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1724. Sir Philip Yorke, afterwards earl of Hardwicke.

1734. Sir John Willes, knt.

1737. Sir Dudley Ryder, knt.

1754. Hon. William Murray, afterwards earl of Mansfield.

celerated motion by the falling of weights, invented by George Atwood, described 1784: he died 11 July, 1807. Aubaine, a right of the French kings, which exist

1756. Sir Robert Henley, kut., afterwards earl of Northington.ed from the beginning of the monarchy, whereby they

1757. Sir Charles Pratt, knt., afterwards lord Camden. 1762. Hon. Charles Yorke.

1763. Sir Fletcher Norton, knt., afterwards lord Grantley.

claimed the property of every stranger who died in their

1765. Hon. Charles Yorke, again; afterwards lord Morden, and country without having been naturalized, was abolished

lord chancellor; see Chancellors.

1766. William de Grey, afterwards lord Walsingham.
1771. Edward Thurlow, esq., afterwards lord Thurlow.
1778. Alex. Wedderburn, afterwards lord Loughborough.
1780. James Wallace, esq.
1782. Lloyd Kenyon, esq.

1783. James Wallace, esq.

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1812. Sir Thomas Plumer, afterwards first vice-chancellor of England, 26 June.

1813. Sir William Garrow, 4 May.

1817. Sir Samuel Shepherd, 7 May,

1819. Sir Robert Gifford, afterwards lord Gifford, 24 July.

by the National Assembly in 1790-1, re-established by Napoleon in 1804, and finally annulled 14 July, 1819.

Auberoche, Guienne (S. France). The earl of Derby defeated the French, besieging this place, 19 Aug. 1344.

Auckland, capital of New Zealand (north island), was founded Sept. 1840. The population of the district in 1857 was estimated at 15,000 Europeans and 35,000 natives. The seat of government was removed to Wellington, on Cook's Strait, Dec. 1864.

Auction, a kind of sale known to the Romans, mentioned by Petronius Arbiter (about A.D. 66). The first in Britain was about 1700, by Elisha Yale, a governor of Fort George, now Madras, in the East Indies, who thus sold the goods he had brought home. Auction and sales' tax began 1779. Various acts of parliament have regulated auctions and imposed duties, in some cases as high as five per cent. By 8 Vict. c. 15, 1845,

1824. Sir John Singleton Copley, afterwards lord Lyndhurst, 9 the duties were repealed, and a charge imposed "on the

Jan.

1826. Sir Charles Wetherell, 20 Sept.

1827. Sir James Scarlett, 27 April.

1828. Sir Charles Wetherell, again, 19 Feb.

license to be taken out by all auctioneers in the United Kingdom of 10." In 1858 there were 4358 licenses granted, producing 43,5801. The abuses at auctions,

1829. Sir James Scarlett, again; afterwards lord Abinger, 29 termed "knock-outs," caused by combinations of brokers

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Sir Frederick Pollock, 17 Dec.

and others, excited much attention in Sept. 1866. An act regulating sales of land by auction was passed 15 July, 1867. Certain sales are now exempt from being

1835. Sir John Campbell, again; afterwards lord Campbell (and conducted by a licensed auctioneer, such as goods and

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chattels under a distress for rent, and sales under the provisions of the Small Debts Acts for Scotland and Ireland.-Abuses at auctions in the United States have led to various statutory regulations in the several states. In New York, where abuses have been greatest, auctioneers must give bonds in $100,000 for faithful conduct of business, must make semi-annual accounts of sales, and pay to the state a certain percentage of the sales of goods, except certain goods which are exempt.

Audiani, followers of Audæus of Mesopotamia, who, having been expelled from the Syrian church on account of his severely reproving the vices of the clergy, about 338, formed a sect and became its bishop. He was bauished to Scythia, where he is said to have made many

converts. His followers celebrated Easter at the time of the Jewish passover, attributed the human figure to the Deity, and had other peculiar tenets.

Audiometer (from audio, I hear), an instrument for the measurement of the faculty of hearing, invented by prof. Hughes. It consists of a battery of two Leclanche's cells connected with a simple microphone

1871. Sir John Duke Coleridge, afterwards lord Coleridge, and and telephone; described to the Royal Society, 15 May,

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Audiphone, an instrument to assist the partially deaf, invented by Mr. R. G. Rhodes of Chicago, and modified by M. Colladon of Geneva, in 1880. It consists of a thin sheet of hard ebonite rubber or card-board, This

Attorney-general, UNITED STATES, see Adminis- should be placed against the teeth, through which and

tration.

other bones the vibrations are conveyed to the auditory

Attorneys and Solicitors' Act, passed 14 nerve. July, 1870.

