Pratt; 1000l. damages awarded to Wilkes for seizure of his papers.. 40001. damages obtained by Wilkes in an action against lord Halifax... Wilkes elected lord mayor, 8 Oct.; elected M. P. for Middlesex.. Allowed to take his seat.. Elected chamberlain of London, 1779; died. ....6 Dec. 1763 the monument in Waterloo place is inscribed: "To Franklin and his brave companions, who sacrificed their lives in completing the discovery of the northwest passage, A. D. 1847-8." Lady Franklin received a medal from the Royal Geographical Society.] Commanders Collinson and M-Clure, in the Enterprise and Investigator, sailed eastward in search of sir John Franklin ... .....20 Jan. 1850 A northwest passage discovered by capt. M'Clure, 26 Oct. North Carolina, North German, see Carolina, A German Arctic expedition (the Germania and the German. Hansa) sailed 15 June; arrived at Pendulum bay, Greenland, 18 July, 1869; the vessels parted; the Ger mania arrived at Bremen, 11 Sept. 1870; the Hansa was frozen and sank, Oct. 1869; the crew escaped with A Norwegian Arctic expedition sailed in the spring..... 1872 provisions, and reached Copenhagen...... 1 Sept. 1870 A Swedish expedition under prof. Nordenskjöld sailed from Tromso, 21 July, 1872; unsuccessful; returned in summer of.. The Northeast and Northwest Passages. attempt to discover a northwest passage was made by a Portuguese named Corte Real, about 1500. In 1585, a company was formed in London called the "Fellowship for the Discovery of the Northwest Passage." From 1743 to 1818 parliament offered 20,000/. for this discovery. In 1818 the reward was modified by proposing that 5000/. should be paid when either 1100, 120°, or 130° W. long. should be passed; one of which payments was made to sir E. Parry. For their labors in the voyages enumerated in the list below, Parry, Franklin, Ross, Back, and Richardson were knighted. Sebastian Cabot's voyages to the Arctic regions....1498, 1517 1554 Sir Martin Frobisher's attempt to find a northwest passage to China.... 1576 Capt. Davis's expeditions to find a northwest passage. 1585-6-7 .1594-5 1602 .1607-10 1612 1616 1631 [A number of enterprises, undertaken by various Hearne's land expedition.. .1728, 1729, 1741 1746 1769 Lieuts. Parry and Liddon, in the Hecla and Griper, 18 Oct. 1833 21 June, 1836 [The Geographical Society awarded the king's annual premium to capt. Back for his Polar discoveries and enterprise, Dec. 1835.] Sir John Franklin, and capts. Crozier and Fitzjames, in Sir John Franklin died 11 June, 1847 (see Franklin); sir E. Parry died 8 July, 1855, aged 65; and sir John Ross died 30 Aug. 1856, aged 80. t In 1830 he discovered Boothia Felix; on 1 June, 1831, his nephew, com. James Clark Ross, discovered the magnetic north pole, in 70° 5' 17" N. lat., and 96° 46′ 45′′ W. long. Mr. B. Leigh Smith sailed to lat. 81° 24', and discovered Telegram from the queen to capt. Nares before starting: In the reply, "Her majesty may depend on all doing their duty." The ships sailed from Portsmouth 29 May, 1875; de- + Capt. M'Clure sailed in the Investigator in company with com. Collinson in the Enterprise in search of sir John Franklin, 20 Jan. 1850. On 6 Sept. he discovered high land, which he named Baring's land; on the 9th, other land, which he named after prince Albert; on the 30th the ship was frozen in. Entertaining a strong conviction that the waters in which the Investigator then lay communicated with Barrow's strait, he set out on 21 Oct., with a few men in his sledge, to test his views. On 26 Oct. he reached Point Russell (73° 31' N. lat., 114° 14' W. long.), where from an elevation of 600 feet he saw Parry or Melville sound beneath them. The strait connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans he named after the prince of Wales. The Investigator was the first ship which traversed the Polar sea from Behring's strait to Behring island. Intelligence of this discovery was brought to England by com. Inglefield, and the Admiralty chart was published 14 Oct. 1853. Capt. M'Clure returned to England, Sept. 1854. 