1813 1858-9 1745 the "Pilgrim Fathers" (with 28 women), arrived here in the Mayflower, and founded the settlement at Plymouth 11 Dec. (o.s.) 1620. This was the nucleus of 1828 Massachusetts, from whence were gradually developed New Hampshire, Vermont, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. In 1643 these settlements formed the first Amer- . ican confederation, a defensive union, with a constitution based on the Mosaic law, governed by a religious aristocracy, which lasted till 1693. Maine was made an independent state in 1820. 1835 1846-50 .31 Aug. to 26 Oct. 1853 Great fire through the explosion of Gateshead (which see), 5, 6 Oct. 1854 ..Nov. 1857 66 Great distress through failure of Northumberland Joint- New R. C. church built by the Dominicans, opened Public library opened. Thomas Holles Pelham, duke of Newcastle, first lord of the treasury. Henry Bilson Legge, chancellor of the exchequer. Earl of Holdernesse and sir Thomas Robinson (afterwards lord New Forest (Hampshire) was made (“afforested ") by William the Conqueror, 1079-85. It is said that the whole country for thirty miles in compass was laid waste. William Rufus was killed in this forest by an arrow shot by Walter Tyrrel, that accidentally glanced against a tree, 2 Aug. 1100, the site of which is now pointed out by a triangular stone. The New Forest Deer Removal act was passed 14 & 15 Vict. c. 76, 7 Aug. 1851. Agitation for the preservation of this forest, autumn, 1870; see Forests. Newfoundland (North America), discovered by Sebastian Cabot, who called it Prima Vista, 24 June, 1497. It was formally taken possession of by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, 1583. In the reign of Elizabeth, other nations had the advantage of the English in the fishery. In 1577 there were 100 fishing-vessels from Spain, 50 from Portugal, 150 from France, and only 15 (but of larger size) from England.—Hakluyt. But the English fishery in some years afterwards (1625) had increased so much that the ports of Devonshire alone employed 150 ships, which sold their fish in Spain, Portugal, and Italy. The sovereignty of England was recognized in 1713. Newfoundland obtained the privilege of a colonial legislature in 1832; and the bishopric was established in 1839; population in 1874, 161,389. Appalling fire at St. Johns, a great portion of the town destroyed, the loss estimated at 1,000,0007. sterling, 9 June, 1846. On 14 Jan. 1857, a convention was concluded between the English and French governments, confirming certain French privileges of fishery in exchange for others. The English colonists were dissatisfied with this convention. Newfoundland consented to union with the dominion of Canada, March, 1869; a railway from St. Johns to St. George's bay proposed by the colonial government Aug. 1878. Governor, col. sir Stephen J. Hill, 1870; sir John Lord Gower (succeeded by the duke of Marlborough 1755), lord H. Glover, Jan. 1876; see Canada, Nov. 1877. privy seal. Earl of Hardwicke, lord chancellor. Duke of Grafton, earl of Halifax, George Grenville, etc. Newcastle and Pitt Administration (see Chatham Administration), formed June, 1757. After various changes it resigned, May, 1762; lord Bute coming into power. Thomas Holles Pelham, duke of Newcastle, first lord of the treasury. William Pitt (afterwards lord Chatham), secretary of state for the northern department, and leader of the house of commons. Earl of Holdernesse, secretary of state for the southern depart ment. Fishery Dispute. At Fortune bay, U.S., fishers fixed nets New France, see Canada. Newgate, LONDON. The PRISON derives its name from the gate which once formed part of it, and stood a little beyond the Sessions-house in the Old Bailey. It was used as a prison for persons of rank as early as 1218; but was rebuilt about two centuries afterwards by the executors of sir Richard Whittington, whose statue with a cat stood in the niche till the time of its demolition by the great fire of London, in 1666. It was then reconstructed; but, becoming an accumulation of misery and inconvenience, was pulled down and rebuilt between 1778 and 1780. During the riots in 1780, the interior was destroyed by fire, but shortly afterwards restored. In 1857 the interior was pulled down to be re-erected on a plan adapted to the reformatory system.