Audit-office, Somerset House. Commissioners for auditing the public accounts were appointed in 1785, and many statutes regulating their duties have since been enacted.

Attraction, described by Copernicus, about 1520, as an appetence or appetite which the Creator impressed, upon all parts of matter; by Kepler as a corporeal affection tending to union, 1605. In 1687, sir Isaac Newton pub- Audley's Rebellion, see Rebellions, 1497. lished his Principia," containing his important researches | Auerstädt (Prussia). Here, on 14 Oct. 1806, the on this subject. There are the attractions of gravita- French, under Davoust, sigually defeated the Prussians, tion, magnetism, and electricity (which see). Dr. C. Will-under Blucher; see Jena. iam Siemens exhibited and described his attractionmeter at the Royal Society, 1876.

Aughrim, near Athlone, in Ireland, where on 12 July, 1691, a battle was fought between the Irish, head

Atwood's Machine, for proving the laws of ac- ed by the French general, St. Ruth, and the English

under gen. Ginckel. The former were defeated and lost | London, erected 1354, and since the Reformation used 7000 men; the latter lost only 600 killed and 960 wound- by Dutch Protestants, was partially destroyed by fire, 22 ed. St. Ruth was slain. This engagement proved de- Nov. 1862. It was restored, and reopened 1 Oct. 1865. cisively fatal to the interest of James II., and Ginckel A religious house of the order, dedicated to St. Monica, was created earl of Athlone. mother of Augustin, was founded in Hoxton square, London, 1864.

Augmentation oF POOR LIVINGS' OFFICE, established in 1704. 5597 clerical livings, not exceeding 50%. per annum, were found by the commissioners under the act of Anne capable of augmentation by means of the bounty then established.

Augmentations Court, established in 1535 by 27 Henry VIII. c. 27, in relation to cap. 28, same session, which gave the king the property of all monasteries having 2001. a year. The court was abolished by Mary, 1553, and restored by Elizabeth, 1558.

Augsburg (Bavaria), originally a colony settled by Augustus, about 12 B.C.; became a free city, and flourished during the middle ages. Here many important diets of the empire have been held. In A.D. 952, a council confirmed the order for the celibacy of the priesthood. Augsburg has suffered much by war, having been frequently taken by siege-in 788, 1703, 1704, and, last, by the French, 10 Oct. 1805, who restored it to Bavaria in March, 1806.

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Augsburg Diet, summoned by the emperor Charles V. to
settle the religious disputes of Germany, met 20 June,
and separated..
.Nov. 1530
Confession of Augsburg, compiled by Melanchthon, Lu-
ther, and others, signed by the Protestant princes, pre-
sented to the emperor Charles V., and read to the
diet...
...25 June,
Interim of Augsburg, a document issued by Charles V.:
an attempt to reconcile the Catholics and Protestants
(it was fruitless, and was withdrawn)....read 15 May, 1548
"Peace of Religion" signed at Augsburg... 25 Sept. 1555
League of Augsburg, for maintenance of the treaties of
Münster, Nimeguen: a treaty between Holland and
other powers against France...........signed 9 July, 1686
Augury. Husbandry was in part regulated by the
coming or going of birds long before the time of Hesiod.
Three augurs at Rome, with vestals and several orders
of the priesthood, were formally constituted by Numa
about 710 B.C. The number increased, and was fifteen
at the time of Sylla, 81. The college of augurs was abol-
ished by Theodosius about A.D. 390.

Aulic Council, a sovereign court in Germany, established by the emperor Maximilian I., being one of the two courts, the first called the Imperial Chamber, civil and criminal, instituted at Worms, 1495, and afterwards held at Spires and Wetzler; and the other the Aulic Council at Vienna, 1506. These courts, having concurrent jurisdiction, were instituted for appeals in particular cases from the courts of the Germanic states.

Auray (N.W. France). Here, on 29 Sept. 1364, the English, under John Chandos, defeated the French and captured their leader Du Guesclin. Charles of Blois, made duke of Brittany by the king of France, was slain, and a peace was made in April, 1365.

Auricular Confession. The confession of sin at the ear (Latin, auris) of the priest was an early practice, since it is said to have been forbidden in the fourth century by Nectarius, archbishop of Constantinople. It was enjoined by the council of Lateran in 1215, and by the council of Trent in 1551. It was one of the six articles of faith enacted by our Henry VIII. in 1539, but was abolished in England at the Reformation. Its revival here has been attempted by the church party called Puseyites, Tractarians, or Ritualists.