1855, 5000l. were paid to capt. (afterwards sir Robert) M-Clure, and 5000l. were distr.buted among the officers and crew. On 30 Jan. 1855, the Admiralty notified that the Arctic medal would be given to all persons engaged in the expedit.ons from 1818 to 1855. In Magnus IV. (his son) and Harold IV. Magnus dethroned.. 1134 Harold IV. murdered; succeeded by his sons, Sigurd II., etc.; civil war rages.. 1136 The ship Rodgers sailed from the same port on a like mission. The Rodgers burned at sea.. [Crew escaped in boats.] Jeannette crushed by ice 23 June, 1881; two of her three boats arrive at mouth of Lena river, Siberia, 19 Sept. 1881. First news of them received 21 Dec. 1881. Search for the crew of the missing boat (which was commanded by lieut.-commander De Long, chief of the expedition) was begun at once, under orders from the United States and Russian governments. Tidings received, 2 Feb. 1882, that the missing party had been traced to a forest in Siberia on the west bank of the Lena river, and hope was felt that they would be found and rescued. After a prolonged search, however, engineer Melville found the bodies of De Long and his party, 24 March; news received.......6 May, 1882 For other Arctic voyages, see Franklin. Nicolas Breakspear (afterwards pope Adrian IV.), the Rise of Swerro, an able adventurer, who becomes king; Hako, his son, king, 1202; Guthrum, 1204; Inge II.. Unsuccessfully invades Scotland, where he dies ་་ 1152 .1136-62 1162 1186 1202 1205 1207 1263 1280 Northmen, or NORSEMEN, see Scandinavia and Eric II., the priest hater, marries Margaret of Scotland; Normandy. North-sea Canal, connecting the sea with Amsterdam; opened by the king of Holland, 1 Nov. 1876. Northumberland Avenue, LONDON. The new street opened 18 March, 1876. Northumberland House, Strand, London; built on the site of a hospital, dedicated to the Virgin by Henry Howard, earl of Northampton, was finished 1605; named Suffolk House by his nephew, Thomas, earl of Suffolk; and received its present name from his descendant, Elizabeth, marrying Algernon, earl of Northumberland, by whom it was partially rebuilt. The house was purchased by the Metropolitan Board of Works; 497,000l. being paid for it, June. The lion (set up 1749) taken down 3 July, to be put up at Sion House; and the house sold for building materials and pulled down during the autumn. 1874 Northumbria, a Saxon kingdom, founded by Ida, 547; see under Britain. Northwestern Provinces of India; lieut.-governor, hon. sir George E. W. Couper in 1880. Norway, until the seventh century, was governed by petty rulers. About 630, Olaf Trætelia, of the race of Odin termed Ynglings, or youths, expelled from Sweden, established a colony in Vermeland, the nucleus of a monarchy, founded by his descendant, Halfdan III. the Black, a great warrior and legislator, whose memory was long revered. Population, 1875, 1,807,555. Olaf Trætelia, 630; slain by his subjects... Halfdan I., 640; Eystein I., 700; Halfdan II., 730; Gudrod, 784; Olaf Geirstade and Halfdan III. Halfdan recovers his inheritance from his brother, whom he subdues, together with the neighboring chiefs, 840; accidentally drowned.. The chiefs regain their power during the youth of his He defeats his enemies at Hafsfiord, 872; dies...... Denmark and Norway separated from Sweden. 