Place Royale begun.. The Hôtel-Dieu founded.. 1522 Grand new opera-house decreed, 1860; designed by Gar1533 nier; opened in state. 5 Jan. 1875 1536 Municipal officers visit London, to inspect railways, etc., 1551 1564 New Hôtel-Dieu finished... .24 Aug. 1572 1578 1589-90 .March, 1594 1595 1604 1606 1610 1615 1629 1645 30 April, 1877 ......Aug. INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: site, two unequal parts divided by the Seine. The main building in the Champ de Mars covers 263,593 square yards (765 by 360 yards); the Trocadéro (which see) palace is a stone structure, with a rotunda supported by columns, crowned by a dome, flanked by two lofty towers, the exterior gallery ornamented with statues. The exhibition was opened by the president, marshal MacMahon (in the name of the republic "), in presence of the prince of Wales, the duc d'Aosta, and other distinguished persons. .1 May, 1878 111,955 persons visited exhibition (a fête day).... 15 Aug. Grand distribution of medals by marshal MacMahon, with speech.. Closed Sunday. 24 July, 1879 .28, 29 Oct. 1873 Great explosion with loss of life at Poirier's chemical works, near Paris.. ......19 Nov. 1874 1790 1804 1806 ..30 March, 1814 1819 .July, 1830 28 July, 1831 of francs were voted, 1833) commenced 15 Dec. 1840; completed March, 1846 Revolution (see France).. .22 Feb. 1848 Paris much improved by Louis Napoleon (probable cost 12,800,000l.) ....1853-62 Industrial Exhibition opened by the emperor and empress, 15 May; visited by queen Victoria and prince Albert (the first visit of an English sovereign to Paris since 1422), 24 Aug.; exhibition closes.. ..15 Nov. 1855 Conference at Paris respecting the Danubian Principalities (which see); closes.. ..Aug. 1858 Bois de Boulogne opened as a garden of acclimatation, 6 Oct. 1860 Remains of Napoleon I. deposited in the Invalides, 31 March, 1861 A building was erected for a permanent industrial exhibition by a company... Oct. 1862 ... Feb. 1864 The scheme failed. Boulevard Prince Eugène opened by the emperor .7 Dec. 1862 Decree for an international exhibition of the products of agriculture, industry, and the fine arts at Paris in 1867; commissioners appointed... INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION On the Champ de Mars (with a new park, comprising more than 100 acres); the oblong building designed by Leplay (enclosing 35 acres), 1245 feet wide, 1500 feet long, consisting of circles within circles; the external corridor was a belt of iron, 85 feet high and 115 feet wide; opened by the emperor and empress.. .1 April, 1867 It was visited by the prince of Wales; the kings of Greece, Belgium, Prussia, and Sweden; the czar of Russia, the viceroy of Egypt, the sultan of Turkey, the emperor of Austria, and other inferior potentates, May-Nov. Attempted assassination of the czar by Berezowski, a Pole. .6 June, The czar and the king of Prussia entertained by M. Haussmann, prefect of Paris (cost 36,000l.)....8 June, Departure of the czar, 11 June; of the king of Prussia, 14 June, Distribution of prizes to exhibitors by the emperor in the presence of the prince of Wales, the sultan, etc., 1 July, Between England, France, Spain, and Portugal; cession of Canada to Great Britain by France, and Florida by Spain. ...10 Feb. 1763 Between France and Sardinia; the latter ceding Savoy, etc.. 15 May, 1796 Between France and Sweden, whereby Swedish Pomerania and the island of Rügen were given up to the Swedes, who agreed to adopt the French prohibitory system against Great Britain... ...6 Jan. 1810 Capitulation of Paris: Napoleon renounces the sover eignty of France. .11 April, 1814 Convention of Paris, between France and the allied pow ers; the boundaries of France to be the same as on 1 Jan. 1792... .23 April, Peace of Paris ratified by France and all the allies, 14 May, Convention of St. Cloud, between marshal Davoust and Wellington, and Blucher, for the surrender of Paris, 3 July, 1815 [The allies entered it on the 6th.] Treaty of Paris, between Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia, styling Napoleon the prisoner of those powers, and confiding his safeguard to England, 2 Aug. Establishing the boundaries of France, and stipulating for the occupation of certain fortresses by foreign troops for three years ..20 Nov. Treaty of Paris, confirming the treaties of Chaumont and Vienna, same day 20 Nov. Treaty of Paris, to fulfil the articles of the congress of Vienna.. .10 June, 1817 Treaty of Paris between Russia and Turkey, England, France, and Sardinia (revised 13 March, 1871; see Russia).. ...30 March, 1856 Declaration of Paris, signed by European powers, not by United States, March, 1856: 1. Privateering abolished. 