The rev. Alfred Poole, a curate of St. Barnabas, Knightsbridge, was suspended by his bishop from his office for practising auricular confession in June, 1858, and the suspension was confirmed in Jan. 1859. Much excitement was created by a similar attempt by the rev. Temple West at Boyne Hill in Sept. 1858.

In May, 1873, 483 clergymen of the Church of England presented a petition to convocation for the education, selection, and licensing of duly qualified confessors, in accordance with the provisions of canon-law. Strongly disapproved of by the bishops.

1873.

Letter from the bishop of London asserting that confession should be to God; that to the minister optional, 21 July, Archdeacon Denison (in a letter) declares war against all op posing auricular confession, 22 Aug. 1873.

96 peers send an address against auricular confession to the archbishop of Canterbury about 9 Aug. 1877; see Holy Cross. August, the eighth Roman month of the year (previously called Sextilis, or the sixth from March), by a Auriflamma, or ORIFLAMME, the national banner decree of the senate received its present name in honor mentioned in French history, belonging to the abbey of of Augustus Cæsar, in the year 8 B.C., because in this St. Denis, and suspended over the tomb of that saint. month he was created consul, had thrice triumphed in Rome, added Egypt to the Roman empire, and made an

end of the civil wars. He added one day to the month,

making it 31 days.-The appearance of shooting-stars on the 10th of Aug. was observed in the middle ages, when they were termed "St. Lawrence's tears." Their periodicity was noticed by Mr. Forster early in the present century.

Augusta, SIEGE OF. Augusta (in Georgia, United States) was held by a force under a loyalist named Brown in the spring of 1781. While gen. Greene was carrying on the siege of fort Ninety-six, Lee, Pickens, Clarke, and other Southern partisan leaders laid siege to Augusta. It commenced on 23 May, and on 5 June Brown surrendered. The Americans lost 51 men killed and wounded; the British lost 52 killed, and 334, including the wounded, were taken prisoners.

Louis le Gros was the first king who took this standard from the abbey to battle, 1124.—Hénault. It appeared for the last time at Agincourt, 25 Oct. 1415.-Tillet. say at Montlhéry, 16 July, 1465.

Others

"Aurora,” FRIGATE, sailed from Britain in 1771 to the East Indies, and was never again heard of.-AURORA, daily papal newspaper, appeared at Rome, 1 June, 1880.

Aurora Boreales AND Australes (Northern and Southern Polar Lights), though rarely seen in central Europe, are frequent in the arctic and antarctic regions. In March, 1716, an aurora borealis extended from the west of Ireland to the confines of Russia. The whole horizon lat. 57° N. was overspread with continuous haze of a dismal red during a whole night, Nov. 1765.- Mr. Foster, the companion of capt. Cook, saw the aurora in lat. 58° S. The aurora is now attributed to the passage of electric light through the rarefied air

Augustan Era began 14 Feb. 27 B.C., or 727 years of the polar regions. In Aug. and Sept. 1859 (and about

after the foundation of Rome.

Augustin (or AUSTIN) FRIARS, a religious order which ascribes its origin to St. Augustin, bishop of Hip po, who died 430. They first appeared about the eleventh century, and the order was constituted by pope Alexander IV., 1256. The rule requires poverty, humility, and chastity. Martin Luther was an Augustin monk. The Augustins held the doctrine of free grace, and were rivals of the Dominicans. The order appeared in England soon after the conquest, and had 32 houses at the suppression, 1536. One of their churches, at Austin Friars,,

24 Oct. 1870), when brilliant aurora were very frequent, communications interrupted. Aurora were seen at Rome the electric telegraph - wires were seriously affected, and and Basel, and also in Australia.

Auscultation, see Stethoscope.

Austerlitz, a town in Moravia, where a battle was fought between the French and the allied Austrian and Russian armies, 2 Dec. 1805. Three emperors commanded: Alexander of Russia, Francis of Austria, and Napoleon of France. The killed and wounded exceeded 30,000 on the side of the allies, who lost 40 standards, 150

pieces of cannon, and thousands of prisoners.

The deci- Census (including Port Phillip)-114,700 males; 74,800 females..

sive victory of the French led to the treaty of Presburg, Kennedy's expedition, 1847; killed... signed 26 Dec. 1805; see Presburg.

Austin Friars, see Augustin Friars.

