consecrated wafer.

In the ancient chapel of the pyx, at Westminster abbey, are deposited the standard pieces of gold and silver, under the joint custody of the lords of the treasury and the comptroller-general. The "trial of the pyx" signifies the verification by a jury of goldsmiths of the coins deposited in the pyx or chest by the master of the mint; this took place on 17 July, 1861, at

the exchequer office, Old Palace yard, in the presence of
twelve privy-councillors, twelve goldsmiths, and others,
and on 15 Feb. 1870. This trial is said to have been or-
dered in the reign of Henry II. 1154-89; king James
The first annual trial of
was present at one in 1611.
the pyx, appointed by the Coinage act of 1870, took
place 18 July, 1871.

et seq.

Q.

Quackery. Quack medicines were taxed in 1783 | An inquest was held on the body of a young lady, Miss Cashin, whose physician, St. John Long, was afterwards tried for manslaughter, 21 Aug. 1830; he was found guilty, and sentenced to pay a fine of 2501., 30 Oct. following. He was tried for manslaughter in the case of Mrs. Catherine Lloyd, and acquitted, 19 Feb. 1831. Dr. Vries, "the black doctor," a professed cancer-curer, at Paris, was condemned to fifteen months' imprisonment as an impostor in Jan. 1860, see Homœopathy and Hydropathy.

Quadragesima Sunday, first Sunday in Lent and 40th day before Good Friday; see Lent and Quinquagesima.

Quadrant, a mathematical instrument in the form The solar quadrant was introof a quarter of a circle. duced about 290 B.C. The Arabian astronomers under the caliphs, in 995, had a quadrant of 21 feet 8 inches Davis's radius, and a sextant 59 feet 9 inches radius. quadrant for measuring angles was produced about 1600; Hadley's quadrant about 1731; see Navigation.

Quadrilateral, or QUADRANGLE, terms applied to four strong fortresses in N. Italy, long held by the Austrians, but surrendered to the Italians Oct. 1866: Peschiera, on an island in the Mincio; Mantua, on the Mincio; Verona and Legnago, both on the Adige; see Italy, Peschiera, etc.

The Turkish Quadrilateral was Shumla, Varna, Rustchuk, and Silistria, lost to the sultan by the treaty of Berlin, which established the autonomy of Bulgaria.

Quadrille, a dance (originally quadrille de contre danse, introduced into French ballets about 1745), in its present form became popular in France about 1804. It was introduced into this country about 1808 (Miss Berry), and promoted by the duke of Devonshire and others in 1813.-Raikes.

Quadrivium, see Arts.

who had invaded the island, thought it prudent to withdraw. The Americans lost in that attempt to recover Rhode Island about 200 men; the British loss was about 220.

Quakers, or SOCIETY OF FRIENDS, originally called Seekers, from their seeking the truth, and afterwards Friends (3 John 14). Justice Bennet, of Derby, gave the society the name of Quakers in 1650, because George Fox (the founder) admonished him and those present to quake at the word of the Lord. This sect was commenced in England about 1646 by George Fox (then aged 22), who was joined by George Keith, William Penn, and Robert Barclay, of Ury, and others. Fox rejected all religious ordinances, explained away the commands relative to baptism, etc.; discarded the ordinary names of days and months, and used thee and thou for He published a you, as more consonant with truth. book of instructions for teachers and professors, and died 13 Jan. 1691. The first meeting-house in London was in White Hart Court, Gracechurch street.

The Quakers early suffered grievous persecutions. At Boston, U.S., where the first Friends who arrived were females, they (even females) were cruelly scourged, and had their ears cut off; some put to death, 1656-7.

In 1659 they stated in parliament that 2000 Friends had en-
dured sufferings and imprisonment in Newgate; and 164
Friends offered themselves at this time, by name, to gov
ernment to be imprisoned in lieu of an equal number in
danger (from confinement) of death, 1659.