-Newgate MARKET, established in 1681, was ordered to be abolished by an act passed in 1861, which took effect when the meat and poultry market in Smithfield was opened, 1 Dec. 1868. New Granada (South America), discovered by Ojeda in 1499, and settled by the Spaniards in 1536. It formed part of the new republic of Bogota, established in 1811; and, combined with Caracas, formed the republic of Colombia, 17 Dec. 1819; see Colombia. New Lanark (W. Scotland). Here Robert Owen endeavored to establish socialism in 1801; and here the first infant-school was set up, 1815. "New Learning," a term applied to the revival of the study of the Bible and the Greek and Latin classics, in their original tongues, in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, which conduced greatly to the Reformation; see Humanism. Newmarket (Cambridgeshire), renowned for its horse-races. It is first mentioned in 1227; and probably derived its name from the market then recently established. James I. erected a hunting-seat here, called the king's house, to which Charles I. was taken as a prisoner in 1647, when the parliament army was quartered in the neighboring village of Kennet. Charles II., who was fond of racing, built a stand-house for the sake of the diversion, about 1667,* and from that period races have been annual to the present time, and many extraordinary races have been run; see Races. New Mexico (North America), ceded to the United States in 1848, and organized as a territory, 9 Sept. 1850. Capital, Santa Fé. New Guinea, or PAPUA, a large island, Pacific New Orleans, chief city of Louisiana, U. S. (which ocean, discovered by the Portuguese after their settle-see), founded in 1717, under the regency of the duke ment of the Moluccas, between 1512 and 1530. It was of Orleans. In 1788, seven eighths of the city were devisited by Saavedra, a Spaniard, in 1528. It is said stroyed by fire. The British attacked New Orleans in to have been named New Guinea by Ortiz de Retes, a Dec. 1814, and were repulsed with great loss by the Portuguese, 1549. Torres Strait, which divides New Americans under gen. Jackson, 8 Jan. 1815.-New OrGuinea and Australia, was discovered by Torres, a Span- leans was surrendered to the federals in April, 1862. The iard, in 1606. It was frequently visited by the Dutch strong feeling of the inhabitants in favor of the confedin the seventeenth century. They established a colony erates and against the federals induced gen. B. F. Butler and erected a fortress, named Dubus, on the S.W. coast, to rule them with military rigor, May to Oct. 1862. He in 1828, which was unsuccessful, and removed in 1835. was replaced by gen. Banks, 16 Dec. 1862. Sanguinary On 9 Oct. the New Guinea Colonizing Association proriots, begun 30 July, 1866, only suppressed by martial posed to lord Carnarvon, the colonial secretary, to send law; about 40 persons, white and colored, were killed, to New Guinea an expedition of 200 men with 50 and about 160 wounded; similar riots occurred 24 Oct. officers, in a ship of 1200 tons burden; he declined to sanction it, and referred to dangers...........30 Oct. 1875 1868, and often since. New Hampshire, one of the original United States, was settled in 1623, placed under Massachusetts, 1641; separated, 1679. Population, 1880, 346,984. Capital, Concord. New Ireland, an island in the Pacific ocean, lat. 2° 3′ S., long. 152° E.; 200 miles long, 25 miles average width. An attempt of the French marquis de Rays to colonize this island was reported a disastrous failure in August, 1880, and May, 1881; see also Ireland, New. New Jersey, one of the United States, was first settled at Bergen, by some Danish families from New York, in 1622, and by the Dutch on the Delaware, in 1623. In 1631, a colony of Swedes settled on the Delaware from Cape May to Burlington. The province was granted to the duke of York in 1664, and by him conveyed to lord Berkeley and sir George Carteret, who established a government there in 1665. With New York it was surrendered to the Dutch in 1673, and surrendered by them to the English in 1674. In 1676, the province was divided into East and West Jersey; Carteret taking the former, and William Penn and others the latter by purchase. They afterwards purchased East Jersey. After much difficulty, the province was surrendered to the crown in 1702, and continued a royal government until the Revolution. The independent state was organized in 1776, and in 1787 adopted the federal constitution. Population, 1880, 1,130,983. Capital, Trenton. New Jerusalem Church, see Swedenborgians. Disputed election of governor, 4 Nov. 1872; Kellogg rec- 1873 .15 Sept. 1874 Kellogg government overthrown by the White League, 15 Sept. 4 Jan. 1875 Reinstated by proclamation of the president....18 Sept. Epidemics of yellow fever in New Orleans: 1847. 1853. 1855. 1858. 1867. 1878. 