Australasia, the fifth great division of the world. This name, originally given it by De Brosses, includes Australia, Van Diemen's Land, New Guinea, New Zealand, New Britain, New Caledonia, etc., mostly discovered within two centuries. Accidental discoveries were made by the Spaniards as early as 1526; but the first accurate knowledge of these southern lands is due to the Dutch, who in 1606 explored a part of the coast of Papua, or New Guinea. Torres, a Spaniard, passed through the straits which now bear his name, between that island and Australia, and gave the first correct report of the latter, 1606. The Dutch continued their discoveries. Grant in 1800, and Flinders again (1801-5), completed the survey.-M'Culloch.

Great agitation against transportation, which had been revived by earl Grey..

1846

1848

1849

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sea to sea...

1861-2 21 Jan. 1863

the reception of British convicts in West Australia,

about June, 1864

Australia (formerly New Holland), the largest isl-Remains of Burke and Wills recovered; public funeral, and and smallest continent; estimated area about three Strong and general resistance throughout Australia to million square miles, including five provinces-New South Wales, Victoria (formerly Port Phillip), South Australia, West Australia (or Swan River), and Queensland (all which see). Population, with Tasmania and New Zealand, in 1871, about 1,958,650; 1874, 2,334,210; 1878, 2,705,700.

1531

Mr. R. H. Major, in 1872, alleged that Australia was known
to the French prior to....
Alleged discovery by Manoel Godinho de Eredia, a Por-
tuguese..

1601 1606

1627

The Dutch also discover Australia.
. March,
The coast surveyed by Dutch navigators; north, by Zea-
chen, 1618; west, by Edels, 1619; south, by Nuyts, 1627;
north, by Carpenter...
William Dampier explores the W. and N. W. coasts....1684-90
Tasman coasts S. Australia and Van Diemen's Land....1642-4
Terra Australia (Western Australia) named New Holland
by order of the States-General..
William Dampier lands in Australia...
Explorations of Willis and Carteret...
Capt. Cook, sir Joseph Banks, and others land at Botany
Bay, and name the country New South Wales,"
28 April, 1770
1773
Governor Phillip founds Sydney near Port Jackson, with
1030 persons.
26 Jan. 1788

Exploration of Furneaux.

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1665 Jan. 1686 1763-6

[The 824 anniversary of this event was kept with much festivity, 26 Jan. 1870.]

Great distress in consequence of the loss of the store-ship

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Cessation of transportation to Australia in three years
Morgan, a desperate bushranger and murderer, surrounded
...April,
Boundary disputes between New South Wales and Vic-
toria, in summer of 1864; settled amicably...19 April,
Total population of Australia, exclusive of natives, 1,298..
667..
...Jan. 1866
Royal Society of New South Wales (originally the Philo-
sophical Society of Australia, founded 1821), estab-
lished...

68

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.May, Meeting of ministers from the Australian colonies at Melbourne to arrange postal communication with Europe. ..March, 1867 Exploration of S. Australia; capt. Cadell discovers mouth of the river Roper, and fine pastoral country, lat. 14° S. Nov. Despatch from lord Kimberley objecting to the complex tariffs between the Australian colonies.. ...13 July, 1871 Meeting of delegates from New South Wales, Victoria, S. Australia, and Tasmania; they object to imperial interference with their mutual fiscal arrangements, 27 Sept Synod of the church of Australia and Tasmania held at Sydney.... .25 Oct. 1872

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Bass's straits discovered by Bass and Flinders..
First brick church built..

1795 1798

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1802

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Colony of Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania) established 1803
Grant, 1800, and Flinders survey the coasts of Australia. 1801-5
Insurrection of Irish convicts quelled..

1804

Governor Bligh, for his tyranny, deposed and sent home. 1808
Superseded by governor Macquarie...

1809

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Sir Charles Fitzroy, governor general of all the Australian colonies, with a certain jurisdiction over the lieutenantgovernors of Van Diemen's Land, Victoria, and S. and W. Australia...

