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Oroquieta, Navarre (N. Spain). Here don Carlos

Carlos, brother of Ferdinand VII., commanding about 4000 men, was suddenly attacked by gen. Moriones with about 2000, and defeated after a short conflict, 4 May, 1872. He fled, leaving 757 prisoners and 38 dead.

counties. The bishopric of Orkney, founded by St. Ser- | water-mole, a singular compound of the mammal and the vanus early in the fifth century-some affirm by St. bird, a native of Australia, was first described by Dr. Colm-ended with the abolition of episcopacy in Scot- Shaw in 1819. land, about 1689; see Bishops in Scotland. Orleans (a city in central France), formerly Aure--calling himself king Carlos VII.-grandson of don lianum; gave title to a kingdom, 491, and afterwards to a duchy, usually held by one of the royal family. Attila the Hun, besieging it, was defeated by Aetius and his allies, 451. It was besieged by the English under earls of Salisbury and Suffolk, 12 Oct. 1428; bravely defended by Gaucour (as its fall would have ruined the cause of Charles VI., king of France); and relieved by the heroism of Joan of Arc, afterwards surnamed the Maid of Orleans, 29 April, 1429, and the siege was raised 18 May; see Joan of Arc. (The 439th anniversary was celebrated 10 May, 1868; the emperor and empress being present.) During the siege of Orleans, Feb. 1563, the duke of Guise was assassinated.

After nine hours' severe fighting, Orleans captured by the Germans, under gen. Von der Tann. More than 4000 prisoners were taken. The loss on both sides was heavy. About 35,000 on each side were engaged. The city was made to pay a war contribution of 60,000l.

11 Oct. 1870

Von der Tann and the Bavarians defeated by gens. D'Au-
relle de Paladines and Pallières, and Orleans retaken.
The Germans acknowledged the loss of about 700 men
and 1000 prisoners, chiefly wounded. The French as-
serted the numbers of both to be higher, and were
much cheered with their victory. The French loss
was heavy. The chief conflict took place between
Coulmiers and Bacon or Baccon..
..9, 10 Nov.
Severe conflicts at Bazoche and Chevilly, near Orleans,
between a part of the army of the Loire and prince
Frederick Charles and the grand-duke of Mecklenburg,
2-4 Dec.
A battle, during which the suburbs were stormed, and
about 10,000 unwounded prisoners, 77 guns, and four
gunboats taken. The French retired; Orleans retaken
by the Germans...
......5 Dec.

DUKES.

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Bourbon Branch.-Philip, youngest son of Louis XIII., born
1640; died 1701.

Philip II., son, born 1673; REGENT 1715; died 1723.
Louis, son, born 1703; died 1752.

Louis Philippe, son, born 1725; died 1785.

Louis Philippe Joseph, son, born 1747; opposed the court in the French revolution; took the name Egalité, 11 Sept. 1792; voted for the death of Louis XVI.; was guillotined 6 Nov. 1793.

Louis Philippe, son, born 6 Nov. 1773; chosen king of the French 9 Aug. 1830; abdicated 24 Feb. 1848; died 26 Aug. 1850. His queen, Marie Amélie, died 24 March, 1866; see

France.

Ferdinand Philippe, son, duke of Orleans, born 3 Sept. 1810;
died, through a fall, 13 July, 1842.

Louis Philippe, son, count of Paris, born 24 Aug. 1838; mar
ried Maria Isabella, daughter of the duke of Montpensier, 30
May, 1864. A daughter, Maria Amelia, born 28 Sept. 1865.
The demand of the Orleans princes to return to France,
19 June, refused by the legislative assembly after dis
cussion.

2 July, 1870

Their request to serve in the army after the fall of the empire declined .Sept.

[The duc de Chartres served incognito.] After discussion, the duc d'Aumale and the prince de Joinville permitted to take their seats as members of the national assembly.... 19 Dec.

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After much discussion, the comte de Paris at a personal
interview recognized the comte de Chambord as the
legitimate head of the Bourbon family and king of
France
......5 Aug. 1873
1873 et seq.

For consequent proceedings, see France..
The bodies of king Louis Philippe and others of his fam-
ily removed from England and buried in the mauso-
leum at Dreux...........
.....9 June, 1876

Orleans, New, see New Orleans.
Ormulum, a metrical version of the Gospels and
Acts, in early English, made by Orm, an ecclesiastic, in
the twelfth century, printed at Oxford in 1852, from a
MS. in the Bodleian.