66 25 April, 1877 New Philosophy, a term applied in the seventeenth century to that of Bacon (which see). New Plymouth, see New England. CHARTIST RIOTS. About 10,000 chartists (which see), from the *During the races, on 22 March, 1683, Newmarket was nearly destroyed by an accidental fire, which occasioned the hasty departure of the company then assembled, including the king, the queen, the duke of York, the royal attendants, and many of the nobility; and to this disaster historians have ascribed the failure of the Rye House Plot, the object of which was said to be the assassination of the king and his brother on the road from Newmarket to London, if the period of their journey had not been thus anticipated; see Rye House Plot. dispersed the mob, which fled, leaving about 20 dead and | free-trade budget near the end of the year. Industrial others wounded. A detachment of the 10th royal hussars Exhibition opened by the governor, 11 April, 1874. arrived from Bristol, and the town became tranquil. Frost was apprehended on the following day, together with his printer, and other influential persons among the chartists. He and others were tried and sentenced to death (afterwards commuted to transportation). Jan. 1840 An amnesty was granted them, 3 May, and they returned to England.. .Sept. 1856 Frost died, aged 96.. ......29 July, 1877 Newport (Rhode Island), a celebrated wateringplace. Here the eminent bishop Berkeley, and also Smybert, the earliest professional portrait-painter in America, resided for a while. It is near the entrance of Narragansett bay, and was the scene of many stirring events during the American Revolution, being occupied alternately by the British, American, and French troops, the latter, under Rochambeau, having landed there in 1780. Newport is one of the capitals of Rhode Island. New River, for the supply of London with water, was begun 1609, and finished in 1613, when the projector, Hugh Myddelton, a London goldsmith, was knighted by James I.-Strype. This artificial river, which rises in Hertfordshire, and which, with its windings, was 48 miles long, was brought to London, and opened 29 Sept. 1613. So little was the benefit of it understood that for above 30 years the 72 shares into which it was divided netted only 5. apiece. Each of these shares was sold originally for 1007. A part of a share sold at the rate of 94,050. the share, 1 Nov. 1876; part of a king's share at rate of 90,000l.; of an adventurer's share at rate of 93,2004., 15 May, 1878; king's share, rate 88,2001.; adventurer's, 91,000l., Oct. 1878; king's share, rate 91,010.; adventurer's, 94,500l., Nov. 1880. New Road, N. London (now Pentonville, Euston, and Marylebone roads) was cut through verdant meadows, 1756-7, after much opposition. Here gen. New Ross (Wexford), S.E. Ireland. Johnston totally defeated the rebels under Beauchamp D. Bagenal Harvey, 4 June, 1798. New Rugby, Tennessee, U. S., a colony of British farmers and others, founded on English principles by Mr. Thomas Hughes, formerly M.P., author of "Tom Brown's Schooldays," etc.; inaugurated 5 Oct. 1880. Newry (N. Ireland). In the rebellion of 1641, Newry was reduced to a ruinous condition; it was surprised by sir Con. Magenis, but was retaken by lord ConAfter the Restoration the town was rebuilt. It was burned by the duke of Berwick when fleeing from Schomberg and the English army, and only the castle and a few houses escaped, 1689. way. News-letters. News-writers in the reign of Charles II. collected from the coffee-houses information, which was printed weekly and sent into the country. The London Gazette, then the only authorized newspaper, contained little more than proclamations and advertise ments. New South Wales, the principal colony of Australia, on the eastern coast of New Holland, was explored and taken possession of and named by capt. Cook in 1770. At his recommendation a convict colony was first formed here. Capt. A. Phillip, the first governor, arrived at Botany Bay with 800 convicts, 20 Jan. 1788; but he subsequently preferred Sydney, about seven miles distant from the head of Port Jackson, as a more eligible situation for the capital. A new constitution was granted in 1855 (18 & 19 Vict. c. 54). The Intercolonial Exhibition was opened at Sydney, by the governor-general, lord Belmore, 30 Aug. 1870. It consisted of two departments, agricultural and non-agricultural. A conference of delegates from the Australian colonies met at Sydney in Jan. 1873, to deliberate on a customs' union, postal and railway arrangements, etc. The ministry introduced a Population in 1856, 269,722; in 1862, 367,495; in 1866, 411,388; in 1871, 519,163. The imports amounted to 6,597,0537. in 1859, to 13,672,7767. in 1876; the exports to 4,768,0497. in 1859, to 13,003,9417. in 1876. Governor, sir John Young, 1860; earl of Belmore, 1867; sir Hercules Robinson, April, 1872; see Australia and Sydney. Town of Jerilderie seized and robbed by the Victorian thieves, "Kelly gang Lord Augustus William F. S. Loftus appointed governor, International Exhibition opened by Lord A. Loftus, May; arrives at Sydney.... .8-10 Feb. 1879 ..4 Aug. 17 Sept. issued, it is said, 691 B.C. The Diurnal of Certain Passages in Parliament. The Parliament's Scout's Discovery, or Certain Information. Mercurius Britannicus. A paper called the London Gazette,‡ published 22 Aug. 1642. 