1846

*GOLD-DISCOVERY.-Mr. Edward Hargraves went to California in search of gold, and was struck with the similarity be tween the rocks and strata of California and those of his own district of Conobolas, some thirty miles west of Bathurst. On his return home, he examined the soil, and after one or two months' digging, found a quantity of gold, 12 Feb. 1851. He applied to the colonial government for a reward, which he readily obtained, with an appointment as commissioner of crown lands. The excitement became intense throughout the colony of New South Wales, rapidly spread to that of Victoria and other places; and in the first week of July, 1851, an aboriginal inhabitant, formerly attached to the Wellington mission, and then in the service of Dr. Kerr, of Wallawa, discovered, while tending his sheep, a mass of gold among a heap of quartz. Three blocks of quartz (from two to three cwt.), found in the Murroo creek, fifty miles to the north of Bathurst, contained 112 lbs. of pure gold, valued at 40007. The "Victoria nugget," a magnificent mass of virgin gold, we ghing 340 oz., was brought to England from the Bendigo diggings; and a piece of pure gold of 106 lbs. weight was also found, From the gold-fields of Mount Alexander and Ballarat, in the district of Victoria, up to Oct. 1852, there were found 2,532, 422 oz., or 105 tons 10 cwt. of gold; and the gold exported up to .1841-6 the same date represented 8,863,4777. sterling. In Nov. 1853 1841 the James Baines and Lightning brought gold from Melbourne .1841-2 valued at 1,200,000. The "Welcome nugget" weighed 201 1842 oz.; value, 8376l. 10s. 10d.; found at Baker's Hill, Ballarat, 1844 11 June, 1858. Between May, 1851, and May 1861, gold to the value of 96,000,000l. had been brought to England from 1845 New South Wales and Victoria.

Capt. Grey explores N. W. Australia..
Count Strzelecki explored New South Wales and Tas-
mania, 1838-43; discovered gold-fields in Bathurst,
Wellington, etc. (kept secret by sir George Gipps).. 1839
Suspension of transportation...

Strzelecki explores the Australian Alps; discovers Gipps's
Land; Eyre explores W. Australia..

Great exertions of Mrs. Chisholm; establishment of
"Home for Female Emigrants"..

Census-87,200 males; 43,700 females.

Very numerous insolvencies.

Incorporation of city of Sydney.

Leichhardt's expedition (never returned).

Sturt proceeds from S. Australia to the middle of the continent.........

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1840

Sir William T. Den son...

Sir John Young of New South Wales only.

(See New South Wales.) Acts for the government of Australia, 10 Geo. IV. c. 22, 14 May, 1829; 6 & 7 Will. IV. c. 68, 13 Aug. 1836; 13 & 14 Vict. c. 59, 5 Aug. 1850. Act for regulating the sale of waste lands in the Australian colonies, 5 & 6 Vict. c. 36, 22 June, 1842.

1854 | Compelled to cede Styria to Hungary, he makes war and
1860
recovers it, in consequence of a great victory...

Austrasia, Oesterreich (Eastern Kingdom), also called Metz, a French kingdom which lasted from the 6th to the 8th century. It began with the division of the territories of Clovis by his sons, 511, and ended by Carloman becoming a monk and surrendering his power to his brother Pepin, who thus became sole king of France, 747.

"Austria," a Hamburg company's steamship, sailed from Southampton to New York 4 Sept. 1858, with 528 persons on board. On 13 Sept., in lat. 45° N., long. 41° 30′ W., it caught fire through the carelessness of some one in burning some tar to fumigate the steerage. Only 67 persons were saved-upwards of 60 by the Maurice, a French bark, the rest by a Norwegian bark. A heart-rending account was given in the Times, 11 Oct. 1858, by Mr. Charles Brews, an English survivor.

He inherits Carinthia, 1263; refuses to become emperor
of Germany, 1272; and to render homage to Rodolph
of Hapsburg, elected emperor..

War against Ottocar as a rebel; he is compelled to cede
Austria, Carinthia, and Styria to Rodolph..
The war renewed: Ottocar perishes in the battle of March-
feld.

1260

1273

1274

26 Aug. 1278

Albert I. assassinated by his nephew while attempting
to enslave the Swiss...
Successful revolt of the Swiss..

...1 May, 1308 ...1307-9

They totally defeat the Austrians under duke Leopold at

Morgarten..

The Tyrol acquired.

.16 Nov. 1315

The duke Leopold imposes a toll on the Swiss, which

1363

..July, 1386

1437

they resist with violence: he makes war on them, and is defeated and slain at Sempach.. Duke Albert V. obtains Bohemia and Hungary, and is The emperor Frederic III., as head of the house of Hapsburg, creates the archduchy of Austria with sovereign power.. ..6 Jan. 1453

elected emperor of Germany.

ensues between them till...

Austria divided between him and his relatives, 1457; war
The Low Countries accrue to Austria by the marriage of
Maximilian with the heiress of Burgundy.

Also Spain, by the marriage of Philip 1. of Austria with
Bohemia and Hungary united to Austria under Ferdi-
nand I....

the heiress of Aragon and Castile..