1389 1397 1470 1523 Christiania, the modern capital, built by Christian IV... 1624 640 824 Artisans from the Low Countries establish here the man- British Association met here.. Writ for election of M.P. suspended till dissolution of National fisheries exhibition (opened by the prince of ..18-30 April, 1881 classes... ..Jan. 1875 Norwich, BISHOPRIC OF, originally East Anglia; | A gentleman gives 10,000l. to educate the working the first bishop was Felix, a Burgundian, sent to convert University College buildings founded.. ..............27 Sept. 1877 the East Anglians about 630. The see was divided into Midland Counties Art Museum opened by the prince of two distinct bishoprics-Elmham, in Norfolk, and DunWales... .3 July, 1878 wich, in Suffolk, about 673. Both sees suffered extreme- Free public library opened by prince Leopold, duke of Albany.. .30 June, 1881 ly from the Danish invasions, insomuch that after the death of St. Humbert they lay vacant for a hundred years. At last the see of Elmham was revived, and Dunwich was united to it; but Arfastus removed the seat to Thetford, where it continued till Herbert Losinga removed it to Norwich 1094. This see has given to the church of Rome two saints; and to the nation five lord chancellors. It was valued in the king's books at 899/. 188. 74d. per annum. Present income, 4500l.; see Bish-cated in favor of his son Victor Emmanuel. oprics. RECENT BISHOPS OF NORWICH. 1790. George Horne; died 17 Jan. 1792. Novara (N.W. Italy). Near this town the Austrian marshal Radetzky totally defeated the king Charles Albert and the Sardinian army, 23 March, 1849. The contest began at 10 A.M., and lasted till late in the evening; the Austrians lost 396 killed, and had about 1850 wounded; the Sardinians lost between 3000 and 4000 men, 27 cannons, and 3000 prisoners. The king soon after abdi Nova Scotia (North America) was discovered by Cabot, 1497; visited by Verrazzani, 1524, and named Aca 1792. Charles Manners Sutton; translated to Canterbury, 1 dia; settled in 1622, by the Scotch under sir William Feb. 1805. 1805. Henry Bathurst; died 5 April, 1837. He was a strenuous supporter of Catholic emancipation, and for a long time the only liberal bishop in the house of peers. 1837. Edward Stanley; died 6 Sept. 1849. 1849. Samuel Hinds; resigned 1857. 1857. Hon. John T. Pelham, May. Notables, French assemblies of nobles, bishops, knights, and lawyers. An assembly of the notables was convened by the duke of Guise, 20 Aug. 1560, and by other statesmen. Calonne, the minister of Louis XVI., summoned one which met on 22 Feb. 1787, on account of the deranged state of the king's finances, and again in 1788, when he opened his plan; but as any reform militated too much against private interest to be adopted, Calonne was dismissed, and soon after retired to England. Louis having lost his confidential minister, De Vergennes, by death, called De Brienne, an ecclesiastic, to his councils. The notables were reassembled on 6 Nov. 1788. In the end, the states-general were convoked 5 Dec.; and from this assembly sprang the national assembly (which see). The notables were dismissed by the king, 12 Dec. 1788.-The Spanish notables assembled and met Napoleon (conformably with a decree issued by him commanding their attendance), at Bayonne, 25 May, 1808. Notaries Public, said to have been appointed by the primitive fathers of the Christian church, to collect the acts or memoirs of the lives of the martyrs of the first century.-Du Fresnoy. This office was afterwards changed to a legal employment, to attest deeds and writings, so as to establish their authenticity in any other country. A statute to regulate public notaries was passed in 1801, and statutes on the subject have been enacted since. "Notes and Queries," a medium of intercommunication for literary men and general readers, founded and edited by W. J. Thoms; first published on 3 Nov. 1849; bought by sir C. W. Dilke about Aug. 1872. Notre-Dame, the cathedral at Paris, was founded in 1163. It narrowly escaped destruction by the communists, May, 1871. It has been beautifully and judiciously restored, at a cost of about 250,000l., under the superintendence of Viollet-le-Duc, 1866 et seq. Nottingham (Saxon, Snatingaham). The castle here was defended by the Danes against king Alfred, and his brother Ethelred, who retook it, 868. It was rebuilt by William I. 1068; and ultimately became a strong fortress. Alexander, in the reign of James I. of England, from whom it received the name of Nova Scotia. Since its first