Napoleon in Jan. 1852, after dissolving the National As- | 1870. Funded debt... Unfunded. 1872. Funded debt.. National Assembly, GERMAN, see Germany, 1873. Funded debt.. 1848. Unfunded. 1874. Funded debt. 1875. Funded debt. Unfunded. 1876. Funded debt.. National Associations. One was formed in 1584, headed by the earl of Leicester, to protect queen Elizabeth from assassination, in consequence of the discovery of various plots. Another for the defence of William III. against assassins was established in 1696, of which all persons holding office under government were required to be members; see Aid to Sick and Wounded, Artillery, Colonies, Employers, Farmers, Social Science, 1879. Funded debt. and Volunteers for other national associations. National Benevolent Institution, established 1812, incorporated 1859. Pensions are granted to decayed gentry, and to professional people, teachers, and others in reduced circumstances. 1877. Funded debt.. Unfunded. 1878. Funded debt.. Unfunded. Unfunded. 1880. Funded debt. Unfunded. .£741,514,681 6,761,500 732,043,270 6,091,000 731,756,962 5,155,100 727,374,082 4,829,100 723,514,005 4,479,600 714,797,715 5,239,000 713,657,517 *11,401,800 712,621,355 *13,943,800 710,843,007 *20,603,000 709,430,593 25,870,100 710,476,359 27,344,900 [Exclusive of terminable annuities, estimated 1867, 27,521,5137.; 1872, 55,749,070.; 1876, 51,911,2271.; 1878, 46,335,5891.] Sir Stafford Northcote's act provides the annual charge of 28,000,000l.; the surplus to be devoted to the reduction of the debt-1876. The annual interest in 1850 was 23,862,2577.; and the total interest, including annuities, amounted to 27,699,740%. On 1 Jan. 1851, the total unredeemed debt of Great Britain and Ireland was 769,272,5627., the charge on which for interest and management was 27,620,4491. The total charge on the debt for interest and management, 1872, 26,839,6014. National Convention of France, constituted in the hall of the Tuileries 17 Sept. and formally opened 21 Sept. 1792, when M. Grégoire, at the head of the National Assembly, announced that that assembly had ceased its functions. It was then decreed "That the citizens named by the French people to form the National Convention, being met to the number of 371, after having verified their powers, declare that the National Conven-France. tion is constituted." This convention continued until a Italy. new constitution was organized, and the Executive Directory was installed at the Little Luxembourg, 1 Nov. 1795; see Directory. The Chartists (which see) in England formed a National Convention in 1839. National Debt OF THE UNITED STATES. following statement shows the amount of the national debt of the United States on 1 Jan. of each year until 1843, and on 1 July in each year since that time: 1791.. 1792. National Debt. The first mention of parliamentary security for a debt of the nation occurs in the reign of Henry VI. The present national debt may be said to have commenced in the reign of William III., 1689. It amounted, in 1697, to about five millions sterling, and was then thought to be of alarming magnitude. The sole cause of the increase has been war. By an act passed 31 May, 1867, the conversion of 24,000,000l. of the debt into terminable annuities was provided for. The law is 1796. consolidated by the National Debt act, passed 1870; amended by act passed 2 Aug. 1875; see Sinking Fund. 1793. | 1837.. $75,463,476.52 1838. 77,227,924.66 1839. 80,352,634.04 1840. 78,427,404.77 1841. 80,747,587.39 1842. 83,762,172.07 1843. 82,064,479.33 79,228,529.12 1843.. 78,408,669.77 1844. 15,925,303.01 1801. 83,038,050.80 1846. 15,550,202.97 1702. Anne.. 1802. 16,394,702 1763. George III. (end of Seven Years' war), nearly 138,865,430 1786. After American war... 249,851,628 82,312,150.50 1850. 63,452,773.55 1817. English and Irish exchequers consolidated, 848,282,477 1830. Total amount 840,184,022 1809.. 1810. 1850. Ditto... 1811. 787,029,162 (31 March) 1855. Ditto.. 1856. Ditto 1857. Funded debt.. Unfunded. 