Austria harassed by Turkish invasions..

1463

1477

1496

1526 .1529-45

1556 1618-48 1701-14

.3 Jan. 1703

Charles V., reigning over Germany, Austria, Bohemia,
Hungary, Spain, the Netherlands, and their dependen-
cies, abdicates (see Spain)
The destructive Thirty Years' war..
War of Spanish Succession...
Mantua ceded to the emperor..
By treaty of Utrecht he obtains part of the duchy of
Milan.
By treaty of Rastadt he acquires the Netherlands....
11 April, 1713
1714
Naples, etc., added to his dominions...
.15 Nov. 1715
Further additions on the east (Temeswar, etc.) by the
Naples and Sicily given up to Spain..
peace of Passarowitz.

Death of Charles VI., the last sovereign of the male line
of the house of Hapsburg; his daughter, Maria Theresa,
becomes queen of Hungary.
Silesian wars...

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Austria, Oesterreich (Eastern Kingdom), anciently Noricum and part of Pannonia, was annexed to the Roman empire about 33; was overrun by the Huns, Avars, etc., during the fifth and sixth centuries, and taken from them by Charlemagne, 791-6. He divided the government of the country, establishing margraves of Eastern Bavaria and Austria. Louis the German, son of Louis le Débonnaire, about 817, subjugated Radbod, margrave of Austria; but in 883 the descendants of the latter raised a civil war in Bavaria against the emperor Charles the Fat, and eventually the margraves of Austria were declared immediate princes of the empire. In 1156 the margraviate was made an hereditary duchy by the emperor Frederic I.; and in 1453 it was raised to an archduchy by the emperor Frederic III. Rodolph, count of Hapsburg, elected emperor of Germany in 1273, acquired Austria in 1278; and from 1493 to 1804 his descendants were emperors of Germany. On 11 Aug. 1804, the emperor Francis II. renounced the title of emperor of Germany, and became hereditary emperor of Austria. The condition of Austria is now greatly improving under the enlightened rule of the present emperor. The political constitution of the empire is based upon-1. The Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI., 1734, which declares the indivisibility of the empire and rules the order of Austria: declared hereditary emperor of Austria, succession. 2. The Pragmatic Sanction of Francis II., 1 11 Aug. 1804 Aug. 1804, when he became emperor of Austria only. 3. His declaration against France.... .5 Aug. 1805 .....20 Oct. The diploma of Francis Joseph, 20 Oct. 1860, whereby Capitulation of his army at Ulm... War: Napoleon enters Vienna.. ..14 Nov. he imparted legislative power to the provincial states Austrians and Russians defeated at Austerlitz....2 Dec. and the council of the empire (Reichsrath). 4. The law By treaty of Presburg, Austria loses Venice and the of 26 Feb. 1861, on the national representation. Self-Vienna evacuated by the French.. Tyrol. government was granted to Hungary, 17 Feb. 1867. The empire was ordered to be named henceforth the AustroHungarian monarchy, by decree, 14 Nov. 1868. Population of the empire* in Oct. 1857, 35,018,988; reduced to 32,530,000 by the loss of Venetia, etc., in 1866 (about 16,000,000 Slavs of different dialects). Population, Austria and other Cis-Leithan provinces, 20,396,580 (31 Dec. 1869); Hungary and Trans-Leithan provinces, 15,509,455.

Frederic II., the last male of the house of Bamberg, killed
in battle with the Hungarians.
15 June, 1246
Disputed succession; the emperor Frederic II. seques-
tered the provinces, appointing Otto, count of Eber-
stein, governor in the name of the emperor; they are
seized by Ladislaus, margrave of Moravia, in right of
his wife, Frederic's niece, Gertrude: he died childless 1247
Herman, margrave of Baden, marries Gertrude, and holds
the provinces till his death...
1250
Premislas Ottocar of Bohemia acquires the provinces.. 1254

..1792-7

Seven Years' war; Silesia ceded to Prussia.
Galicia, etc., acquired from Poland...
War with France (see Battles).
By the treaty of Campo Formio, the emperor gives up
Lombardy (which see) and obtains Venice.... .15 Oct. 1797
Treaty of Luneville (more losses)..
Francis II., emperor of Germany, becomes Francis I. of

1801

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[Italian provinces restored with additions-Lombar-
do-Venetian kingdom established, 7 April.]
Francis I. dies; Ferdinand I. succeeds... ....2 March, 1835
New treaty of commerce with England..
3 July, 1838
Insurrection at Vienna; flight of Metternich..13 March, 1848
Insurrection in Italy (see Milan, Venice, and Sardinia),
18 March, 66
Another insurrection at Vienna; the emperor flees to
Innspruck...
15-17 May,

Archduke John appointed vicar-general of the empire,
A constituent assembly meet at Vienna..
Revolution in Hungary (see Hungary).
Insurrection of Vienna; murder of count

The emperor abdicates in favor of his nephew,
Joseph.....