1711 Daily Courant said to have been first published in 1702. A penny charged for every sheet, and a half-penny for The duty made 1d., or 47. 1s. 8d. the 1000. This also ceased. 1724 1761 1815 1836 1855 ..30 Sept. 1870 Newspapers first sent with a d. stamp affixed to the .......1 Oct. 46 cover...... of † Some copies of a publication are in existence called The English Mercury, professing to come out under the authority The researches of Mr. T. Watts, of the British Museum, proved queen Elizabeth, in 1588, the period of the Spanish Armada. these to be forgeries, executed about 1766. The full title of No. 50 is "The English Mercurie, published by authoritie, for the prevention of false reports, imprinted by Christopher Barker, her highness's printer. No. 50." It describes the Spanish Armada, giving "A journall of what passed since the 21st of this month, between her majestie's fleet and that of Spayne. transmitted by the Lord Highe Admiral to the Lordes of *Myddelton turned the first sod at Chadwell, a spring rising at the foot of a hill near Ware, 19 April. 1609; the water issued out of a deep hole, and combined with another spring, Am-council." well, forming a river about 20 feet wide. He died poor, 10 Dec. 1631. On 22 May, 1787, a London Gazette extraordinary was forged, with a view of affecting the funds. English provincial newspapers, having 875,631 advertise | Hour (conservative), 24 March, 1873......extinct 11 Aug. 1876 Daily Recorder of Commerce.. ments. In Scotland, same year, there were 110 newspapers, having 249, 141 advertisements. In Ireland, there were 102 newspapers, having 236,128 adver- In that year the number of stamps issued was-in England, The distinctive die came into use 1 Jan. 1837. By the act passed 15 June, 1855 (18 & 19 Vict. c 27), the In 1857, 71 million newspapers passed through the post-office. On 1 Oct. 1861, when the paper duty came off, the Times, Daily IRISH NEWSPAPERS. The first was the Dublin News-Letter, by Joseph Ray, 1685; Pue's Occurrences, 1700 or 1703. Faulkner's Journal was established by George Faulkner, "a man celebrated for the goodness of his heart and the weakness of his head," 1728. The oldest of the existing Dublin newspapers are Saunders's (then Esdaile's) News-Letter, 1745; and Freeman's Journal, founded as the Public Register, by the patriot Dr. Lucas, about 1755. The Limerick Chronicle, the oldest of the provincial prints, 1768. PROVINCIAL NEWSPAPERS. St. James's Gazetto (independent). .May, 1880 Worcester Postman, 1709. Newcas- Watchman (Wesleyan).. Owl (satirical) (stopped), 1864 Law Journal.. Land and Water (natural history). 1865 1866 1835 Norwich Postman, 1706. tle-on-Tyne Courant, 1711. FOREIGN NEWSPAPERS. Gazette de Venise, early in seventeenth century. Bullionist. Musical World. Medical Press.. 1876 1876 Academy (literary). 1869 Nature (scientific). ་་ Industrial Review (for 1841 merly Beehive).. Freemason... 66 Empire... 1870 Journal of Education.. N. Y. Daily Graphic (illustrated). New York Herald.. New York Times.. 1870 | Charles II. grants all the lands between the Hudson and 1835 1841 1850 The increase of newspaper literature in the United States is marvellous enough. In 1830, with a population of 23 millions, the number of newspapers published was 852 (50 of these being dailies), with a yearly issue of 68,117,796 copies; in 1840 the number of newspapers had increased to 1631, with a yearly issue of 195,838,673 copies, in 1850 the number of papers published was 2526, with an issue of 426,409,978 copies, in 1860 the number of newspapers published had risen to 4051, with an annual issue of 928,000,000 copies, being an increase of 118 per cent. for 1860 over the preceding decennial period. In 1870 there were 5871 newspapers, with a circulation of 20,842,475 copies. In 1880 there were published in the United States 980 daily, 8718 weekly, and 1075 other newspapers and periodicals. The circulation of daily newspapers was 3,637,424; that