Fifty-five (out of 120 sentenced) were transported to America
by an order of council, 1664.
The masters of vessels refusing to carry them for some
months, an embargo was laid on West India ships, when a
mercenary wretch was at length found for the service. The
Friends would not walk on board, nor would the sailors
hoist them into the vessel, and soldiers from the Tower
were employed. In 1665 the vessel sailed; but it was im-
mediately captured by the Dutch, who liberated twenty-
eight of the prisoners in Holland, the rest having died of
the plague. Few reached America.

First meeting of Quakers in Ireland, in Dublin, in 1658,
and their first meeting-house there was opened in
Eustace street...

Quadruple Alliance. That between Great Brit-William Penn, with a company of Friends, colonized

ain, France, and the emperor (signed at London, 22 July, 1718); on the accession of the states of Holland, 8 Feb. 1719, obtained its name. It guaranteed the succession of the reigning families of Great Britain and France, settled the partition of the Spanish monarchy, and led to

war.

Philadelphia.

The solemn affirmation of Quakers enacted to be taken in
all cases in the courts below, wherein oaths are re-
quired from other subjects (see Affirmation).
John Archdale, a Quaker, elected M P. for Chipping Wy-
combe; refused to take the oaths, and his election was
declared void..

Quakers emancipated their negro slaves.

his affirmation.

1692

1682

1696

1699 ...1 Jan. 1788

....15 Feb. 1833

Joseph Pease, a Quaker, was admitted to parliament on
At an annual assembly, it was agreed to recommend that

Quadruple Treaty, concluded in London, 22 April, 1834, by the representatives of Great Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal, guaranteed the possession of her throne to Isabella II., the young queen of Spain. Quadruplex Telegraphy, see under Electricity. An act passed rendering valid Quaker marriages when

It was

At first

Quæstor, in ancient Rome, had the management of the public treasure; appointed about 484 B.C. the first office any person could bear in the commonwealth, and gave a right to sit in the senate. there were two quæstors, afterwards eight. Two were added in 409 B.C. Sylla raised the number to twenty; Julius Cæsar to forty. Two were called Peregrini, two (for the city) Urbani.

Quaker Hill is near Quaker Hill, BATTLE OF. the north end of Rhode Island. There, on 29 Aug. 1778, the Americans under gen. Sullivan, and the British (then occupying the island) under gen. Pigot, had a severe enThe British were repulsed, but Sullivan, gagement.

mixed marriages should be permitted, and that many
of the peculiarities of the sect in speech and costume
...2 Nov. 1858
should be no longer insisted on....

Dissolution of the Queen's University enacted, another
to be created, by 42 & 43 Vict. c. 65, passed 15 Aug. 1879
Queens of England, see under England.
Queen's Theatre, see Opera-house.

Queen's Title, see Royal Style.

Queen's University (see Queen's Colleges) was directed to be dissolved by 42 & 43 Vict. c. 65 (1879); see University of Ireland.

Queensland (Moreton Bay), a British colony, comprising the whole of the northeastern portion of Australia; was separated from New South Wales and made a distinct colony, in 1859, when Brisbane, the capital, founded by Oxley, 1823, was made a bishopric. Chinese immigrants are virtually excluded.

Sir George Fergusson Bowen, the first governor, succeeded by Mr. Blackall, 1868; the marquess of Normanby, 1871; Mr. William Wellington Cairns, 1874; sir Arthur E. Kennedy, Jan. 1877.

Population in 1859, about 23,450; in 1871, 125,146; in 1875, about 163,182.

Chief exports, wool, gold, copper, tallow, live-stock, cotton, and sugar; value in 1871, 2,560,3834.; 1874, about 4,108,4727.

Queenstown (Upper Canada). This town, on the river Niagara, was taken in the war with America by the troops of the United States, 13 Oct. 1812; but was retaken by the British forces, who defeated the Americans with considerable loss in killed, wounded, and prisoners, on the same day. Queenstown suffered severely in this war. The Cove of Cork was named QUEENSTOWN, 3 Aug. 1849, by the queen on her visit.

Quentin, St. (N. France). The duke of Savoy: with the army of Philip II. of Spain, assisted by the English, defeated the French under the constable De Montmorency, at St. Quentin, 10 Aug. 1557. In fulfilment of a vow made before the engagement, the king built the monastery, palace, etc., the Escurial, considered by the Spaniards the eighth wonder of the world; see Escurial. During the Franco-German war the army of the north, under Faidherbe, was defeated here by the Germans after seven hours' fighting, on 19 Jan. 1871; total loss about 15,000: the German loss about 3100.