1858. Funded debt. Unfunded.. 1859. Funded debt.. Unfunded. 1860. Funded debt. Unfunded.. 1861. Funded debt. 1818. 779,225,495 25,911,500 1819.. 786,801, 154 1820. 18,277,400 1821. 785,962,000 1822. 1823. 16,228,300 785,119,609 1824. 1825. 1826. 1827. 16,517,900 1828. 1829 1830. 123,491,965.16 1862. 2,234,482,993.20 2,253,251, 328.78 7,001,698.83 1878. .... 2,251,690,468.43 2,232,284,531.95 2,180,395,067.15 2,205,301,392.10 2,256,205,892, 53 2,349,567,482.04 funding the National Debt" in "Appletons' Annual Cy. | On 4 April, 1879, subscriptions to the 4-per-cent. loan were reclopædia" for 1879: The house of representatives passed a resolution, 21 Sept. 1789, directing the secretary of the treasury to prepare a plan for supporting the public credit. In response, the secretary (Hamilton) submitted his first report, 9 Jan. 1790. The first refunding act, drawn in accordance with Hamilton's suggestions, was approved 4 Aug. 1790. Under this act the state debts, and the foreign and domestic debt of the nation, were consolidated and refunded in three classes of bonds. The proceeds of the loans authorized being insufficient to refund the whole debt, a new loan was authorized by act of congress, approved 3 March, 1795. The next refunding operation was undertaken in 1807. An act for the conversion of the various outstanding stocks into a new 6-per-cent. stock was approved 13 Feb. 1807. The holders of the old bonds did not respond to the offers made them, except in part, and the scheme partially failed. The next refunding operation occurred in 1812. An act for the conversion of the old 6-per-cent. and deferred stocks into a new 6-per-cent. stock was approved 6 July, 1812. About $3,000,000 was converted under this act. The next effort was made in 1822, when an act was approved, 20 April, authorizing the issue of a 5-per-cent. stock in exchange for the outstanding 6 and 7 per cent. stocks. This attempt failed almost entirely. The next effort was made in 1824, under an act approved 26 May, authorizing a 4-per-cent. bond. This was only in part successful, and a new attempt was made the next year, under an act approved 3 March, 1825. This scheme also failed, chiefly because the rate of interest offered (4 per cent.) was too low. No further attempts were made at that time to refund the debt; but it matured and was paid during the next ten years, the whole being practically extinguished in 1836. A new debt grew up in the years following, and in 1861 it amounted to $90,580,873.72. During the civil war this debt was swelled enormously, until, on 31 Aug. 1865, the interestbearing portion amounted to $2,381,530,294.96. This debt was represented by bonds, as follows: Four-per-cents... $618,127.98 69,175,727.65 1,281,736,439.33 830,000,000.00 Seven-and-three-tenth per cents.... Some of these bonds were paid, and others converted into the five-twenty consols of 1865, 1867, and 1868, bearing 6 per cent. interest. Refunding at lower rates of interest was clearly impossible until the credit of the government should be established more firmly than it was then, when the 6-percent, bonds were sold in the market below par. The needed improvement of credit may be said to have been begun by the passage of the act of 18 March, 1869, pledging the faith of the government for the payment of the debt in coin. The first post bellum refunding act was approved 14 July, 1870, and a further, amendatory, act was approved 20 Jan. 1871. The best classes of our 6-per-cent, bonds were still held at a considerable discount in 1870; but the improvement was so rapid that the secretary of the treasury (Boutwell) gave notice on 28 Feb. 1871 of his purpose to open subscriptions for a new 5-per-cent, loan under the refunding act. The books were opened on 6 March, and by 1 Aug. the subscriptions received amounted to $65,775,550. Early in that month the "syndicate" arrangement was made, under which an association of bankers took the remainder of the $200,000,000 offered, and the whole