Ornithology, see Birds.

Orphan-houses. The emperor Trajan first formed establishments for this purpose. Pliny relates in his Panegyric that he had caused 5000 free-born children to be sought out and educated, about A.D. 105. Orphanhouses properly so called are mentioned for the first time in the laws of the emperor Justinian. At the court of Byzantium the office of inspector of orphans, orphanotrophos, was so honorable that it was held by the brother of the emperor Michael IV. in the eleventh century; see Foundling Hospitals.

The Orphantropheon at Halle, established by August

Francke..

1698-9

1758

The Orphan Working Asylum for 20 boys was established
at Hoxton in 1758. It is now situated at Haverstock
hill, and contains 350 boys and girls.
Asylum for Female Orphans, Lambeth; removed to Bed-
dington, near Croydon; instituted.
London Orphan Asylum founded 1813; removed to Clap-
ton, 1823; new building at Watford, founded by the
prince of Wales, 13 July, 1869; opened........20 July, 1871
British Orphan Asylum, Clapham rise, established 1827;
removed to Slough, Bucks; reopened.. .25 June, 1863
The Infant Orphan Asylum at Wanstead (1827); and the
Asylum for Fatherless Children (in 1844; settled at
Reedham, Surrey), established mainly through the ex-
ertions of a Congregational minister, the rev. Andrew
Reed, D.D.

Orphan-houses, Ashley down, Bristol, founded by George
Müller, a Prussian, supported entirely by voluntary
contributions. (He began in a house in Bristol, 11 April,
1836.) 2050 orphans were maintained, 1873; reported
prosperous.

Erdington Orphanage and Alms-houses, near Birmingham, erected and endowed (with 250,000l.) by Josiah Mason, a manufacturer of Birmingham...

1876

.1860-9

29

Royal Albert Orphan Asylum at Bagshot, established
1864; additional buildings founded by the queen,
Alexandra Orphanage for Infants, Holloway, 1864; found-
June, 1867.

ation of building laid, 6 July, 1867.

Stockwell Orphanage, Clapham road, founded by Rev. C.
Spurgeon, aided by legacy of Miss Hillyard.
Orphans' Homes: Maida bill, 1873; West square, South-
wark; and Gravesend,,

1553.

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Orpheonists, see Crystal Palace, 1860. Orpheus, STEAMER, see Wrecks, 7 Feb. 1863. Orrery, a planetary machine to illustrate and explain the motions of the heavenly bodies, appears to have been coeval with the clepsydra. Ptolemy devised the circles and epicycles that distinguish his system about 130. The planetary clock of Finée was begun The planetarium of De Rheita was formed about 1650. The planetarium, now termed the Orrery, it is said, was constructed by Rowley, after a pattern devised by the clock-maker George Graham, at the expense of Charles Boyle, earl of Orrery, about 1715. A large "planetarium" was constructed by the rev. William Pearson, for the Royal Institution, London, about 1803. An excellent planetarium, constructed in London by signor N. Perini, was exhibited in Dec. 1879.

Orsini's Plot against the emperor Napoleon III.; see France, Jan. 1858.

Orthès, or ORTHEZ (S. France), once capital of the principality of Béarn. Near it the British and Spanish armies, commanded by Wellington, defeated the French, under Soult, 27 Feb. 1814. The battle of Toulouse soon followed.

Orthopedic Hospitals, for the cure of club-foot, spinal curvatures, etc.: National, Great Portland street, founded 1836; Royal, Hanover square, 1838; City, 1851.

Osborne House (Isle of Wight) was purchased by the queen in 1845, and rebuilt by Mr. Cubitt.

Osmium, one of the heaviest known metals, discov

Ornithorhynchus, the duck-billed platypus, or ered in platinum ore by Tennant in 1803.

Osnaburg (N. Germany) made the seat of a bish- | boring islands were taken possession of by admiral Duopric by Charlemagne, near the end of the eighth cen- petit-Thouars in the name of the French king, Nov. 1843. tury. After the treaty of Westphalia in 1648, the bishop The French imprisoned Mr. Prichard, the English conwas a Roman Catholic and Protestant alternately, the sul, 5 March, 1844, but the act was censured in France. latter being chosen from the house of Brunswick. Fred- Queen Pomare IV., born 23 Feb. 1813; succeeded her brother, erick, duke of York, the last bishop, resigned in 1803, Pomare III., in Jan. 1827; died 17 Sept. 1877, having reignwhen the lands were annexed to Hanover. He died 5 ed 50 years. By consent of her successor, the island was formally annexed to France, 29 June, 1880. Jan. 1827.