Queretaro (Mexico), was besieged and taken (through the treachery of Lopez) by the liberal general Escobedo, 15 May, 1867. The emperor Maximilian and his generals Miramon and Mejia, were taken prisoners, and, after trial, were shot, 19 June following.

Quern or Handmill, is of Roman, or, as some say, of Irish invention; so-called Roman querns have been found in Yorkshire.

Quesnoy (N. France), was taken by the Austrians, 11 Sept. 1793, but was recovered by the French, 16 Aug. 1794. It surrendered to prince Frederick of the Netherlands, 29 June, 1815, after the battle of Waterloo. It was here that cannon were first used, and called bombards.-Hénault.

Quettah, see Beloochistan.

Quiberon Bay (W. France). A British force landed here, Sept. 1746, but was repulsed. In the bay admiral Hawke gained a complete victory over the French admiral Conflans, and thus defeated the projected invasion of Great Britain, 20 Nov. 1759. Quiberon was taken by some French regiments in the pay of England, 3 July, 1795; but on 21 July, through treachery, the French republicans, under Hoche, retook it by surprise, and many emigrants were executed. About 900 of the troops, and nearly 1500 royalist inhabitants who had joined the regiments in the pay of Great Britain, effected their embarkation on board the ships.

Quicksilver, in its liquid state, mercury. Its use in refining silver was discovered, 1540. There are mines of it in various parts, the chief of which are at Almaden, in Spain, and at Idria, in Illyria; the latter, discovered by accident in 1497, for several years yielded 1200 tons. A mine was discovered at Ceylon in 1797; and at New

Almaden and other places in California. Quicksilver was congealed in winter at St. Petersburg, in 1759. It was congealed in England by a chemical process, without snow or ice, by Mr. Walker, in 1787. Corrosive sublimate, a deadly poison, is a combination of mercury and chlorine; see Calomel.

Quicunque Vult, see Athanasian Creed.

Quietism, the doctrine of Miguel Molinos, a Spaniard (1627-96), whose work, the "Spiritual Guide," published in 1675, was the foundation of a sect in France. He held that religion consisted in an internal silent meditation on the merits of Christ and the mercies of God. Madame de la Mothe-Guyon, a Quietist, was imprisoned in the Bastile for her visions and prophecies, but released through the interest of Fénelon, archbishop of Cambray, between whom and Bossuet, bishop of Meaux, arose a controversy, 1697. Quietism was finally condemned by pope Innocent XII. in 1699.

Quills are said to have been first used for pens in 553, some say not before 635.

Quince, the Pyrus Cydonia, brought to this country from Austria, before 1573. The Japan quince, or Pyrus Japonica, brought hither from Japan, 1796.

Quindecemviri, fifteen men chosen to keep the Sibylline books. The number, originally two (duumviri) about 520 B.C., was increased to ten in 365 B.C., and afterwards (probably by Sylla) to fifteen, about 82 B.C. Julius Cæsar added one; but the precedent was not followed.

Quinine or Quinia, an alkaloid (much used in medicine), discovered in 1820 by Pelletier and Caventou. It is a probable constituent of all genuine cinchona barks, especially of the yellow bark; see Jesuits' Bark. Arti

ficial quinine was prepared (synthetically) by Mr. W. L.

Scott, in Oct. 1865.-QUINOIDINE, see Fluorescence.

Quinquagesima Sunday. The observation is said to have been appointed by Gregory the Great (pope, 590-604). The first Sunday in Lent having been termed Quadragesima, and the three weeks preceding having been appropriated to the gradual introduction of the Lent fast, the three Sundays of these weeks were called by names significant of their position in the calendar; and, reckoning by decades (tenths), the Sunday preceding Quadragesima received its present name, Quinquagesima, the second Sexagesima, and the third Septuagesima.