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*The empire is now divided into two parts, separated by the river Leithe. The Cis Leithan section comprises 14 provincial diets: Galicia, Bohemia, Silesia, Moravia, lower and upper Austria, Styria, the Tyrol and Voralburg, Salzburg, Carinthia, Carniola, Trieste, and Istria, Dalmatia, and the Bukovina. The Trans Leithan section comprises Hungary, Transylvania, Cro- | Trial by jury abolished in the empire.. atia, Slavonia, and the city of Fiume. Death of prince Schwartzenburg, prime-minister, 4 April,

31 Dec. 1851 .15 Jan. 1852

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Amnesty for political offenders of 1848-9..... Austria remonstrates against the attacks of the free Sardinian press.

Firm reply of count Cavour..

Austrians quit the Danube principalities..
Diplomatic relations between Austria and

23-30 March,

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.May, .5 Jan. 1858

ken off in consequence... Emperor and empress visit Hungary. Death of marshal Radetzky (aged 92).. Excitement throughout Europe, caused by the address of the emperor Napoleon III. to the Austrian ambassador: "I regret that our relations with your government are not as good as formerly, but I beg of you to tell the emperor that my personal sentiments for him have not changed"

..1 Jan. 1859 The emperor of Austria replied in almost the same words 4 Jan. Prince Napoleon Bonaparte marries princess Clotilde of Sardinia. ..30 Jan.

Austria prepares for war; enlarges her armies in Italy;
and strongly fortifies the banks of the Ticino, the boun-
dary of her Italian provinces and Sardinia,

Feb. and March,
Lord Cowley at Vienna on a "mission of peace," 27 Feb.
Intervention of Russia; proposal for a congress; disputes
respecting the admission of Sardinia; Sardinia and
France prepare for war..
March and April,

Austria demands the disarmament of Sardinia and the
dismissal of the volunteers from other states within
three days.

66

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Ministerial crisis: M. Schmerling becomes ministermore political concessions.... 13 Dec. 1860

The proscribed Hungarian count Teleki, at Dresden, is given up to Austria, which causes general indignation, about 20 Dec.; he is released on parole.......31 Dec. Amnesty for political offences in Hungary, Croatia, etc., published..

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.7 Jan. 1861

66

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..Jan. 1362

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Reactionary policy of the court leads to increased general disaffection. ...Jan. and Feb. The statutes of the new constitution for the Austrian monarchy published... .26 Feb. Civil and political rights granted to Protestants through. out the empire, except in Hungary and Venice, 8 April, Meeting of Reichsrath-no deputies present from Hun gary, Croatia, Transylvania, Venetia, or Istria, 29 April, Ministry of marine created. Inundation of the Danube, causing great distress..4 Feb. Increased taxation proposed... March, At an imperial council, the emperor present, the principle of ministerial responsibility is resolved on, 26 April, Deficiency of 1,400,0007. in financial statement; indignation of the Reichsrath. ...June, Amnesty to condemned political offenders in Hungary proclaimed... 18 Nov. Reduction in the army assented to; and a personal lib. erty law (resembling our habeas corpus act) passed, Dec. Insurrection in Russian Poland, Jan.; Austria joins in the intercession of England and France....... .....April, 1863 Meeting of the German sovereigns (except kings of Prussia, Holland, and Denmark) with the emperor of Austria at Frankfort, by his invitation; the draft of a reform of the federal constitution agreed to..16-31 Aug. Transylvanian deputies accept the constitution, and take seats in the Reichsrath..

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This demand rejected..

The Austrians cross the Ticino..

The French troops enter Piedmont.

The French emperor declares war (to expel the Austrians from Italy)..

Resignation of count Buol, foreign minister; appointment of count Rechberg.

66

Austria joins Prussia in war with Denmark (see Denmark)..