transaction was completed before 1 April, 1872. Further sales of 5-per-cent. bonds were made under new offers, until the whole amount authorized by the act, viz., $500,000,000, had been sold and a like amount of 6-per-cent. bonds retired. ceived, amounting to more than $132,000,000. About half of these subscriptions were rejected, and the sales ceased. On 16 April, 1879, $150,000,000 of the 4-per-cents. and $45,000,000 of refunding certificates were offered, the bonds at a premium of one half of 1 per cent., and 4-per-cents. were also offered in exchange for ten-forties. Within two days the subscriptions exceeded the offering by nearly $35,000,000. A subscription for $40,000,000 of the certificates was also declined, in order that the loans might be distributed widely among the people. For that purpose restrictions were placed upon the sale of the certificates, which was completed in June, 1879. This finished the work of refunding all the interest-bearing obligations of the government which were then subject to redemption. It was accomplished without loss to the government or the least disturbance of the business of the country. The result has been to make an annual saving of $19,900,846.50 in interest. National Dramatic Academy was proposed by prof. H. Morley and others in 1879. National Gallery, LONDON, began with the purchase, by the British government, of the Angerstein collection of 38 pictures, for 57,000l., in 1824. The first exhibition of them took place in Pall Mall on 10 May, 1824. Sir G. Beaumont (1826), Mr. Holwell Carr (1831), and many other gentlemen, as well as the British Institution, contributed many fine pictures; and the collection has been since greatly augmented by gifts and purchases. The present edifice in Trafalgar square, designed by Mr. Wilkins, was completed and opened 9 April, 1838. In July, 1857, a commission appointed to consider the propriety of removing the pictures reported in favor of their remaining in their present locality; and in 1860, 15,000l. were voted to be expended in adapting the central part of the building to exhibition purposes. On 11 May, 1861, the National Gallery was reopened after having been closed 8 months, during which time great improvements were made in the internal arrangements. On 19 June, 1865, the house of commons voted 20,000l. to buy land to enlarge the building, and an act for this purpose was passed 15 July, 1866. Visitors in 1866, 775,901; in 1871, 911,658; sum voted for year 1867-8, 15,895.; for 1876, 20,0987. Legacy from Francis William Clarke, about 24,000/., fell in 1880; 1880, pict ures 1040. Sir Charles Eastlake, director, 1850; sir William Boxall, 1866; A parliamentary return gives a list of pictures presented to or National Guard oF FRANCE was instituted by On 24 Aug. 1876 the secretary of the treasury (Morrill) entered into a contract with bankers for the sale of $300,000,000 of the Committee of Safety at Paris on 13 July, 1789 (the 4 per cent. bonds for refunding purposes. Of this sum there day before the destruction of the Bastile), to maintain was sold, before 4 March, 1877, about $90,000,000, and that order and defend the public liberty. Its first colors were amount of 6-per-cent. bonds was retired. On 6 April, sec-blue and red, to which white was added, when its forma retary Sherman, who had succeeded to the treasury, announced his intention to withdraw the 41-per-cent. loan from the market as soon as $200,000,000 should be sold, and before 1 July, 1877, this amount had been taken. Of the proceeds $15,000,000 was applied to the resumption of specie payments, the remainder to the retirement of old bonds. On 9 June, 1877, the first contract for the sale of 4-per-cent. bonds was made. For 30 days this loan was kept open to the public, under agreement with the bankers contracting for it, and during that time $75,496,550 was taken, of which $25,000,000 were applied to resumption purposes. At the end of the calendar year, 1878, there had been sold for refunding $173,085,450 of 4-per-cent, bonds. The fear that refunding operations would cause an outflow of gold to Europe in payment of called bonds led the secretary to make a contract, 21 Jan. 1879, by which $5,000,000 of the 4 per cents. was to be taken to England each month. An act of congress, approved 25 Jan. 1879, authorized the exchange of 4 per cent. consols of 1907 for equal amounts of 6per cent. five-twenty bonds, upon terms favorable to the holders. Refunding certificates of the denomination of $10, designed to popularize the loan, were authorized by act of congress, approved 26 Feb. 1879. tion was approved by the king. Its action was soon paralyzed by the revolution, and it ceased altogether under the consulate and empire. It was revived by Napoleon in 1814, and maintained by Louis XVIII., but was broken up by Charles X., after a tumultuous review in 1827. It was revived in 1830, and helped to place Louis Philippe on the throne. In 1848 its reconstitution and its enlargement from 80,000 to 100,000 men led to the frightful conflict of June, 1848. Its constitution was entirely changed in Jan. 1852, when it was subjected entirely to the control of the government. Formerly it had many privileges, such as choosing their own officers, In consequence of the defection of part of the National Guard and the incompetency of the rest during the outbreak in Paris in 1871, its gradual abolition was decreed by the national assembly at Versailles (488154), 24 Aug. 1871. The peaceful disarmament began in September. National Guards have been established etc. NAT in Spain, Naples, and other countries during the present observed by the Protestants at all. Pope Sergius I., about 690, established the latter, but it was not genercentury. ally received in France and Germany till about 1000; nor by the Eastern Christians till the twelfth century. The festival of the nativity of St. John the Baptist, 24 June, Midsummer-day, is said to have been instituted in 488. National Health Society, founded in 1873 for the collection and diffusion of sanitary knowledge, by lectures and otherwise. National Opera - house, N. Thames Embankment; Mr. Mapleson, proprietor; Mr. F. H. Fowler, archiFirst brick laid by tect; Mr. Wm. Webster, contractor. Mlle. Tietjens, 7 Sept.; first stone laid by the duke of Edinburgh, 16 Dec. 1875. Failure of the scheme reported, Nov. 1877. Scheme that the works to be resumed Nov. 1878; agreed to Jan. 1880. National Portrait Exhibitions proposed by the earl of Derby, earl Granville, and others, at a meeting in London, 13 July, 1865. They were held in what had been the refreshment - room of the exhibition of 1862 at South Kensington. The first was opened 16 April; closed 18 Aug. 1866; second, opened 3 May; closed 31 Aug. 1867; third, opened 13 April; closed 22 Aug. 1868. National Portrait Gallery was determined on in Feb. 1857, in pursuance of votes from both houses of parliament. The sum of 2000l. was appropriated for the purchase of portraits of persons eminent in British history. Donations are received under certain restrictions. The gallery, Gt. George street, Westminster, was opened 15 Jan. 1859. The collection was removed to South Kensington, Dec. 1869, and reopened 28 March, 1870. A valuable collection of national portraits appeared at the Manchester Exhibition in 1857. National Schools, see Education and Music, 1873. National Society for Promoting the Education of the Poor in the Principles of the Established Church of England, founded 1811; incorporated 1817. 