Otheoscope (from w, I propel), apparatus intion, the effects of radiation; described by him, April,

Ossory (S.E. Ireland), BISHOPRIC OF, was first plant-vented by Mr. W. Crookes for studying molecular moed at Saiger about 402; translated to Aghadoe, in Upper Ossory, in 1052; and to Kilkenny about the end of the reign of Henry II. It was united to Ferns and Leighlin in 1835.

Ostend (Belgium) sustained a siege by the Spaniards from July, 1601, to Sept. 1604, when it honorably capitulated. On the death of Charles II. of Spain, the

1877.

Ottawa (formerly Byrown), on the river Ottawa, in Aug. 1858. The executive council met here 22 Nov. was appointed to be the capital of Canada by the queen 1865, and the Canadian parliament was, for the first time, opened here by the governor-general, lord Monck, French seized Ostend; but in 1706, after the battle of on 8 June, 1866. Mr. Darcy McGee, M.P. for Montreal Ramillies, it was retaken by the allies. It was again taken by the French in 1745, but restored in 1748. In (once an Irish agitator, but afterwards exceedingly loyal), was assassinated on his return from parliament, 1756, the French garrisoned this town for the empress- 7 April, 1868. Fenians were suspected, and the town queen Maria Theresa. In 1792, the French once more took Ostend, which they evacuated in 1793, but regained murder, 15 Sept. 1868, was executed Feb. 1869. was put in a state of siege. Whelan, convicted of the A Doin 1794. The English destroyed the works of the Bruges minion exhibition was opened here 24 Sept. 1879. Popcanal; but, the wind shifting before they could re-em-ulation in 1861, 14,669; in 1871, 21,545. bark, they surrendered to the French, 19 May, 1798. The Ostend East India Company, established 1723, was dissolved 1731; see Cuba, note.

Ostracism (from the Greek ooтρakov, a potsherd or shell), a mode of proscription at Athens, is said to have been first introduced by the tyrant Hippias; others ascribe it to Cleisthenes, about 510 B.C. The people wrote the names of those whom they most suspected upon small shells; these they put in an urn or box and presented to the senate. Upon a scrutiny, he whose name was oftenest written was sentenced by the council to be banished from his altar and hearth. 6000 votes were required. Aristides, noted for his justice, and Miltiades, for his victories, were thus ostracized. The custom was abolished by ironically proscribing Hyperbolus, a mean person, about 338 B.C.

Ostrich (the struthios of the ancients), a native of Africa (see Job xxxix. 14). Ostriches were hatched and reared at San Donato, near Florence, 1859-60; and at Tresco Abbey, the seat of Augustus Smith, in the Scilly Isles, 1866.

Ostrogoths, or EASTERN GOTHS, were distinguished from the Visigoths (Western Goths) about 330. After ravaging eastern Europe, Thrace, etc., their great leader, Theodoric, established a kingdom in Italy, which lasted from 493 to 553; see Italy.

Ostrolenka (Poland). Near here the French defeated the Prussians, 16 Feb. 1807. In another battle here, between the Poles and Russians, the slaughter was immense, but the Poles remained masters of the field, 26 May, 1831.

Oswego, FORT. This fort, at Oswego, on Lake Ontario, was built by the English. It was captured by Montcalm in 1756, and was nearly demolished. There was a small garrison there in the spring of 1813, when on 5 May, 1814, a British fleet, with 3000 men, appeared before it. Of these 1750 landed and attacked the fort. They were repulsed by the garrison, under lieut.col. Mitchell.

Otterburn (Northumberland). In 1388, the Scotch besieged Newcastle and were driven off by Henry Percy (Hotspur), son of the earl of Northumberland. Percy pursued them to Otterburn, where a battle was fought on 10 Aug., in which the earl of Douglas was killed and Percy taken prisoner. On this battle the ballad of "Chevy Chase" is founded.

Ottoman Empire, see Turkey.

Oude, or OUDH (North India), formerly a vice-royalty held by the vizier of the great mogul. About 1760 it was seized by the vizier Sujah-ud-Dowlah, ancestor of the late king.