23 April, ...26 April, 26 April, 27 April,

66 66 66 66

Jan. 1364 Galicia and Cracow declared to be in a state of siege,

...3 May,

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29 Feb. The Archduke Maximilian becomes emperor of Mexico (see Mexico) .. April, The emperor and the king of Prussia meet at Carlsbad, 22 June,

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13-18 May,

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The Austrians defeated at Montebello, 20 May; at Palestro, 30-31 May; at Magenta, 4 June; at Malegnano 8 June, (Marignano). Prince Metternich dies, aged 86 (he had been actively engaged in the wars and negotiations of Napoleon I.), 11 June,

Austrians defeated at Solferino (near the Mincio); the emperors of Austria and France and king of Sardinia present.. .24 June, Arinistice agreed upon, 6 July; the emperors meet, 11 July; the preliminaries of peace signed at Villa Franca (Lombardy given up to Sardinia, and an Italian con12 July, federation proposed to be formed).... Manifesto justifying the peace issued to the army, 12 July; to the people... .....15 July,

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Patent issued, granting greatly increased privileges to the Protestants; announced.. ..Sept. Conference between the envoys of Austria and France at Zurich. ..8 Aug, to Sept. Many national reforms proposed.. ..Sept. Treaty of Zurich, confirming the preliminaries of Villa Franca, signed.... ...10 Nov. Decrees removing Jewish disabilities. 6, 10 Jan., 18 Feb. 1860 Patent issued for the summoning the great imperial council (Reichsrath), composed of representatives elected by the provincial diets. ....5 March,

Discovery of great corruptions in the army financial arrangements, a deficiency of about 1,700,0001, discovered; general Eynatten commits suicide; 82 persons arrested.. March, Austria protests against the annexation of Tuscany, etc., by Sardinia. March, Baron Brück, suspected of complicity in the army frauds, dismissed 20 April; commits suicide..... 23 April, The Reichsrath assembles, 30 May; addressed by the emperor...

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66

April, Reported failure of Mr. Hutt's mission to Vienna, to promote free trade.. June, New ministry formed; count Mensdorff as nominal premier; counts Belcredi and Esterhazy as ministers; conciliatory measures towards Hungary proposed, 27 July, Convention of Gastein (see Gastein) signed ..... 14 Aug. Emperor's rescript suppressing the constitution, with the view of giving autonomy to Hungary (which see), 20 Sept. Rejoicings in Hungary, but dissatisfaction in Austria, Croatia, etc....... Nov., Dec. Treaty of commerce with Great Britain, signed. . 16 Dec. Amnesty for Italy issued.. 1 Jan 1866 Warm disputes with Prussia (aggressive) respecting the settlement of Holstein..... ..Jan., March, Preparations for war begin...

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March. 44 The archduke Albrecht made commander of the southern army, 6 May; Benedek of the northern.... ...12 May, War declared by Prussia, 18 June; by Italy (which see), 20 June, The Austrians enter Silesia, 18 June; and the Prussians Bohemia.. .23 June, The Italians defeated by the archduke Albrecht at Custozza. 24 June, Prussian victories at Nachod, etc. .27-9 June, Benedek totally defeated at Königgratz or Sadowa,

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3 July,

Liberty of the press further restrained.. Unsettled state of Hungary (which see). Friendly meeting of the emperor and the regent of Prussia at Töplitz... .26 July, Free debates in the Reichsrath; strictures on the concordat, the finances, etc.; proposals for separate constitutions for the provinces.. Aug, and Sept. The Reichsrath adjourned. .29 Sept. Diploma conferring on the Reichsrath legislative powers, the control of the finances, etc., a manifesto issued to the populations of the empire (not well received), 20 Oct. Meeting of the emperor with the emperor of Russia and prince regent of Prussia at Warsaw; no important result...

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(For details of the war, see Prussia and Italy.) The emperor cedes Venetia to the emperor Napoleon, and requests intervention... 4 July, Preliminaries of peace signed at Nikolsburg.....26 July, Treaty of peace with Prussia signed at Prague...23 Aug. Treaty of peace with Italy signed at Vienna, ceding Ve netia, 3 Oct.; the iron crown given up...

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46

11 Oct. The Quadrilateral and Venice surrendered to the Italians, 11-19 Oct. Baron Ferdinand von Beust, late Saxon minister of foreign affairs, made Austrian foreign minister..30 Oct. Meeting of the Reichsrath.. 19 Nov. Commercial treaty with France (to commence 1 Jan. 1867) signed. ..11 Dec. Great dissension among the nationalities of the empire,

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The government professes non intervention in Italy, but increases the army in Venetia... Oct. and Nov. ...Nov. The empress goes to Madeira for health. Sale of Venetia, publicly spoken of, is repud ated in Dec. 46

Extraordinary diet convoked (for 25 Feb.).. .......3 Jun. 1837

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