13,000 schools and a million scholars are connected with it. Office: Sanctuary, Westminster. Training colleges: St. Mark's, Chelsea, Whitelands, and Battersea. About National Testimonials (subscribed for) were presented to Rowland Hill (for his exertions in obtain ing the penny postage), 17 June, 1846; and to Miss Florence Nightingale (for her beneficent exertions for the sufferers during the Crimean war), 29 Nov. 1855. National Thrift Society, formed at Oxford in 1878. Meetings have been held at the Mansion-house, London, 1880 et seq. National Trade Society, formed in June, 1871, to watch over and secure the interests of traders, and promote amendments in the law affecting commercial interests. President, W. H. Smith, M.P. Civil-service trading, the income-tax, and international exhibitions have been considered by the committee. National Training School for Music, South Kensington, founded by the duke of Edinburgh, 18 Dec. 1873; opened by him, 17 May, 1876. Natural History was studied by Solomon, 1014 B.C. (1 Kings iv. 33); Aristotle (384-322 B.C.); by Theophrastus (394-297 B.C.); and by Pliny (23–79 A.D.); see Botany, Zoology, etc. Natural Philosophy, see Philosophy. Natural Selection, see Species. Naturalism, a realistic style in literature, mainly "Medical and Emile Zola, in his Rougon-Macquart" series, 1871 et seq., portrayed deformed and diseased rather than true nature. A dramatized form of his " Assommoir," entitled "Drink," was much performed in London in 1879. An act for the Naturalization is defined to be "the making a foreigner or alien a denizen or freeman of any kingdom or city, and so becoming, as it were, both a subject and a native of a king or country that by nature he did not belong to." The first act of naturalization passed in 1437; and various similar enactments were made in most of the reigns from that time; several of them special acts relating to individuals. naturalization of the Jews passed May, 1753; but was repealed in 1754, on the petition of all the cities in England; see Jews, for the privileges since granted them. The act for the naturalization of prince Albert passed, 3 A committee to inquire into the Vict., 7 Feb. 1840. naturalization laws, appointed May, 1868, earl of Clarendon chairman, met 25 Oct. 1868; reported about Feb. 1869; and new acts for this purpose were passed 12 May, 1870, and 25 July, 1872. In 1870 there were about 9500 Americans in England, and about 2,500,000 British subjects in the United States of America. By the new act the latter were enabled to renounce their allegiance; and by the convention signed 3 Feb. 1871, the nationality of British subjects was made dependent on choice and not on birth. The first American naturalization law passed by the colo- New York, 1683; in South Carolina, 1693; in Massa chusetts.. 1666 1731 1715 1740 Uniform national law on the subject passed by Congress, 26 March, 1790 Supreme Court decided that the power to make laws on this subject belongs exclusively to the national govern ment. 1817 Nature, a weekly illustrated journal of science, first appeared 4 Nov. 1869; editor, Mr. Joseph Norman Lockyer, F.R.S. National Union was formed in 1869 to combine a number of associations supporting the Conservative party. Lecturers were employed and pamphlets circulated. The party was termed Nationalists in Aug. 1871. It included the dissatisfied of various parties. National Union Convention, see United States, fit for printing from. Kniphoff of Erfurt, between 1728 1866. In National Workshops, see Ateliers Nationaux. Nationality, a word much used since 1848. Poland, Hungary, Italy, and Germany, the struggle for In 1866, agitanationality has been long and severe. tion for this principle began in Bohemia, Slavonia, and other parts of the Austrian empire. The nationality of Ireland is the alleged basis of the Fenian agitation; see Ireland, 1870, and Home Gorernment. Nature - printing. This process consists in impressing objects, such as plants, mosses, feathers, etc., into plates of metal, causing these objects, as it were, to engrave themselves; and afterwards taking casts or copies and 1757, produced his Herbarium vivum by pressing the plants themselves (previously inked) on paper; the impressions being afterwards colored by hand. In 1833, Peter Kyhl, of Copenhagen, made use of steel rollers and lead plates. In 1842 Mr. Taylor printed lace. In 1847 Mr. Twining printed ferns, grasses, and plants; and in the same year Dr. Branson suggested the