2. Neutral flags to exempt an enemy's goods from capture, except contraband of war. 3. Neutral goods under an enemy's flag not to be seized. 4. Blockade to be binding must be effective. This declaration was censured in parliament in 1871. Asscuted to by United States, 1861. Treaty of Paris between England and Persia...4 March, 1857 Treaty of Paris between the European powers, Prussia, and Switzerland, respecting Neufchâtel.......26 May, Important commercial treaty between France and Eng land... .23 Jan. 1860 Convention between France and Italy for withdrawal of French troops from Rome.. ..15 Sept. 1864 Parishes. Their boundaries in England were first fixed by Honorius, archbishop of Canterbury, 636. They were enlarged, and the number of parishes was consequently reduced in the fifteenth century, when there were 10,000. Parish registers were commenced in 1538. Acts were passed in 1844 and 1856 by which new parishes may be formed out of too extensive ones; acts amended in 1869. The appointment of parish constables was made unnecessary by an act passed Aug. 1872; see Registers and Benefices. Parisienne, La, popular song by Casimir Delavigne, celebrating the defeat of the troops of Charles X. by the Parisians, 1 Aug. 1830; the music (an old air) was arranged by Auber. 843 acres. Park, Central, NEW YORK. In the centre of New York city is the Central Park, intended for the benefit of all the inhabitants of the city. It begins at Fiftyninth street, and is extended to One Hundred and Tenth street-a distance of 13,507 feet. Its breadth, from Fifth to Eighth avenue, is 2718 feet; thus giving an area of It contains the great Croton reservoir for the use of New-Yorkers. The water surface of the reservoir is 96 acres, and the depth of water when full is about 38 feet; its capacity more than 1,000,000,000 gallons. The cost of the reservoir was nearly $600,000. The park was laid out in 1858. It contains the American Museum of Natural History, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Archæology; of which the Cesnola collection of Cypriote antiquities is a chief feature. Parker Museum, see Sanitary. Parkesine. A new substance, composed of guncotton, obtained from various vegetable bodies and oil. It can be formed with the properties of ivory, tortoiseshell, wood, india-rubber, gutta-percha, etc. It is the invention of Mr. Alexander Parkes of Birmingham, and was shown by him at the Exhibition in 1862. In Dec. 1865, at the Society of Arts, parkesine was proved to be an excellent electric insulator, and therefore likely to be suitable for telegraphic purposes. twelve persons should be chosen to represent the commons in the three parliaments, which, by the sixth statute, were to be held yearly.-Burton's Annals. The general representation by knights, citizens, and burgesses took place 49 Hen. III., 1265.-Dugdale's Summons to Parliament, edit. 1685. See Commons and Lords. The power and jurisdiction of parliament are so transcendent and absolute that it cannot be confined, either for causes or persons, within any bounds. It hath sovereign and uncontrollable authority in making and repealing laws. It can regulate or new-model the succession to the crown (as was done in the reigns of Henry VIII. and William III.). It can alter and establish the religion of the country, as was done in the reigns of Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth. - Sir Edward Coke.* The fourth edition of May's "Practical Treatise on Parliawas published in 1859; see Triennial and Septennial. Return of the names of members of parliament from the earliest period to the present time ordered by the house of commons, 4 May, 1876, and 9 March, 1877. Part I. (1213–1702) published 1879. ment First a deliberative assembly; it becomes a legislative sented.. Members obliged to reside at the places they repre- Acts of Parliament printed in 1501, and consecutively from Park-lane Murder, see Trials, 1872. Parks. The Romans attached parks to their villas. Fulvius Lupinus, Pompey, and Hortensius, among others, had large parks. In England, the first great park of which particular mention is made was that of Wood-Journals of the lords commenced. stock, formed by Henry I. 1125. Queen Caroline, consort of George II., inquired, it is said, of the first Mr. Pitt (afterwards earl of Chatham), how much it would cost to shut up the parks as private grounds. He replied, "Three crowns, your majesty." The design was never afterwards entertained; see Finsbury, Southwark, Green, Hyde, James's (St.), Regent's, Victoria, Alexandra, Battersea, and People's Parks, and Yellowstone Park, U. S. The Parks Preservation Society, established by Mr. F. G. Heath and others.. 