settlement it has more than once changed proprietors, and was not confirmed to England till the peace of Utrecht, in 1713. It was taken in 1745 and 1758; but was again confirmed to England in 1763. Nova Scotia was divided into two provinces in 1784, and was erected into a bishopric in Aug. 1787. King's College, Windsor, was founded in 1788; see Baronets. Gold was found in Nova Scotia in 1861. By an act passed 29 March, 1867, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick were united with Canada for legislative purposes. On the agitation for secession Mr. John Bright presented a petition in the commons 15 May; his motion for a royal commission of inquiry negatived 16 June, 1868. The agitation soon subsided. Lieut.-governor, sir Charles H. Doyle, 1867. Joseph Howe died soon after his appointment, 1 June, 1873. Adams George Archibald, 1873. Novatians, a sect which denied restoration to the church to those who had relapsed during persecution, began with Novatian, a Roman presbyter, in 250; see Cathari. Novels (Novellæ), a part of Justinian's Code, published 535; see Romances. November (novem, nine), anciently the ninth month of the year. When Numa added January and February, in 713 B.C., it became the eleventh as now. The Roman senators wished to name this month in which Tiberius was born, by his name, in imitation of Julius Cæsar and Augustus; but the emperor refused, saying, "What will you do, conscript fathers, if you have thirteen Cæsars?" November Meteors, see Meteors. Novgorod (central Russia), made the seat of his government by Ruric, a Varangian chief, in 862, is held to be the foundation of the Russian empire. In memory of the event the czar inaugurated a national monument at Novgorod, on 20 Sept. 1862. Novgorod became a republic about 1150. Visited by the duke of Edinburgh, 20-27 Aug. 1875. Novi (N. Italy). Here the French, commanded by Joubert, were defeated by the Russians under Suwarrow, with immense loss, 15 Aug. 1799. Among the French slain was their leader, Joubert, and other distinguished officers. Novi Bazar, see Herzegovina. Novum Organon, the great work of lord Bacon, containing his system of philosophy, was published 1620. Noxious Vapors, see Alkalies and Chemical Works. Noyades, see Drowning. Nubia, the ancient Ethiopia supra Ægyptum, said to have been the seat of the kingdom of the Meroë, received its name from a tribe named Nubes or Nubates. The Christian kingdom, with Dongola, the capital, lasted till the fourteenth century, when it was broken up into ..July, 1865 Mahometan principalities. It is now subject to the viceroy of Egypt, having been conquered by Ibrahim Pacha in 1822. .22 Aug. 1866 1870 .Oct. 1871 Nucleus Theory IN CHEMISTRY, see Compound | published works on medals. Pellerin's " Recueil des MéRadicles. dailles," 9 vols. 4to (1762). Ruding's "Annals" is the Nuisances Removal Act; passed 1848; amend- great work on British coinage (new edition, 1840). The ed 1849; see Sanitary Legislation. Nuits, a small fortified town, near Dijon, in Burgundy, N.E. France, chartered in 1212; frequently captured and ravaged, specially in 1569, 1576, and 1636. It was taken by the Badenese under Von Werder, 18 Dec. 1870, after five hours' conflict, in which above 1000 French are said to have been killed and wounded, and 700 prisoners taken. The German loss was also heavy. A depot of arms and ammunition was gained by the vic tors. Numismatic Society in London was founded by Dr. John numerous. Nuncio, an envoy from the pope of Rome to Catholic states. The pope deputed a nuncio to the Irish rebels in 1645. The arrival in London of a nuncio, and his admission to an audience by James II., July, 1687, is stated to have hastened the Revolution. Nuneham College, see Girton. Numantine War. The war between the Romans and the Celtiberians (Celts who possessed the Nunnery. The first founded is said to have been country near the Iber, now the Ebro) began, 143 B.C., that to which the sister of St. Anthony retired at the on account of the latter having given refuge to their close of the third century. The first founded in France, allies the Sigidians, who had been defeated by the Ro- near Poictiers, by St. Marcellina, sister to St. Martin, 360. mans. Numantia, an unprotected city, withstood a long -Du Fresnoy. The first in England was at Folkestone, siege, in which the army of Scipio Africanus, 60,000 men, in Kent, by Eadbald, or Edbald, king of Kent, 630.