application of electrotyping to the impressions. In 1849, professor Leydolt of Vienna, by the able assistance of Mr. Andrew Worring, obtained impressions of agates and fossils. The Nativity. There are three festivals in the Roman first practical application of this process is in Von Heuand Greek churches, under this name. The Nativity fler's work on the mosses of Arpasch, in Transylvania; of Christ, also observed by the Protestants on 25 Dec. the second (the first in this country) in "The Ferns of (see Christmas); the Nativity of the Virgin Mary, not · Great Britain and Ireland,” edited by Dr. Lindley, the illustrations to which were prepared under the superintendence of Mr. Henry Bradbury in 1855-6, who also, in 1859-60, printed "The British Seaweeds," edited by W. G. Johnstone and Alex. Croall. The process was applied to butterflies by Joseph Merrin, of Gloucester, in 1864. of which are taken or destroyed, 23 Nov.; the Dutch The English gain a victory over the Dutch fleet off Ports- Naturforscher - Gesellschaft, see German Again, off the North Foreland. The Dutch and English Union. Nauvoo (Illinois), a city of the Mormons (which see); founded 1840; left 1848. Naval Architects' Institute was established in Jan. 1860. Naval Architecture. A scientific committee of fifteen appointed to consider the present state of naval architecture, and the requirements of naval warfare; six naval officers, nine scientific men; lord Dufferin chairman; about 19 Dec. 1870. A royal school of naval architecture established at South Kensington in 1864, merged into the Royal Naval College, Greenwich. Naval Artillery Volunteer Force, ROYAL, established by act passed 5 Aug. 1873. Naval Asylum, ROYAL, begun at Paddington in 1801, was transferred to Greenwich in 1807. The interior of the central portion of the building was commenced in 1613 by Anne, queen of James I., and completed in 1635 by queen Henrietta Maria, whose arms still adorn the ceiling of the room in which her son Charles II. was born, 1630. Naval Asylum OF THE UNITED STATES, near Philadelphia, established 1835. Naval Battles. The Argonautic expedition, undertaken by Jason, is the first upon record, 1263 B.C. -Dufresnoy. The first sea-fight on record is that between the Corinthians and Corcyreans, 664 B.C.-Blair. The following are among the most celebrated naval engagements (for the details of which, see separate articles): Battle of Salamis (Greek victory).. 480 466 ..B.C. 20 Oct. Battle of Cyzicus; the Lacedæmonian fleet taken by Alcibiades, the Athenian.. Battle of Arginusæ.. 410 406 Battle of Egospotamos (Spartans victors).. 405 The Persian fleet, under Conon, defeats the Spartan, at Cnidos; Pisander, the Athenian admiral, is killed, and the maritime power of the Lacedæmonians destroyed.. 394 Battle of Myla (Romans defeat Carthaginians) 260 The Roman fleet, off Trepanum, destroyed by the Carthagimans.... 249 The Carthaginian fleet destroyed by the consul Lutatius, Battle of Actium. 241 31 269 The emperor Claudius II. defeats the Goths, and sinks 2000 of their ships ...A.D. .7 Oct. 1571 Battle of Lepanto (Turks defeated) Bay of Gibraltar; Dutch and Spaniards (a bloody conflict and decisive victory, giving for a time the superiority to the Dutch)... .25 April, 1607 The Austrians defeat the Italians at Lissa (see Lissa), 20 July, 1866 NAVAL ENGAGEMENTS IN BRITISH HISTORY. [Hallam considers that the naval glory of England can first be traced in a continuous track of light" from the period of the Commonwealth.] Alfred, with 10 galleys, defeated 300 sail of Danish pirates on the Dorset and Hampshire coast (Asser's Life of Alfred). 897 Edward III. defeats the French near Sluys.. ..24 June, 1340 Off Winchelsea; Edward III. defeated the Spanish fleet of 40 large ships, and captured 26.... .29 Aug. 1350 The English and Flemings; the latter signally defeated.. 1371 Earl of Arundel defeats a Flemish fleet of 100 sail; and captures 80. .24 March, 1387 Near Milford Haven; the English take 8, and destroy 15 French ships. 