Battle of Buxar, where Sujah and his ally, Meer Cossim,
are totally defeated, and the British become virtually
masters of Oude..
.23 Oct. 1764
Reign of Asoph-ud-Dowlah, who cedes Benares, etc., to
the East India Company, who place troops in Oude
(see Chunar)...

..1775-81

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Oude is said to be prospering under British rule.

.12 Nov. 1867

Oudenarde (Belgium). Here the English and allies, under the duke of Marlborough and prince Eugene, thoroughly defeated the French besiegers, 11 July, 1708.

Oulart (S.E. Ireland). Here 5000 Irish insurgents attacked the king's troops, in small numbers, 27 May, 1798. The North Cork militia, after great feats of bravery, were cut to pieces, five men only escaping.—Musgrave.

Otago, see New Zealand, 1848, 1861, 1866. Otaheite, or TAHITI, an island in the South Pacific ocean, seen by Byron in 1765, and visited in 1767 by capt. Wallis, who called it George III. Island. Capt. Cook came hither in 1768 to observe the transit of Venus; sailed around the whole island in a boat, and stayed three months; he visited it twice afterwards; see Cook. Omai, a native of this island, was brought to England by Cook, and carried back in his last voy- Ounce (from uncia), the sixteenth part of the age. In 1799, king Pomare ceded the district of Mata-pound avoirdupois and twelfth of the pound troy. Its vai to some English missionaries. Queen Pomare was compelled to put herself under the protection of France, 9 Sept. 1843. She retracted, and Otaheite and the neigh

precise weight was fixed by Henry III., who decreed that an English ounce should be 640 dry grains of wheat; that twelve of these ounces should be a pound;

and that eight pounds should be a gallon of wine, Visit of the allied sovereigns..

1233.

Ourique (Portugal), where Alfonso, count or duke of Portugal, is said to have encountered five Saracen kings and a great army of Moors, 25 July, 1139, and signally defeated them; and then to have been hailed the first king. Lisbon, the capital, was taken, and he soon after was crowned.

Outlaw, one deprived of the benefit of the law, and out of the sovereign's protection; a punishment for such as being called in law do contemptuously refuse to appear. In the reign of Edward III., all the judges agreed that none but the sheriff only having lawful warrant therefor should put to death any man outlawed.-Cowel. Outlawry in civil proceedings was abolished by 42 & 43 Vict. c. 59, 15 Aug. 1879.

Ouzel Galley Society. In 1700, the case of the Ouzel Galley, a ship in the port of Dublin, excited great legal perplexity, and was referred to an arbitration of merchants, whose prompt decision was highly approved. This led to the present society, founded in 1705. Ovariotomy. This important surgical operation was devised and first performed by Dr. E. McDowell, of Kentucky, U.S., 1809.

Ovation, an inferior triumph which the Romans allowed those generals of their army whose victories were not considerable. Publius Posthumius Tubertus was the first who was decreed an ovation, 503 B.C. A sheep (ovis) was offered by the general instead of a bull.

Overland Mail, see Waghorn. The overland mail travelled first through the Cenis tunnel to Brindisi, saving 24 hours, 5 Jan. 1872.

Overseers of the poor for parishes were appointed in 1601; see Poor-laws.

Owens College, Manchester, founded by means of a bequest of 100,000l. by John Owens, merchant, who died in 1846. A new constitution was obtained in 1870; and the duke of Devonshire, president, laid the first stone of the new building, 23 Sept. 1870, and opened it 8 Oct. 1873. Mr. E. R. Langworthy bequeathed 10,000l. to develop the chair of experimental physics, 1874. The college proposed as a university, July, 1876-8, see Victoria University.

Owhyhee, or HAWAII, an island in the N. Pacific ocean, discovered Dec. 1778 by capt. Cook. On 14 Feb. 1779 he here fell a victim to a sudden resentment of the natives. A boat having been stolen by one of the islanders, the captain went on shore to seize the king, and keep him as a hostage till the boat was restored. The people would not submit to this insult, and their resistance brought on hostilities, and capt. Cook and some of his companions were killed. Great progress has been recently made in civilization here, and an order of nobility and a representative assembly were instituted in 1860. The population then was about 120,000, about 60,000 in 1878; a railway opened in 1878; see Sandwich Isles.