of weekly newspapers, 19,459,107 copies. The aggregate number of copies printed in 1880 was 2,077,659,675. There were 54,654 persons employed mechanically, and 16,489 editorially, in the making of newspapers; the wages paid amounted to $28,571,336. New Style. Pope Gregory XIII., in order to rectify the errors of the current calendar, published a new one, in which ten days were omitted-5 Oct. 1582 becoming 15 Oct. The new style was adopted in France, Italy, Spain, Denmark, Holland, Flanders, Portugal, in 1582; in Germany in 1584; in Switzerland in 1583 and 1584; in Hungary in 1587; and in Great Britain in 1751. In 1752 eleven days were left out of the calendar-3 Sept. being reckoned as 14 Sept. The difference between the old and new style up to 1699 was 10 days; after 1700, 11 days; after 1800, 12 days. In Russia, Greece, and throughout the East, the old style is still retained. The czar Alexander II. was born on 17 April, 1818, old style, 29 April, new style, see Calendar. New Testament, see Bible. Newtonian Philosophy, the doctrines respecting gravitation, etc., taught by sir Isaac Newton in his Principia," published in 1687; see Gravitation. He was born 25 Dec. 1642, became master of the mint, 1699; president of the Royal Society, 1703, and died 20 March, 1727. A statue of him in marble by Roubillac was set up at Trinity College, Cambridge, 14 July, 1755; and one in bronze by Theed, at Grantham, 21 Sept. 1858, when lord Brougham delivered a discourse on the life and works of Newton. The latter statue cost 16007., a sum obtained by public subscription. New Year's day, etc. The beginning of the Jewish year was changed and the Passover instituted 1491 B.C. A feast is said to have been instituted by Numa and dedicated to Janus (who presided over the new year) 1 Jan. 713 B.C. On this day the Romans sacrificed to Janus a cake of new-sifted meal, with salt, incense, and wine; and all the mechanics began something of their art of trade; the men of letters did the same, as to books, poems, etc.; and the consuls, though chosen before, took the chair and entered upon their office this day. Nonius Marcellus refers the origin of NEW YEAR'S GIFTS among the Romans to Titus Tatius, king of the Sabines, who, having considered as a good omen a present of some branches cut in a wood consecrated to Strenia, the goddess of strength, which he received on the first day of the new year, authorized the custom afterwards, and gave these gifts the name of Strenæ, 747 B.C. New York, the "Empire State" of the United States of North America, is said to have been discovered by Verrazano, a Florentine in the French service, about 1524; and rediscovered by Hudson, an Englishman in the Dutch service, in 1609, and settled by the Dutch in 1614, but the English under col. Nichols dispossessed them and the Swedes, 27 Aug. 1664. Population of the state, 1880, 5,083,810. The city confirmed to England by the peace of Breda, Alleged negro plot to burn the city and murder the in 1674 1689 1696 1725 1765 1770 1774 ...15 Sept. 1776 habitants; many fires occurred; 20 negroes hanged, a few burned at the stake, and 75 transported.... March, 1741 Colonial Congress meets in New York.. Sons of Liberty organized.. Street fight with British troops.. Tea thrown into the harbor City surrendered to the British Great fires, 21 Sept. 1776, and 3 Aug. 1778; destroying Bay frozen over; heavy teams pass on the ice from the city to Staten Island... City evacuated by the British... Coffee-house slip fire, destroying 50 buildings.. .9 Dec. 1796 New York was the capital of the state from 1784 to 1797, 300 buildings. 1780 ..25 Nov. 1783 and the seat of national government from 1785 to 1790. Washington inaugurated, in New York........30 April, 1789 Hospital riots; doctors mobbed.. Yellow fever epidemic; 200 deaths.. 66 732 2086 66 1788 1791 1798 Corner-stone of the City Hall laid (building completed 1812)..... .30 Sept. 1803 18 Dec. Academy of Fine Arts and Botanical Garden established, 1804 1805 971 66 1834 Large fire, burning a whole block of buildings and rendering 200 families homeless .8 June, 1835 Great fire; 674 of the most valuable business buildings destroyed; loss, $20,000,000... .16, 17 Dec. Methodist Book Concern burned.. ..18 Feb. 1836 Bowery Theatre burned again.. 22 Sept. Bowery Theatre burned the third time.. ..18 Feb. 1838 Large fire in Hammond street; 50 buildings destroyed, 1 Aug. National Theatre and other buildings burned...23 Sept. 1839 Large fire in Water street, near Fulton............ 5 Oct. including a public store with 20,000 chests of tea; loss, Great warehouse fire in Water street.. |