1405 Off Harfleur; the duke of Bedford takes or destroys nearly 500 French ships. 15 Aug. 1416 In the Downs; a Spanish and Genoese fleet captured by the earl of Warwick 1459 Bay of Biscay; English and French, indecisive..10 Aug. 1512 Sir Edward Howard attacks the French under Prior John; repulsed and killed.... 25 April, 1513 The Spanish Armada destroyed. ...19 July, 1588 Dover straits; the Dutch admiral Van Tromp defeated by admiral Blake, 28 Sept. The Dutch surprise the English in the Downs, 80 sal engaging 40 English, several At Cadiz, when two galleons, worth 2,000,000 pieces of Decisive engagement at the mouth of the Thames; the Who is defeated by them near Cape La Hogue, Off St. Vincent; the English and Dutch squadrons, under admiral Rooke, defeated by the French......16 June, 1393 Off Carthagena, between admiral Benbow and the French fleet, commanded by admiral Du Casse. Fought 19 Aug. 1702 The other ships of the squadron, falling astern, left Benbow alone to maintain the battle. A chain-shot shattered his leg, yet he would not be removed from the quarter-deck, but continued fighting till the morning, when the French sheered off He died in Oct. following, of his wounds, at Jamaica, where, soon after his arrival, he received a letter from the French admiral, of which the following is a translation: "Carthagena, 22 Aug. 1702. "SIR, I had little hopes on Monday last but to have supped in your cabin; yet it pleased God to or der it otherwise. I am thankful for it. As for those cowardly captains who deserted you, hang them up, for, by G-d, they deserve it. DU CASSE." In the Mediterranean, admiral Leake took 60 French vessels, laden with provisions.. Spanish fleet of 29 sail totally defeated by sir George Byng, in the Faro of Messina. ..31 July, 1718 Bloody battle off Toulon; Matthews and Lestock against the fleets of France and Spain. Here brave capt. Cornewall fell with 42 men, including officers; and the victory was lost by a misunderstanding between the English admirals 11 Feb. 1743-4 Off Cape Finisterre; the French fleet of 38 sail taken by admiral Anson.. ...3 May, 1747 Off Finisterre; when admiral Hawke took 7 men-of-war of the French... ..14 Oct. Off Newfoundland; when admiral Boscawen took 2 menof war.. .10 June, 1755 Off Cape Françoise; 7 ships defeated by 3 English, 21 Oct. 1757 Admiral Pocock defeats the French fleet in the East Indies, in two actions, 1758, and again Admiral Boscawen defeats the French under De la Clue, off Cape Lagos.. 18 Aug. Admiral Hawke defeats the French fleet, commanded by Conflans, in Quiberon Bay, and thus prevents a projected invasion of England (see Quiberon Bay), 20 Nov. Keppel took 3 French frigates and a flect of merchant men.. 11 Oct. 1776 ..9 Oct. 1762 On Lake Champlain the provincial force totally destroyed by admiral Howe Capt. Sam. Marshall, of "the saucy Arethusa," 32 guns (part of Keppel's fleet), summoned La Belle Poule to surrender off Ushant, and fired across her bow; after two hours' conflict, the French made sail and escaped, 16 or 17 June, 1778 Off Ushant; a drawn battle between Keppel and D'Orvil liers.. .27 July, In New England; the American fleet totally destroyed, 30 July, 1779 Near Cape St. Vincent; admiral Rodney defeated a Spanish fleet under admiral don Langara (see Rodney), 16 Jan. 1780 At St. Jago; Mons. Suffren defeated by commodore Johnstone.. 16 April, 1781 Dogger-bank, between admiral Parker and the Dutch admiral Zoutman; 400 killed on each side........5 Aug. Admiral Rodney defeated the French going to attack Jamaica; took 5 ships of the line, and sent the French admiral, comte de Grasse, prisoner to England, 12 April, 1782 The British totally defeated the fleets of France and Spain in the Bay of Gibraltar.... ..13 Sept. East Indies; a series of actions between sir Edward Hughes and Suffren, viz.: 17 Feb. 1782, the French had 11 ships to 9; 12 April, they had 18 ships to 11, yet were completely beaten. Again, 6 July, off Trincomalee, they had 15 to 12, and were again beaten with loss of 1000 killed, 3 Sept. 1782; again... .20 June, 1783 Lord Howe defeated the French off Ushant, took six ships of war, and sank one. .1 June, 1794 Sir Edward Pellew took 15 sail; burned 7, out of a fleet of 35 sail of transports... ..8 March, 1795 French fleet defeated, and 2 ships of war taken by admi ral Hotham. Fought.. 