. ..Aug. 1875 Governors of Natal: Robert Wm. Keate, 1867; Anthony Musgrave, 1873; sir Benjamin C. C. Pine, 1874; sir H. Ernest Bulwer, Sept. 1878; sir Garnet Wolseley, May, 1879; sir George Pomeroy Colley, May, 1880; killed at the battle of Majuba Hill.. ..27 Feb. 1881 Population, 326,957 (20,490 whites), 1876. (For the war, see Zululand, 1879.) National Academy of Design, New York city, founded 1826.

National Anthem, see God save the King. National Assembly, FRENCH. Upon the proposition of the abbé Siéyès, the states-general of France constituted themselves the National Assembly, 17 June, 1789. On the 20th the hall of this new assembly was shut by order of the king; upon which the deputies of the tiers état repaired to the Jeu de Paume, or Tenniscourt, and swore not to dissolve until they had digested a constitution for France. On the 22d they met at the church at St. Louis. This assembly abolished the state religion, annulled monastic vows, divided France into departments, sold the national domains, established a national bank, issued assignats, and dissolved itself 21 Sept. 1792; see National Convention. In 1848 the legislature was again termed the National Assembly. It met 4 May, and a new constitution was proclaimed, 12 Nov. A new constitution was once more proclaimed by Louis

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