Owners of Land, see Domesday.

Oxalic Acid, which exists in several plants, especially in sorrel, is now abundantly obtained for use in the arts from sawdust acted upon by caustic potash or soda, according to Dr. Dale's process, patented in 1862.

Oxford, an ancient city, restored by king Alfred, who resided here and established a mint, etc., about 879. Canute held a national council here.. Stormed by William I...

1018 1067

Charter by Henry II., the city granted to the burgesses by John..

1199

Henry III. holds the "mad" parliament here.. Bishops Ridley and Latimer burned here, 16 Oct. 1555; and archbishop Cranmer..

1258 .21 March, 1556

Fatal (or Black) Oxford Assizes, when the high-sheriff and 300 other persons died suddenly of an infection from the prisoners..

1557

Charles I. took Oxford, 1642, and held a parliament here, 1644 Taken by the parliament.. .24 June, 1646 Charles II. held parliaments here.. 1665 and 1681

British Association met here..
Oxford Military College, Cowley, opened..

lord treasurer.

1814

.1832, 1847, 1860 .20 Sept. 1876

Oxford Administration, formed 29 May, 1711. Robert, earl of Oxford (previously right hon. Robert Harley), Sir Simon (afterwards lord) Harcourt, lord keeper. John, duke of Normandy and Buckingham, lord president. John, bishop of Bristol (afterwards London), privy seal.

Henry St. John (afterwards viscount Bolingbroke), and WillRobert Benson (afterwards lord Bingley), chancellor of the exThe duke of Shrewsbury succeeded lord Oxford, receiving the chequer.

iam, lord Dartmouth, secretaries of state.

lord treasurer's staff on 30 July, 1714, three days before the death of queen Anne. From the reign of George I. the of fice of lord treasurer has been executed by commissioners. Oxford Bishopric, established by Henry VIII., formed out of Lincoln, first placed at Osney in 1542; removed to Oxford cathedral (formerly St. Frideswide, now Christ Church), 1545. Present income, 50001.

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Oxford Union Society, established as a debating club in 1823; among its early members are, or were, Gladstone, bishop Wilberforce, lord Stanhope, archbishop Manning, Sidney Herbert, archbishop Tait, etc. It held a jubilee festival 22 Oct. 1873, the lord chancellor Selborne in the chair.

scribed as ancient by pope Martin II. in a deed, 802.
Oxford University. An academy here is de-
Alfred founded "the schools" about 879.
Charter granted by Henry III...
Charter of Edward III., 1355; of Henry VIII.
The university incorporated by Elizabeth..
Receives the elective franchise (to send two members to
Bodleian Library opened, 8 Nov. 1602; building com-
pleted.

parliament)..

Danby.

1248 ...... 1510 1570

The botanic garden, etc., established by the earl of Radcliffe Library opened, 13 April, 1749; the Radcliffe observatory completed.".

A commission appointed (31 Aug. 1850) to inquire into its "state, studies, discipline, and revenues;" reported...

Acts making alterations passed.
University Museum opened..
Examination statutes passed.

1604

1613

1622

1786

.27 April, 1852 .1854, 1856 ...July, 1860 ..1801, 1807, 1850, 1862

Extension of the university proposed at a meeting held

16 Nov. 1865 16 June, 1871 .6 Jan. 1872

University tests abolished by act passed. Royal commission to inquire respecting university property, etc., appointed.. Income in 1871 reported to be- university, 47,5894. Os. 3d.; colleges and halls, 366,253l. 16s. 3d.; total, 413,8421. 168. 6d....

..Oct. 1874 ..June, 1875

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Hebdomadal board reported that about 100,000l. was needed for education in science.. Lord Ilchester's bequest to promote the study of Slavonian literature, especially Polish; first lectures given, May, New commission appointed (lords Selborne and Redesdale, Montague Bernard, sir M. W. Ridley, dean Burgon, and Mr. Justice Grove); announced.. .27 March, 1876 Oxford University bill withdrawn, July, 1876; the Universities act passed... .10 Aug. 1877 The commission publish a new scheme for professors, etc., very restrictive.... .2 Nov. 1880

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Merton College, by Walter de Merton, bishop of Rochester..

Hertford College, 1312; dissolved in 1805, and a Hertford scholarship appointed; revived, and Magdalen Hall incorporated with it...