Quintilians, heretics in the second century, the disciples of Montanus, who took their name from Quintilia, a lady whom he had deceived by his pretended sanctity, and whom they regarded as a prophetess. They made the eucharist of bread and cheese, and allowed women to be priests and bishops.-Pardon.

Quirinus, a Sabine god, afterwards identified with Romulus. L. Papirius Cursor, general in the Roman army, first erected a sundial in the temple of Quirinus, from which time the days began to be divided into hours, 293 B.C.-Aspin. The sundial was sometimes called the Quirinus, from the original place in which it was set up.-Ashe.-The Sabines who became Roman citizens were termed QUIRITES.

Quito (capital of the republic of Ecuador), celebrated as having been the scene of the measurement of a degree of the meridian, by the French and Spanish mathematicians, 1736-42. 40,000 persons perished by an earthquake which almost overwhelmed the city of Quito, 4 Feb. 1797. Since then violent shocks, but not so disastrous, occurred; till one, on 22 March, 1859, when about 5000 persons were killed; see Earthquakes, Ecuador. Quixote, see Don Quixote.

Quo Warranto Act, passed 1289. By it a writ may be directed to any person to inquire by what authority he holds any office or franchise. Charles II. directed a writ against the corporation of London in 1683, and the court of King's Bench declared their charter forfeited. The decision was reversed in 1690. The pro

ceedings have been regulated by various acts, 1710, 1792, 1837, 1843.

Quoits, a game said to have originated with the Greeks, and to have been first played at the Olympic games, by the Idæi Dactyli, fifty years after the deluge of Deucalion, 1453 B.C. Perseus, the grandson of Acrisius by Danae, having inadvertently slain his grandfather, when throwing a quoit, exchanged the kingdom of Argos, to which he was heir, for that of Tirynthus, and founded the kingdom of Mycena, about 1313

B.C.

Quotations. Athenæus's" Deipnosophista or Ban-
quet of the Learned" (compiled about 228), and Burton's
Anatomy of Melancholy" (1621), contain masses of
extracts. Henry Ainsworth's "Communion of Saints"
(died 1622) is a mosaic of Scripture quotations.
Macdonnel's "Dictionary of Quotations," 1796; Moore's. 1831
Riley's "Dictionary of Latin Quotations," with a Selec-
tion of Greek, published by H. Bohn..

Collections of English Quotations are now numerous:
Adams's "Cyclopædia of Poetical Quotations".
Friswell's Familiar Words," 2d ed..
Bartlett's "Familiar Quotations".

1856

1853 .. 166 1869

R.

Rabelais Club, to promote the study of Rabelais | and the illustration of his works; lord Houghton, sir W. Frederick Pollock and his sons, Walter Besant, and others; first meeting, Dec. 1879.

Middle-park stud (property of Mr. Blenkiron, deceased)
sold for 102,005 guineas; Blair Athol, for 12,000. (to
the English Stud Company); 4 days' sale.....26 July, 1872
Lieut. Lubowitz, Hungarian, rode from Vienna to Paris,
on his horse Caradoc, in 15 days, winning a wager, ar-
riving.....
........9 Nov. 1874

sion from criminals, early known in south Europe, and
Rack, an engine of torture for extracting a confes-
in later times an instrument of the Inquisition. The
duke of Exeter, in the reign of Henry VI., erected a rack
of torture (thence called the duke of Exeter's daughter),
now seen in the Tower, 1423. In the case of Felton,

Races, one of the ancient games of Greece; see Chariots. Horse-races were known in England in very early times. Fitz-Stephen, in the days of Henry II., mentions the delight taken by the citizens of London in the diversion. In James I.'s reign Croydon in the south, and Garterly in the north, were celebrated courses. Near York there were races, and the prize was a little golden bell, 1607.--Camden. In the end of Charles I.'s reign, who murdered the duke of Buckingham, the judges of races were performed at Hyde Park. Charles II. patron-cil to put the assassin to the rack, as contrary to the England protested against the proposal of the privy counized them, and, instead of bells, gave a silver bowl, or cup, value 100 guineas. William III. added to the plates (as did queen Anne), and founded an academy for riding.

The first racing calendar is said to have been published
by John Cheney..