1871 .27 June, 1872 The Parks' Regulation act, passed. 66 Feb. 1873 18 March, 1878 Park's Travels. Mungo Park set sail on his first voyage to Africa under the patronage of the African Society, to trace the source of the river Niger, 22 May, 1795; and returned 22 Dec. 1797, after having fruitlessly encountered great danger. He again sailed from Portsmouth on his second voyage, 30 Jan. 1804, appointed to a new expedition by government; but never returned. His murder at Broussa on the Niger was well authenticated. Parliament (from the French parlement, discourse) derives its origin from the Saxon general assemblies, called Witenagemotes. The name was applied to the assemblies of the state under Louis VII. of France, about the middle of the twelfth century; but it is said not to have appeared in our law till its mention in the statute of Westminster I., 3 Edw. I., 1272; and yet Coke declared in his "Institutes," and spoke to the same effect when speaker (1592), that this name was used even in the time of Edward the Confessor, 1041. The first clear account we have of the representatives of the people forming a house of commons was in the 43d Hen. III., 1258, when it was settled by the statutes of Oxford that Members protected from arrest (see Ferrars). .... peer's eldest son who sat in the house of commons... 1549 The Addled Parliament; remonstrated with James I. respecting benevolences; dissolved by him in anger, The parliament in which were first formed the Court and Country parties, 1614; disputes with James I., 5 April, 1614 *When the royal assent is given to a public bill, the clerk If the bill be a private says, "Le roi [or la reine] le veut." bill, he says, subsidies for its object, he says, "Le roi [or la reine] remercie "Soit fait comme il est désiré." If the bill have ses loyaux sujets, accepte leur bénévolence, et aussi le veut." If the king do not think proper to assent to the bill, the clerk says, "Le roi (or la reine] s'avisera;” which is a mild way of giving a refusal. It is singular that the French language should still be used. .7 Aug. 1878 lan), sat from 3.45 P.M. 2 July to 7.15 A. M. 3 July; from about 4 P.M. 31 July to 6.10 P.M.... ..1 Aug. 1877 Temporary resolution to check obstructiveness (by abuse of the power of moving the adjournment of the house) 27 July, passed (282-32).. Major O'Gorman, M. P. for Waterford, "named" by the speaker for refusing to submit to his authority, 6 Aug. ; apologizes.... Much obstruction by home-rule party, June, July; Mr. Parnell's virtual vote of censure of the speaker (for directing notes to be taken, etc.) lost (29-421).11, 12 July. 1879 Breach of privilege; Mr. C. E. Grissell having stated that he could influence the committee on the "Tower high-level bridge," is examined by a committee; he and Mr. John Sandilands Ward convicted, 16 July; Mr. Grissell went abroad; order for his apprehension issued; Mr. Ward appeared before the house; taken into custody, 23 July; released 30 July; Mr. Grissell surrenders; sent to Newgate, 14 Aug.; released 15 Aug. Motion for quinquennial parliaments negatived (110-160), 24 Feb. 1880 66 66 Sir Stafford Northcote's resolutions against obstruction, A committee appointed; recommends that he be allowed Mr. Parnell's lost (57-435). Debate on Irish amendments to the address: March, 1868 Mr. Justin McCarthy's (37-201). Vote by proxy in the house of lords abolished by standing order.... Mr. Dawson's (36-274)... .31 March, 66 Mr. O'Kelly's (34-178). Parliamentary Elections act passed. Parliament dissolved New parliament met.. Mr. Bonham Carter succeeds Mr. J. C. Dodson as deputy. speaker and chairman of committees... ..8 April, 1872 Mr. Biggar and others caused reporters and others to be excluded from the debates in the commons; much discussion ensued; Mr. Disraeli's resolution that strangers are not to withdraw without a vote of the house or order of the speaker unanimously adopted, 31 May, Only 89,9381. paid to members (commons) for salaries and pensions, civil, naval, and military.. ...July, The Ballot act passed... 