Exeter, by Walter Stapleton, bishop of Exeter. Oriel College, by king Edward II.; Adam de Brome, archdeacon of Stowe...

Queen's College, by Robert de Eglesfield, clerk, confessor to queen Philippa, consort of Edward III... New College, by William of Wykeham, bishop of Winchester; first called St. Mary of Winchester, founded 1379; occupied 1386 (500th anniversary celebrated 14 Oct. 1879).

All-Souls College, by Henry Chichely, archbishop of Canterbury.

Magdalen, by William of Waynflete, bishop of Winches

ter

Lincoln College, by Richard Fleming, 1427; finished by Rotherham, bishop of Lincoln..

Brazenose, by William Smyth, bishop of Lincoln, and sir Richard Sutton..

Corpus Christi, by Richard Fox, bishop of Winchester.. Christ Church, by cardinal Wolsey, 1525; and afterwards by Henry VIII..

1264

1874 1314

1326

1340

1437

1456

1479

1509

1516

1532

1554

Trinity, by sir Thomas Pope, on the basis of a previous institution called Durham College St. John's, by sir Thomas Whyte, lord mayor of London. 1555 Jesus College, by Dr. Hugh Price and queen Elizabeth... 1571 Wadham, by Nicholas Wadham, and Dorothy, his wife.. 1613 Pembroke, by Thomas Teesdale and Richard Wightwick, clerk

1624 Worcester, by sir Thomas Coke, of Bentley, in Worcestershire; it was originally called Gloucester College.. 1714 Keble College (see Keble College); first stone laid by archbishop of Canterbury, 25 April, 1868; consecrated,

Indian Institute, founded 1878 or 1879.

June, 1870

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RECENT CHANCELLORS.

1809. William, baron Granville,

1834. Arthur, duke of Wellington.

1852. Edward, earl of Derby; died 23 Nov. 1869. 1869. Robert, marquess of Salisbury, elected 12 Nov.

Oxford's Act, BISHOP OF, see District Churches. Oxford's Assault ON THE QUEEN. Edward Oxford, a youth who had been a servant in a public-house, discharged two pistols at queen Victoria and prince Albert, as they were proceeding up Constitution hill in an open phaeton from Buckingham palace, 10 June, 1840. He stood within a few yards of the carriage, but neither her majesty nor the prince was injured. Oxford was tried at the Old Bailey (10 July), and was adjudged to be insane, and sent first to Bethlehem hospital, next to Broadmoor; and set at liberty in 1868, on condition of going abroad.

Oxus (the Persian and Turkish Djihoun; local name, Amou Daryá), a river of Central Asia; supposed to have changed its course before A.D. 1000, and to have resumed its ancient bed in 1878.

Oxygen, a gas (named from the Greek öğúg, sharp, as being generally found in acids), is the most abundant of all substances, constituting about one third of the solid earth, and forming about nine tenths of water and one fifth of the atmosphere. It was first separated from red oxide of mercury by Priestley, 1 Aug. 1774, and by Scheele, who was ignorant of Priestley's discovery, in 1775. It is a supporter of animal life (in respiration), and of combustion. An oxygen gas company was announced in Dec. 1864, its object being the cheap manufacture of oxygen for its application to the production

*The commissioners' statutes propose annexation of St. Alban's to Merton College, New Inn to Balliol, St. Mary's to Oriel; St. Edmund's will probably be annexed to Queen's.

of perfect combustion in lamps, stoves, furnaces, etc. Oxygen was liquefied by Raoul Pictet at Geneva (pressure, 320 atmospheres, temp. 140 below zero cent.), 22 Dec. 1877; see Ozone.

A statue of Priestley, by F. J. Williamson, at Birmingham, was unveiled by professor T. H. Huxley, 1 Aug. 1874, the centenary of the discovery of oxygen. This was also celebrated at Northumberland, Pa., where he was buried, Feb. 1804. The following telegram was sent 31 July: "The brethren at the grave to the brethren at the home of Priestley send greeting on this centennial anniversary of the birth of chemistry."

Oyer and Terminer, a commission directed to the judges of the courts, by virtue whereof they have power to hear and determine treasons, felonies, etc., 1285.