Act for suppressing races by ponies and weak horses, 19
Geo. II...

The most eminent races in England are those at Newmar-
ket (which see), established by Charles II., 1667; and at
Epsom. begun about 1711, by Mr Parkhurst (annual
since 1730, Allen's Surrey) [The earl of Derby began
the Oaks, 1779; the Derby, 1780 (first won by Diomed).]
(See Derby Day.)

At Ascot, begun by the duke of Cumberland, uncle to
George III.; mentioned...

At Doncaster, by col. St. Leger (the St. Leger stakes were
founded in 1776, and so named in 1777).
At Goodwood, begun by the duke of Richmond in his
park.

was

1727

1739

1727

1776

1802

Lord Stamford said to have engaged Jemmy Grimshaw,
a light-weight jockey, at a salary of 1000l. a year. Mar. 1865
"Tattersall's," the "high-change of horse-flesh,'
established by Richard Tattersall, near Hyde Park Cor-
ner (hence termed "the Corner "), in 1766, for the sale
of horses. The lease of the ground having expired,
the new premises at Brompton were erected, and
opened for business on .....
The Jockey Club, which now chiefly regulates races and
the betting connected with them, was founded in 1750.
Its gradually accumulating rules were modified in 1828
and revised in..

.10 April. 1865

1857

1870

1880

Alterations recommended by a committee appointed in
April; adopted by the club 16 July following..
Rules revised, Nov. 1876; reforms made..
John Scott, a most eminent trainer, died, aged 77...Oct. 1871
Betting. Between 1858 and 1868, 75,000l. and 115,000Z.
have been won upon a single race. Betting is now
much reprobated (see Betting).

Gate meetings: Races held in fields by publicans and
others; Metropolitan Race-course act (42 and 43 Vict.
c. 18), to check them, passed..

RACE-HORSES.

..3 July, 1879

Flying Childers, bred in 1715 by the duke of Devonshire, was allowed by sportsmen to have been the fleetest horse that ever ran at Newmarket, or that was ever bred in the world; he ran four miles in six minutes and forty-eight seconds, or at the rate of 35 miles an hour, carrying nine stone two pounds. He died in 1741, aged 26 years.

Eclipse was the fleetest horse that ran in England since the time of Childers; he was never beaten, and died in Feb. 1789. aged 25 years. His heart weighed 14 pounds, which accounted for his wonderful spirit and courage.-Christie White's His tory of the Turf.

laws, 1628; see Ravaillac and Torture.

Radcliffe Library, OXFORD, founded under the will of Dr. John Radcliffe, an eminent physician. He died 1 Nov. 1714, leaving 40,000l. to the university of Oxford for the founding a library, the first stone of which was laid 17 May, 1737, and the edifice was opened 13 April, 1749.-The RADCLIFFE OBSERVATORY, Oxford, founded by the exertions of Dr. Hornsby, Savilian professor of astronomy, about 1771, was completed in 1794. The publication of the observations was commenced in 1842 by Mr. Manuel J. Johnson, the director, appointed in 1839.

Radiation, see Heat.

Radicals, or "RADICAL REFORMERS," persons who professed to aim at procuring a thorough reformation in the government and policy of England, became prominent in 1816, when Hampden clubs were formed, of which sir Francis Burdett, lord Cochrane, major Cartwright, and William Cobbett were prominent members. Samuel Bamford's "Life of a Radical," published in 1842, gives much information; he died 13 April, 1872. Many radicals were severely punished, 1817-20.-The "Radicals" in the United States were the party headed by Thaddeus Stevens, bitterly opposed to the policy of president Johnson, as too favorable to the subdued Southern States. Radicle, see Compound.

Radiometer (termed a light-mill), a little instrument constructed by Mr. William Crookes, F.R.S., 1873-6. Two little disk-arms, mounted on a pivot placed in an exhausted glass bulb, revolve when placed in bright light. The motion was attributed to heat-absorption, 1877; see Light.

Radstadt, Austria. Here Moreau and the French defeated the Austrians, 5 July, 1796.

Raffaelle Ware, see Pottery.