--was opposed by no more than 4000 men able to bear Dugdale. See Abbeys and Monachism. The nuns were The Numantines fed upon horse-flesh, and their expelled from their convents in Germany, in July, 1785; own dead, and then drew lots to kill one another. At in France, in Jan. 1790. In Feb. 1861, monastic establength they set fire to their houses, and destroyed them-lishments were abolished in Naples, compensation being selves, so that not one remained to adorn the triumph of made to the inmates. For memorable instances of the the conqueror, 133 B.C. fortitude of nuns, see Acre and Coldingham. arms. Numidia (N. Africa), the seat of the war of the Nuremberg, a free imperial German city in 1219. Romans with Jugurtha, which began 111 B.C., and ended In 1522, the diet here demanded ecclesiastical reforms with his subjugation and captivity, 106. The last king, and a general council, and in 1532 secured religious libJuba, joined Cato and was killed at the battle of Thap-erty to the Protestants. It was annexed to Bavaria in sus, 46 B.C., when Numidia became a Roman province; 1805. Albert Dürer was born here in 1471. see Mauritania. Numismatics, the science of coins and medals, an important adjunct to the study of history. In this country Evelyn (1697), Addison (1726), and Pinkerton (1789), Nynee Tal, see Landslips, 18 Sept. 1880. Nystadt (S. W. Finland). By a treaty, signed here 30 Aug. 1721, Sweden ceded Livonia, Esthonia, and other territories to Russia. Oak, styled the monarch of the woods, and an emblem of strength, virtue, constancy, and long life. That produced in England is considered to be the best calculated for ship-building, except the live-oak of the United States. In June, 403, the "Synod of the Oak" was held at Chalcedon. The constellation Robur Caroli, the oak of Charles, was named by Dr. Halley in 1676, in memory of the oak in which Charles II. saved himself from his pursuers, after the battle of Worcester, 3 Sept. 1651; see Boscobel and Races. 1735 The agaric of the oak was known as a styptic in.. Oates's Plot. Titus Oates, at one time chaplain of a ship of war, was dismissed for immoral conduct, and became a lecturer in London. In conjunction with Dr. Tongue, he invented a plot against the Roman Catholics, who he asserted had conspired to assassinate Charles II., and extirpate the Protestant religion. He made it known 12 Aug. 1678, and in consequence about 18 Roman Catholics were accused, and, upon false testimony, convicted and executed; among them the aged viscount Stafford, 29 Dec. 1680. Oates was afterwards tried for perjury (in the reign of James II.), and, being found guilty, was fined, put in the pillory, publicly 0. whipped from Newgate to Tyburn, and sentenced to imprisonment for life, May, 1685. On the accession of William and Mary he was pardoned, and a pension of 37. a week granted to him, 1689. The ad Oaths were taken by Abraham, B.C. 1892 (Gen. xxi. 24), and authorized (1491 B.C.) Exod. xxii. 11. ministration of an oath in judicial proceedings was introduced by the Saxons into England, 600.