14 March, Admiral Cornwallis took 8 transports, convoyed by 3 French men-of-war. Fought... ..7 June, Eleven Dutch East-Indiamen taken by the Sceptre, manof-war, and some armed British Indiamen in company, 19 June, L'Orient; the French fleet defeated by lord Bridport, and Victory off Cape St. Vincent (which see). Victory of Camperdown (which see) Of the Nile (which see) แ ..17 Aug. 1796 ..14 Feb. 1797 .24 July, .11 Oct. .1 Aug. 1798 Off the coast of Ireland; a French fleet of 9 sail, full of troops, as succors to the Irish, engaged by sir John Borlase Warren, and 5 taken.. ..12 Oct. The Texel fleet of 12 ships and 13 Indiamen surrenders to admiral Mitchell... .30 Aug. 1799 Capture of the Cerbere (which see). .29 July, 1800 Copenhagen bombarded (see Copenhagen).... ..2 April, 1801 Gibraltar bay; engagement between the French and British fleets; the Hannibal, of 74 guns, lost..6 July, Off Cadiz; sir James Saumarez obtains a victory over the French and Spanish fleets; 1 ship captured. Fought 12 July, Sir Robert Calder, with 15 sail, takes 2 ships (both Spanish) out of 20 sail of the French and Spanish fleets, off Ferrol (Calder censured).. 22 July, 1805 21 Oct. Victory off Trafalgar (which see).. Sir John Borlase Warren captures 2 French ships. 66 46 6 Feb. 1806 13 March, Two Russian flotillas of numerous vessels taken or destroyed by sir J. Saumarez.. ..July, French ships of the line driven on shore by lord Colling. wood (two of them burned by the French next day), 25 Oct. Bay of Rosas, where lieut. Tailour, by direction of capt. Hallowell, takes or destroys 11 war and other vessels (see Rosas Bay)...... ...1 Nov. Basseterre; La Loire and La Seine, French frigates, destroyed by sir A. Cochrane.. 18 Dec. .3 May, 1810 Action between the Tribune, capt. Reynolds, and 4 Danish brigs. Fought... 12 May, Isle of Rhé; 17 vessels taken or destroyed by the Ar mide and Cadmus... ..17 July, Capt. Barrett, in the merchant-vessel Cumberland, with 26 men, defeats four privateers and takes 170 prison16 Jan. 1811 Twenty-two vessels from Otranto taken by the Cerberus and Active.. ..22 Feb. Off Lissa (which see); brilliant victory gained over a Franco-Venetian squadron by capt. William Hoste, 13 March, Amazon, French frigate, destroyed off Cape Barfleur, 25 March, Sagone Bay; 2 French store-ships burned by capt. Barrie's ships.... ...1 May, Off Madagascar; 3 British frigates under capt. Schomberg engage 3 French, larger-sized, with troops on board, and capture 2... .20 May, The Thames and Cephalus capture 36 French vessels, French frigate Terpsichore taken by the Majestic, 3 Feb. Action between the British ships Volage and Hyacinth and 29 Chinese war-junks, which were defeated, Bombardment and fall of Acre. The British squadron under admiral Stopford achieved this triumph with trifling loss, while the Egyptians lost 2000 killed and wounded, and 3000 prisoners (see Syria). ....3 Nov. 1840 Lagos attacked and taken by commodore Bruce, with a squadron consisting of the Penelope, Bloodhound, Samson, and Teazer, war-steamers, and the Philomel brig of war... 26-27 Dec. 1851 [For naval actions which cannot be called regular battles, see China and Japan.] SHIPS TAKEN OR DESTROYED BY THE NAVAL AND MARINE FORCES OF GREAT BRITAIN. Naval Battles OF THE UNITED STATES. The | cers appointed. Esek Hopkins was made commandernavy, during the Revolution, was of little account. The in-chief, and in the spring of 1776 went southward with principal exploits were performed by privateers. In a small squadron. Dec. 1775, a navy was established by Congress, and offi Hopkins captured several British vessels, March and April, 1776 |