Ragged Schools, free schools for outcast, destitute, ragged children, set up in large towns. The instruction is based on the scriptures, and most of the teachers are unpaid. John Pounds, a cobbler, of Portsmouth, who died in 1839, opened a school of this kind; and one was set up by Andrew Walker in "Devil's Acre,' Westminster, in 1839.-Knight. They did not receive their name till 1844, when the "Ragged-school Union"

ᎡᎪᏀ

569

RAI

railways, who have since been incorporated with the
Board of Trade...

.28 Aug. 1846

The railway mania and panic year, when 272 railway

acts passed..

was formed, principally by Mr. S. Starey and Mr. William Locke (afterwards hon. secretary). The earl of In 1856 there were 150 Shaftesbury was chairman. Ragged-school institutions. Sunday ragged schools reported in London in 1867, 226; in 1878, 177; day schools, in 1867,204; in 1878, 58; week evening schools, in 1867, 207; in 1878, 147. Ragged-school buildings were exempted from rates, 1869. These schools are being gradually superseded by those established by the London Dr. Guthrie, a founder of ragged schools school board. in Edinburgh, etc., died 24 Feb. 1873; see Shoe-black. Ragman Roll (said to derive its name from Ragimunde, a papal legate in Scotland) contains the records of the homage and fealty to Edward I. sworn to by the Period of "contractors' lines" nobility and clergy of Scotland at Berwick in 1296. The original was given up to Robert Bruce, king of Scotland, in 1328, when his son David was contracted in marriage to the princess Joanna of England.

Ragusa, a city on the Adriatic, on the southern confines of Dalmatia, was taken by the Venetians, 1171, but became an independent republic, 1358. It suffered much by an earthquake, 1667; was taken by the French in 1806, and given up to Austria in 1814.

Raid of Ruthven, see Ruthven. Railway Commissioners, see Railways, 1873 and 1880.

Railways. Short roads in and about Newcastle, laid down by Mr. Beaumont so early as 1602, are thus mentioned in 1676: "The manner of the carriage is by laying rails of timber from the colliery to the river exactly straight and parallel; and bulky carts are made with four rollers fitting those rails, whereby the carriage is so easy that one horse will draw down four or five chaldron of coals, and is an immense benefit to the coal-merchants."-Roger North. They were made of iron at Whitehaven in 1738; see Tramroads.

An iron railway laid down near Sheffield by John Curr (destroyed by the colliers)..

The first considerable iron railway was laid down at Colebrook Dale.

1776

1786

The first iron railway sanctioned by parliament (except
a few undertaken by canal companies as small branches
to mines) was the Surrey iron railway (by horses), from
the Thames at Wandsworth to Croydon...
Trevethick and Vivian obtained a patent for a high-press-
ure locomotive engine...
William Hedley of Wylam colliery made the first travel-
ling engine (locomotive), or substitute for animal pow
er in a colliery

1801

1802

1813

The first locomotive constructed by George Stephenson
travelled at the rate of 6 miles per hour.

1814

The Rocket travelled at the rate of 25 and 35 miles per
hour...

1829

(It obtained the prize of 5007. offered by the directors of
the Liverpool and Manchester Railway Company for
the best locomotive, Oct. 1829.)

The Firefly attained a speed of 20 miles per hour
The North Star moved with a velocity of 37 miles per
hour....

1834
1839

At the present time locomotives have attained a speed
of 70 miles per hour.
Stockton and Darlington railway, constructed by Edw.
Pease and George Stephenson, first opened for passen-
.27 Sept. 1825
gers (see 1875-81, below)..
Quincy railroad, first in the United States, begun 1825,
finished..

1826

The Liverpool and Manchester railway commenced in
15 Sept. 1830
Oct. 1823, and opened (Wm. Huskisson, M.P., killed),
First locomotive built in America, by Peter Cooper, in
Baltimore..

Act for transmission of mails by railways.
Duty on Railways: d. a mile for 4 passengers (2 & 3
Will. IV. c. 120), 1832; 5 per cent. on gross receipts (5
& 6 Vict. c. 59)..

Railway clearing-house established..