-Rapin. That administered to a judge was settled 1344. Icelandic Oath. Name I to witness that I take oath by The ancient oath of allegiance, which contained a prom- It was again altered.. The affirmation of a Quaker was made equivalent to an OF ARJURATION, being an obligation to maintain the gov oath, by statute, in 1696 et seq. ernment of king, lords, and commons, the church of The Test and Corporation oaths modified by stat. 9 Geo. Act abolishing oaths in the customs and excise depart- Affirmation, instead of oath, was permitted to Quakers 1550 1603 1689 1701 1828 1831 and other dissenters by acts passed in 1833, 1837, 1838, and 1863 (see Affirmation). In 1858 and 1860, Jews elected M. P. were relieved from part of the oath of allegiance (see Jews). By 24 & 25 Vict. c. 66, a solemn declaration may be substituted for an oath by persons conscientiously objecting to be sworn in criminal prosecutions.. Oaths of allegiance, as a condition of pardon, required of persons who had participated in the American rebellion... [The oath required of persons appointed to office from the southern United States, declaring that they had in no way aided or abetted the rebellion, was called the iron-clad oath." Its terms were modified as soon as all apprehension of further difficulty at the South had passed away.] A bill for modifying the oath taken by Roman Catholics (passed by the commons), was rejected by the lords, 1861 1865 26 June, The oath to be taken by members of parliament was modified and made uniform by an act passed. 30 April, 1866 New oath of allegiance provided by 31 and 32 Vict. c. 72 (1868), to be taken by the members of the new parliament: "I do swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to her majesty queen Victoria, her heirs and successors, according to law, so help me God." (Bradlaugh Case, sec Parliament, 1880.) New Parliamentary Oaths bill brought in; discharged, 5 July, 1881 Obelisk. (Greek oẞeλóg, a spit, povoλioc, a single stone.) The Egyptian symbol of the supreme God. The first mentioned in history was that of Rameses, king of Egypt, about 1485 B.C. The Arabians called them Pharaoh's needles, and the Egyptian priests the fingers of the Several were erected at Rome; one was erected sun. by the emperor Augustus in the Campus Martius, on the pavement of which was a horizontal dial that marked the hour, about 14 B.C. Of the obelisks brought to Rome by the emperors, several have been restored and set up by various popes. One was excavated and set up in the piazza of St. John Lateran, Rome, by Sixtus V. 1588. In London are three English obelisks first in Fleet street, at the top of Bridge street, erected to John Wilkes, lord mayor of London in 1775 (see North Briton); and immediately opposite to it, at the south end of Farringdon street, stands another of granite to the memory of Robert Waithman, lord mayor in 1824, erected 25 June, 1833; the third at the south end of the Blackfriars road marks the distance of one mile and a fraction from Fleet street. Egyptian Obelisks. 42 are known, some broken: 12 at Rome; 1, from Luxor, set up in the Place de la Concorde, Paris, Oct. 1836; 5 in England (2 British Museum; 1 Alnwick; 1 Soughton hall; 1 on Thames embankment). The obelisks improperly named Cleopatra's Needles were erected by Thothmes III. at On (Heliopolis), about 1500 B. C. One was removed to Alexandria by Augustus, about 23 B.C. After being long imbedded in the shore, it was acquired for Great Britain by sir Ralph Abercromby, in 1801; but not removed. It was offered to the British government by Meheinet Ali, and again by the Khedive, 15 March, 1877. Mr. Erasmus Wilson having offered to pay all expenses, Mr. John Dixon, the engineer, undertook to convey it to England. The vessel, Cleopatra, containing it sailed with the Olga 21 Sept. During a violent gale, the vessels were separated, 14, 15 Oct.; six lives were lost in a fruitless attempt to recover it. The Cleopatra, which was abandoned, was found by the Fitzmaurice (capt. Carter), and towed to Ferrol, whence it was towed by the Anglia, and arrived in London 20 Jan. 1878. The salvage awarded was 20007., 6 April, 1878. After much discussion, the Thames embankment (between Charing Cross and Waterloo bridges) was selected for its site, where, by much engineering skill, it was placed, 12 Sept. 1878. The obelisk weighs 186 tons, 7 cwt., 2 stones, 11 lbs. Height, from base to point, 