18 July, Mr. Plimsoll, greatly excited, makes unparliamentary charges at the proposed withdrawal of the Merchant Shipping bill, 22 July; apologizes; motion for reprimand withdrawn. .29 July, 1875 The commons, through Irish members (principally Messrs. House of commons on Irish Protection bill sat from 4 P.M. 25 Jan. to 2 P. M... 26 Jan. Mr. Gladstone's motion for urgency carried (251-33).. On first reading of Mr. Forster's Coercion bill; debate summarily closed by Mr. H. Brand, the speaker (termed coup d'état), 4 P. M. 31 Jan. to 9.30 P M........2 Feb. Thirty-six Irish members, Mr. Parnell, Mr. Justin McCarthy, and others, suspended for the sitting for disor derly conduct; Mr. Gladstone's resolutions; speaker invested with all the powers of the house to regulate business when voted urgent by three fourths of the members (at least 200) (234-150). ....3 Feb. New stringent rules to be enforced when business is declared urgent by a minister of the crown; laid on table by the speaker... ....9 Feb. Supplemental rules, 17 Feb., modified; acted on 21 Feb.; new rules announced.. 11, 12 March, Mr. Gladstone's resolution for urgency," with the sup plies, lost (212–296).. 14 March, Mr. Bradlaugh re-elected for Northampton......9 April, His offer to take the oath opposed (208-175); he is forcibly removed, 26 April; again ejected..........10 May, New Parliamentary Oaths bill discharged........5 July, NUMBER AND DURATION OF PARLIAMENTS, FROM 27 EDW. 1. 1299 To 37 VICT. 1874. Termed the "Palace of Westminster." The first contract for the embankment of the river was taken in 1837 by Messrs. Lee; this embankment, faced with granite, is 886 feet in length, and projected into the river in a line with the inner side of the third pier of old Westminster bridge. Sir Charles Barry (born 1795, died 1860) was the architect of the sumptuous pile of buildings raised since 1840. The whole stands on a bed of concrete twelve feet thick; to the east it has a front of about 1000 feet, and covers an area of nine statute acres. It contains 1100 apartments, 100 staircases, and two miles of passages or corridors. The great Victoria tower at the southwest extremity is 346 feet in height, and towers of less magnitude crown other portions of the building ↑ Corrected by the blue book, "Parliaments of England," printed 1875. Day of Meeting.* When Dissolved. | pressed by Louis XV., 1771; restored by Louis XVI., 1774; demanded a meeting of the states-general in 1787; and was suspended by the national assembly, 3 Nov. 1547 1789; see Commune. 28 March... 1544 1552 Reign. HENRY VIII.. 16 Jan..... 30 Jan.... 1541 23 Nov. EDWARD VI....... MARY... 4 Nov..... 1547 15 April.. 1 March....1553 31 March.. Parliament OF SCOTLAND consisted of barons, prelates, and abbots, and occasionally of burgesses. A great 1554 national council was held at Scone by John Balliol, 9 Feb. 1292, and by Robert Bruce at Cambuskenneth in 1558 1326. A house of commons was never formed in Scot1559 land. The parliament of Scotland sanctioned the act of union on 16 Jan. 1707, and met for the last time on 22 April, same year. 1567 1571 19 April.... 1583 23 March... 1587 29 March.. 1589 1598 9 Feb...... 1611 1622 27 March... 1625 1626 1655 1679 1625 12 Aug. 6 Feb... 1626 15 June.. 1628 1654 10 March... 1629 27 Jan.. 1659 7 May. 8 May.. 1661 6 March... 1679 1848 18 Jan.. 1681 The Sardinians retire after the battle of Novara, 5 April.... 1705 1705 11 April... 1708 1708 1727 1741 1747 1715 1754 21 March... 1761 1761 12 March... 1768 1768 War in Italy; the Parmesans establish a provisional Farina became dictator. Parochial Charities Commission, see Lon 30 Sept.. 1774 don, 1878. 1784 12 June 1790 1790 20 May..... 1796 1774 1 Sept..... 1780 Parricide. There was no law against it in Athens 23 April.... 1820 1806 1807 1812 1818 29 Feb...... 1820 1802 1806 22 June.. 1807 24 Oct... 24 Nov 1812 10 June 14 Jan.. 1819 2 June. 1826 1830 1834 Parsees, or GUEBRES, the followers of Zerdusht, 22 April.... 1831 dwelt in Persia till 638, when, at the battle of Kadseah, 3 Dec.... 1832 their army was decimated by the Arabs, and the mon30 Dec.. archy annihilated at the battle of Náhárand in 641. Many submitted to the conquerors, but others fled to India, and their descendants still reside at Bombay (where they are termed Parsees), and where they numbered 114,698 in 1849. Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, the 3d baronet, was elected president of the community there, July, 1877. Mr. Dadabhai Naoroji, a Parsee merchant, was for several years professor of Gujerati at University College, London; see Bombay. 19 Feb. 1859 4 Nov... 1852 Parliament OF IRELAND, it is said, began with conferences of the English settlers on the hill of Tara, in 1173. Writs for knights of the shire were issued in 1295. The Irish parliament met last on 2 Aug. 1800, the bill for the union having passed. "Partant pour la Syrie," popular French song; words by comte Alexandre de Laborde; music by Hortense Beauharnois, wife of Louis Bonaparte, king of Holland, about 1809. The music became very popular after her son became emperor, in 1852, as Napoleon III. Parthenon (from Greek wapɛvoç, virgin), a tem Parliament OF PARIS was made the chief court of justice in France by Philip IV.; at his suggestion it re-ple at Athens dedicated to Minerva, erected about 442 voked a bull of pope Boniface VIII., 1302. It was sup- B.C. In it Phidias placed his renowned statue of that The roof was destroyed by the Vene*Corrected by the blue-book, "Parliaments of England," goddess, 438 B.C. printed 1879. tians in 1687; see Elgin Marbles. Parthenopean Republic was established by the Passion-week, the name given since the Refor French at Naples (anciently called Parthenope), 23 Jan.mation to the week preceding Easter, was formerly ap1799, and overthrown in June same year, Parthia (Asia). The Parthians were originally a tribe of Scythians who, being exiled, as their name implies, from their own country, settled near Hyrcania. Arsaces laid the foundation of an empire which ultimately extended over a large part of Asia, 250 B.C.; the Parthians were never wholly subdued by the Romans. The last king, Artabanus V., was killed A.D. 226; and his territories were annexed to the new kingdom of Persia founded by Artaxerxes, who had revolted against Parthia. Particularists. The name given to those Germans who desire the maintenance of the independence of the German states, and oppose their absorption into the empire. M. Gasser, one of them, failed in an attempt to form a ministry in Bavaria, Sept. 1872. Partition Act, relative to the division of property sold by direction of the court of chancery, passed 25 June, 1688. Partition Treaties. The first treaty between England and Holland for regulating the Spanish succession (declaring the elector of Bavaria next heir, and ceding provinces to France) was signed 19 Aug. 1698; and the second (between France, England, and Holland, declaring the archduke Charles presumptive heir of the Spanish monarch, Joseph Ferdinand having died in 1699), 13 March, 1700. Treaty for the partition of Poland; the first was a secret convention between Russia and Prussia, 17 Feb. 1772; the second between the same powers and Austria, 5 Aug. same year, the third was between Russia, Austria, and Prussia, 24 Oct. 1795. Partnership. The laws respecting it were amended in 1863; see Limited Liability. Party, see Processions. Pasigraphy (from Greek wão, for all): a system which professes to teach people to communicate with each other by means of numbers which convey the same ideas in all languages. A society for this purpose was established at Munich; and the president, Auton Bachmaier, published a dictionary and grammar for German, French, and English, 1868-71; 4334 mental conceptions may be thus communicated. Pasquinades. this name about 1533. At the stall of a cobbler named Pasquin, at Rome, idle persons used to assemble to listen to his sallies, to relate anecdotes, and rail at the passers-by. After the cobbler's death, his name was given to a statue to which lampoons were affixed. Small satirical poems obtained Passarowitz Treaty, concluded 21 July, 1718, between Germany and Venice, and the Turks, by which the house of Austria ceded certain commercial rights, and obtained from Turkey the Temeswar, Belgrade, and part of Bosnia, Servia, and Wallachia. The Turks gained the Morea. Passau (Germany), TREATY OF, whereby religious freedom was established, was ratified between the emperor Charles V. and the Protestant princes of Germany, 31 July, 1552. In 1662 the cathedral and great part of Passau were consumed by fire. Passengers by public vehicles, are protected by 1 & 2 Will. IV. c. 22 (1831), 1 & 2 Vict. c. 79 (1838), and 16 & 17 Vict. c. 33 (1853). Mr. Cleghorn, under whom the front seat on the near side of one of the general