O yes! A corruption of the French oyez, hear ye! The ancient term still used by a public crier and by the usher of courts of justice to enjoin silence and attention. Oyster (the Latin Ostrea edulis). British oysters are celebrated by the Roman satirist Juvenal (Sat. iv. 140), about 100. The robbery of oyster-beds is prohibited by 7 & 8 Geo. IV. c. 29 (1827). About 15,000 bushels of oysters were said to be produced from the Essex beds alone. In 1858 M. Coste commenced rearing oysters in great numbers on the coast of Brittany, and his plan has

been found successful.

An act for promoting the cultivation of oysters in the
United Kingdom passed.

..Aug. 1866 One for the preservation of oyster-fisheries......3 May, 1867 Certain restrictions of the Oyster-fisheries act, 1862, removed by the Fisheries act....

1868

The Fisheries (oyster, crab, and lobster) act forbids the sale of deep-sea oysters between 15 June and 4 Aug.; and the sale of others between 14 May and 4 Aug.; passed.. ..10 Aug. 1877 Oysters, about 1830 the commonest of food, are now becoming scarcer and scarcer, although their reproduction is about half-a-million-fold. A committee recommend a close time for dredging-viz., 1 May to 1 Sept.; deep-sea fishing to be restricted, as at present, from 15 June to 15 Aug.; no oyster to be sold under 24 inches in diameter. The Whitstable beds, in 1875, are said to have produced about 79,564,000 oysters; value about 55,140/.

American and Portuguese oysters are now largely imported (1878).

A special investigation of the oyster-trade of the United States was made in connection with the census of 1880. The industry is very large, the wholesale trade of New York alone amounting to more than $25,000,000 annually. The exportation of American oysters began about 1878, when the value of the exports was $393,053. In 1879 it was $453,305. via and Wallachia. From it is distilled a substance Ozokerit, a mineral hydro-carbon found in Moldasuitable for making candles; introduced in the autumn of 1871.

Ozone (from the Greek ỏleiv, to yield an odor) was discovered by Schönbein of Basel in 1840, when experimenting with the then newly invented battery of sir William Grove, and was recognized by him successively as a minute constituent of the oxygen gas resulting high tension; of air or oxygen through which electric from the electrolysis of water effected by a current of discharges have taken place; and of air in which moist phosphorus has been undergoing slow oxidation. Marignac determined the action of ozone on various substances to be due to their oxidation Ozonometers constructed...

M. Schönbein announced his discovery of another modification of oxygen, which he termed antozone, hitherto found only in the compound state (in peroxides of sodium, potassium, etc.).

1845

1858

1859

The French Academy of Sciences appointed a committee of eminent philosophers to inquire into the nature and relations of ozone. .4 Dec. 1865

form of oxygen.....

Andrews and Tait demonstrated ozone to be a condensed ..1860, This further established by Soret and Brodie, by quantitative reactions. (Odling suggested and Brodie proved ozone to be 3 parts of oxygen compressed into the space of 2)...

Ozone, generated by a current produced by Wilde's magneto-electric machine, employed to bleach sugar, by Edward Beane's patent..

Liquefied by Hautefeuille and Chappuis..

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Aug. 1868 Oct. 1880

P.

Pacific Ocean, see Magellan; Steam, 1851; Wrecks, | It revived about the end of the thirteenth century, and to Giovanni Cimabue of Florence is awarded the honor 1856; Kidnapping Acts; Panama. of its restoration; died...

Pacific Railways. The project for extending the railway system of the United States across the continent to the Pacific states was first brought to public attention by Asa Whitney, who earnestly advocated the scheme from 1846 to 1850.

Benton's bill for a Pacific railroad introduced into con-
gress...

Act providing for surveys passed.
Subsidy acts passed.

Work begun at both ends of line..

..July, 1862,

..7 Feb. 1849 .March, 1853 and July, 1864

1863

1865 12 May, 1869

1864

40 miles, from Omaha to Fremont, finished
Line opened across the continent.
Northern Pacific Railroad chartered and subsidized....
Construction begun, 1870; arrested by financial panic... 1873
New Orleans connected with the Pacific by Southern rail-
way route....
......Jan. 1882
Pacification, EDICTS OF, the name usually given
to the edicts of toleration granted by the French kings
to the Protestants; see Ghent.