68 feet 5 inches. It was placed under the care of the metropolitan board of works by act passed 22 July, 1878. The fellow of the obelisk of London (reared at Heliopolis about 1500 B.C. by Thothmes III., and removed to Alexandria about 23 B. C.) was offered to the United States in 1877. The offer was confirmed, May, 1879. The work of lowering the shaft began by lieut. -com. Gorringe, 6 Dec. 1879. Steamer bearing the obelisk sailed from Alexandria, 12 June; arrived in New York, 20 July, 1880. Obelisk landed on Staten Island, 6 Sept. 1880. Towed to the city, 16 Sept. 1880. Corner-stone of foundation laid in Central Park, 9 Oct. 1880. Obelisk raised into position, 22 June, 1881. Ober-Ammergau Passion-play, see Drama. Oblivion. In 1660 was passed an act of "free general pardon, indemnity, and oblivion for all treasons and state offences" committed between 1 Jan. 1637 and 24 June, 1660. The regicides and certain Irish popish priests were excepted. A similar act was passed 20 May, 1690; see Amnesty. Observance, FATHERS OF THE (or OBSERVANTS), a name given to certain members of the Franciscan order, about 1363, who voluntarily undertook the observance of their rule in its pristine rigor. This reformation was after a time enforced by the pope. Observatories. The first is said to have been erected on the top of the temple of Belus, at Babylon. On the tomb of Osymandyas, in Egypt, was another, and it contained a golden circle 200 feet in diameter; that at Benares was at least as ancient as these. The first in authentic history was at Alexandria, about 300 B.C., erected by Ptolemy Soter.-Observatory, a monthly review of astronomy, first appeared in 1877. First modern meridional instrument by Copernicus.... 1540 Royal (French).. Royal observatory at Greenwich (which see). Observatory at Nuremberg. At Utrecht.. At St. Petersburg. Williams College observatory, first in the U. S. 1561 1576 1657 1667 1675 1678 1690 1711 1714 1725 .about 1750 1772 1776 1783 1793 1824 1836 1839 1840 1842 1844 1854 1856 1874 Dudley observatory, Albany, U. S. Observer, Sunday paper (Liberal), established 1791. Oc (for hoc, yes); oil, now oui, "yes;" see French Language. Ocaña (central Spain), near which the Spaniards were defeated by the French, commanded by Mortier and Soult, 19 Nov. 1809. Occult Sciences (from occultus, concealed); see Astrology, Alchemy, Magic, etc. "Ocean Monarch," an American emigrant ship, left Liverpool, bound for Boston, 24 Aug. 1848, having nearly 400 persons on board. When within six miles of Great Orme's Head, Carnarvonshire, N. Wales, she took fire, and in a few hours was burned to the water's edge, and 178 persons perished. The Brazilian steam-frigate Alfonso happened to be out on a trial-trip at the time, with the prince and princess de Joinville and the duke and duchess d'Aumale on board, who witnessed the catastrophe, and aided in rescuing and comforting the sufferers. The crews and passengers of the Alfonso and the yacht Queen of the Ocean saved 156 persons, and 62 others escaped by various means. Oceana, an imaginary republic, described in a book written by James Harrington, dedicated to Oliver Cromwell, and published in 1656. Octarch, the chief of the kings of the heptarchy, was called Rex gentis Anglorum. Hengist was the first octarch, 455, and Egbert the last, 800; see Britain. Some authors insist that the English heptarchy should have been called the octarchy. October, the eighth month in the year of RomuNuma, 713 B.C. lus, as its name imports, and the tenth in the year of October still retained its first name, although the senate ordered it to be called Faustinus, in honor of Faustina, wife of Antoninus the emperor; and Commodus called it Invictus and Domitianus. October was sacred to Mars. Octrois (from the low Latin auctorium, authority), a term applied to concessions from sovereigns, and to the taxes levied at the gates of towns in France on articles of food before entering the city. These octrois, of |