omnibus company's carriages had given way, recovered 4007. damages against the company, in a verdict by consent, in the Queen's Bench, 10 Dec. 1856. The Ships' Passenger act, 18 & 19 Vict. c. 119, passed in 1855, was amended in 1863; see Campbell's Act. Passionists, a congregation of Clerks of the Holy Cross, founded by St. Paul of the Cross, who died 1775, and was canonized by the pope, 1867. A home was set up in England in 1841, and others since. The monastery, Highgate, London, N., solemnly blessed by cardinal Manning, and opened 16 July, 1876. Passion-play, see Drama. plied to the fortnight. Archbishop Laud says the two weeks were so called "for a thousand years together," and refers to an epistle by Ignatius, in the first century, in which the practice is said to have been "observed by all." The week preceding Easter is now by some termed "Holy-week," the previous week "Passion-week." PASSION MUSIC. Gregory Nazianzen (A. D. 330-90) is said to have first set forth the history of the Passion in a dramatic form. Guidetti, in 1586, published music for this subject, which has J. S. Bach's great "Passion-Musik," first performed on Good Friday, 1729, has been revived with great success in this country, beginning with that "according to St. Matthew," 6 April, 1854. been treated since by many composers. Passover, the most solemn festival of the Jews, instituted 1491 B.C. (Exod. xii.) in commemoration of their coming out of Egypt; because the night before their departure the destroying angel, who put to death the first-born of the Egyptians, passed over the houses of the Hebrews without entering them; the door-posts being marked with the blood of the Paschal lamb killed the evening before. The Passover was celebrated in the new temple, 18 April, 515 B.C.--Usher. Passport System forbids subjects to quit one country or enter another without the consent of the sovereign thereof. In 1858 the system was somewhat changed in this country, and the stamp-duty on passished in Norway in 1859; in Sweden in 1860; and (with ports was reduced from 5s. to 6d. Passports were abolregard to British subjects) in France, 16 Dec. 1860; in Italy, 26 June, 1862; in Portugal, 23 Jan. 1863; and are falling into disuse in other countries. The passport system was established in the United States on 19 Aug. 1861, and maintained during the continuance of the civil war. The United States government issues passports to its citizens travelling abroad, but except during the civil war no domestic passport system has ever existed in the republic. The passport system, revived in France on account of the war, 1 Aug. 1870, was a olished by M. Thiers, 10 April, 1872, in compliance with the wish of the British government. Paston Letters, the correspondence of a Norfolk family, 1422-83, giving a picture of social life in England, were edited by sir John Fenn, and published in five volumes, quarto, 1787-1823. Their authenticity was questioned Sept. 1865, but was satisfactorily vindicated by a committee of the Society of Antiquaries in May, 1866. Part of the MS. was soon after purchased by the trustees of the British Museum. The publication of a new edition, by James Gairdner, with additional letters, 1872-5. The MS. of the second series, with other letters, was found in 1875, by Mr. Frere, of Roydon Hall, near Diss, Norfolk. Patay (France), where Joan of Arc, the Maid of Orleans, was present when the earl of Richemonte signally defeated the English, 18 June, 1429. Talbot was taken prisoner, and the valiant Fastolfe was forced to flee. In consequence, Charles VII. of France entered Rheims in triumph, and was crowned 17 July, following year, Joan of Arc assisting in the ceremony in full armor, and holding the sword of state; see Joan of Arc. Patent Medicines. Received for stamps, year 1875-6, 123, 136/. Patents (from pateo, I lie open), licenses and authorities granted by the king. Patents granted for titles of nobility were first made 1344, by Edward III. They were first granted for the exclusive privilege of printing books in 1591. The property and right of inventors in arts and manufactures were secured by letters-patent by an act passed in 1623. The later laws regulating patents are very numerous; among them are 5 & 6 Will. c. 83 (1835), and 15 & 16 Vict. c. 83 (1852). By the latter COMMISSIONERS OF PATENTS were appointed—viz., the lord chancellor, the master of the rolls, the attorney-general for England and Ireland, the lord |