The examination of railway schemes, before their intro-
duction into parliament, by the Board of Trade was
ordered

7 & 8 Vict. c. 85 required companies to run cheap trains
every day, and to permit erection of electric telegraphs,
and authorized government, after 1 Jan. 1866, to buy
existing railways with the permission of parliament..
George Hudson, a draper, mayor of York in 1839, by his
successful management as chairman of the Leeds and
York railway and others, was styled the "railway
king"

An act passed 10 Vict. for constituting commissioners of

dents (see Campbell's Act).
Act for compensating families of persons killed by acci-
George Stephenson died....
1859
1863
Act for the better regulation of railways.
other companies by arbitration..
Act to enable railway companies to settle differences with
Railway Clauses Consolidation act passed.
.5 Feb. 1864
to report on railway schemes.
Joint committee of both houses of parliament appointed
Pullman palace-cars introduced..
.9 July,
Murder of Mr. Briggs in a railway carriage (see Trials,
1864)....
(See Atmospheric and Street Railways.)
London, Chatham, and Dover Company suspend pay-
ment; directors censured for their policy..
Railway Companies Securities act passed...
250 railway bills passed, 1865; only 98..
A Welsh railway train (about to start) seized for debt,
25-27 March,
Strike of 350 men on London and Brighton line,
.25 April,
by the company....
Strike of 500 on Northeastern line, 11 April; overcome
.May,
...20 Aug.
ing the railways, etc.
Railway acts amended by act passed.
Railway commission report against the government buy.

A climbing locomotive, by means of central rails, as-
cended Mont Cenis in 1865. [The experiments were
first tried on the High Peak railway, Sept. 1863, and
Feb. 1864.] The railway completed and traversed by
a locomotive and two carriages, containing Mr. Fell,
the inventor of the plan, and others; an unexampled
journey in regard to steepness of gradients and the el-
evation of the summit level, 6700 feet, 21 Aug. 1867.
15 June, 1868
After successful trials in May, the railway was opened,
ures are responsible as qualified proprietors...28 Jan.
Lord Cairns (on appeal) decides that holders of debent
opinion, electric communication between the passen
gers and the railway servants on trains stopping only
..1868, 1871
Capt. Yolland, government inspector, reports that, in his
at long intervals is necessary and practicable..March,
Railway Regulation acts passed..
14, 15 April, 1868
Conference of railway shareholders at Manchester,
..June,
Southern Railways Amalgamation bill; opposed in the
..15 June,
lords; withdrawn
Mont Cenis railway opened for traffic..
New act to amend the laws relating to railways, 30 & 31
Vict. c. 119 (it orders smoking compartments, and com-
munication between passengers and railway servants
..31 July,
in certain trains; and prohibits trains for prize-fights,
etc.), passed..
1 Oct.
Midland railway station, St. Pancras (which see), opened,
.1 April, 1860
New route to Liverpool (by a viaduct over the Mersey
at Runcorn) opened...
12 May,
Pacific railway; from the Atlantic to the Pacific; opened,
.11 Aug.
Abandonment of Railways act passed...
Railway Companies Powers act (1864) and Construction
Facilities act (1864) amended by act passed...20 June, 1870
"Railway Association" established (it consists of direc-
.21 July,
tors and representatives of shareholders, to watch
legislation, etc.); inaugural dinner..
Under the London, Dover, and Chatham Railway act,
the arbitrators, the marquess of Salisbury and lord
Cairns, decide for the amalgamation of the general
undertaking; extensions for award published... Aug. 1871
23 May,
Rigi mountain railway (up to 4000 feet above sea level),
opened.
.1 July,
Mansion - house station of the Metropolitan District
railway inaugurated...
.18 Oct.
European and North American railway opened at Ban-
gor, Maine.

Proposed amalgamation of the Midland and Glasgow
and Southwestern..
Amalgamation of the London and Northwestern and
..20 Oct.
the Lancashire and Yorkshire railways, voted by
companies...
Forged telegram announcing proposed amalgamation of
the Midland and Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincoln-
..about 23 Nov.
shire railways (led to purchase of shares, and affected
the market)...
George Hudson, the "railway king," died, aged 71,