1568

First edict, by Charles IX., permitting the exercise of the
Reformed religion near all the cities and towns in the
realm..
....Jan. 1562
The Reformed worship permitted in the houses of lords
justiciaries, and certain other persons.........March, 1563
These edicts revoked, and all Protestant ministers or-
dered to quit France in fifteen days....
Edict allowing lords and others to have service in their
houses, and granting public service in certain towns.. 1570
[In Aug. 1572, the same monarch authorized the mas-
sacre of St. Bartholomew (see Bartholomew).]
Edict of Pacification by Henry III., April; revoked, Dec.
1576; renewed for six years..

[Several edicts were published against the Protestants after the six years expired.]

John Van Eyck of Bruges and his brother, Hubert, are
regarded as the founders of the Flemish school of
painting in oil...

Uccello first studied perspective; died..
Henry VIII. patronized Holbein, and invited Titian to his

court...

1300

1415 1432

....about 1523

In Aug. 1860, the sale of lord Northwick's pictures occu-
pied eighteen days. It produced 95,7251. A Carlo
Dolci fetched 2010l., and a Murillo 1400l.
The Bicknell collection, sold in April, 1863, produced
25,600l.

Mr. William Noy Wilkins invented a process of using oil
with mineral colors for frescos in 1853; published his
"Durability in Art".

1875

Gainsborough's picture of Georgiana, duchess of Devon-
shire, bought by Messrs. Agnew for 10,100l., stolen
from their house in Bond street, London...24, 25 May, 1876
Baron Albert Grant's collection said to have sold for
106,2627..

.28 April, 1877

Mr. Munro's Novar collection sold for 64,975l.; close of

sale...

Cimabue.
Giotto...
J. Van Eyck.
Giorgione..

Leonardo da Vinci.
Raphael d' Urbino..
Paolo Perugino...
Albert Dürer.
Quentin Matsys...
Correggio...
Parmegiano
Hans Holbein..

EMINENT PAINTERS.

..Oct. 1577

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Edict of Henry IV., renewing that of Oct. 1577..
Edict of Nantes (which see), by Henry IV.......13 April, 1598
Pacification of Nismes (which see)..
.....14 July, 1629

Padlocks are said to have been invented by Beecher at Nuremberg, 1540, but are mentioned much earlier. Padua, the Roman Patavium, in Venetia, N. Italy, said to have been founded by Antenor soon after the fall of Troy, 1183 B.C. It flourished under the Romans. Patavian Latin was considered very corrupt, and is traced in Livy, a native of Padua. After being an independent republic, and a member of the Lombard league, Padua was ruled by the Carrara family from 1318, with a short interruption, till 1405, when it was seized by the Venetians. The university was founded about 1220. It was closed through disturbances, 1848-50.

Pagans, the heathen, worshippers of idols, not agreeing in any set form or points of belief. Constantine ordered the pagan temples to be destroyed throughout the Roman empire, 331; his nephew, Julian, attempted their restoration, 361; but paganism was renounced by the Roman senate in 388, and finally overthrown in the reign of Theodosius the younger, about 391.

School.
Florentine.
Ditto..
Flemish.
Venetian..

.Florentine..

Roman.

.Ditto..

German

.Flemish.

.3 June, 1878

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. Lombardian
.Ditto....

Michael Angelo Buonarotti... Florentine..

Paul Veronese..
Tintoretto...

Annibal Caracci.
Breughel....
P. P. Rubens.

Domenichino.
Vandyck...
Guido..

William Dobson.
Both,

P. Potter.
Le Seur.
Spagnoletto..
Snyders..
Velasquez..
N. Poussin..

Guercino
Hobbima..

A. Cuyp...

A. Vander Velde..
Salvator Rosa...

Rembrandt
Gerard Douw..
Sir Peter Lely.

Mieris..

Ruysdael

.Venetian.

Ditto.

.Ditto..

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Teniers, jun...

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W. Vander Velde..
Watteau

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Pai Marire, a name given to the dogmas of the Hau-hau sect; see New Zealand, 1865.

Pains and Penalties, see Queen Caroline. Painting. Osymandyas (in Egypt) caused his exploits to be represented in painting, 2100 B.C.-Usher. Polygnotus, said to be the first portrait and historic painter, lived about...

......B.C. 450 Zeuxis of Heraclea and Parrhasius of Ephesus....about 400 Apelles...

Pausias of Sicyon was the inventor of the encaustic, a method of burning the colors into wood or ivory, about 360-330

Claude Lorraine..
Ostade....
Murillo........
Berghem.
Carlo Dolci.
Wouvermans

Le Brun..

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