1872 May, 1873 Northwestern, 61 branch lines; Great Northern, 37; Great Eastern, 27; London and Brighton, 22; London and Southwestern, 22; Midland, 17. Railway proposed by M. de Lesseps from Orenburg to Peshawur (2500 miles), to connect, by means of Russian and East Indian railways, Calais and Calcutta, Bill for amalgamation of London and Northwestern and Lancashire and Yorkshire companies rejected by the commons committee.. .23 May, New Regulation of Railways act passed (commissioners to be appointed to carry out the act of 1854), 21 July; commissioners, sir Frederick Peel, Mr. Price, and Mr. Macnamara; met first time.. .11. Nov. First railway in Persia begun at Resht. 11 Sept. Railway accidents investigated by capt. Tyler: 1871, 171; in 1872, 246; in the United Kingdom in 1872, 541 railway servants killed, 499 injured. Circular from the Board of Trade, by Mr. Chichester Fortescue, to the railway companies respecting the increase of preventable accidents and unpunctuality, 18 Nov. The justificatory replies of sir Edward Watkin for the London and Brighton Co., and of R. Moon for the L. and N. W. Co. ; from other companies....... ....... Dec. Ten railway servants convicted of robbing the luggage, severely sentenced.. . 19. Nov. Aug. 1880 Expended on railways in the United Kingdom about 720,000,000l. (since 1829); gross annual receipts about 62,000,0002. ; net earnings about 30,000,000l. ; reported Packet of dynamite placed on rails between Bushey and Watford (L & N. W. railway)........night, 12-13 Sept. Board of Trade circular respecting precautions against accidents, etc. (accidents of 10, 11 Aug. attributed to neglect)..... ..20 Sept. Railway rates select committee meet. ........ 10 March, 1881 Siemens and Halske's electrical railway at Berlin, 18 miles an hour, tried 12 May; opened to the public, 16 May, Centenary of George Stephenson's birth celebrated at Newcastle, Chesterfield, the Crystal Palace, London, and throughout the counties of Durham and Northumberland.. .9 June, Murder of Mr. Fk. Isaac Gold in a carriage on London and Brighton railway.. .27 June, Percy Lefroy, alias Mapleton, arrested on suspicion, 8 July; committed for trial... RAILWAYS OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 21 July, 1873-4 455,478,143 13,289 18,602,582 120 persons killed, 48 without their own fault, in six months.. 44 Working expenses: 1854, 9,206, 2057.; 1861, 13,843,3371.; 1870, 21,715,525; 1874, 32,625,529.; 1877, 33,837,000. Number of passengers: 1845, 33,791,253; 1854, 111,206,707; 1860, 163,483,572; 1865, 251,959,862; 1870, 330,162,801; 1874, 478,334,368; 1877 (not season-ticket holders), 551,533,000. The Board of Trade's reply (by Mr. Malcolm) to the rail..about 24 Feb. 1874 way companies published.. The Pullman palace saloon cars (American) introduced on the Midland railway, 21 March; opened to the public..... ...... 1 June, Commission to inquire into causes of railway accidents agreed to by government, 27 April; nominated (duke of Buckingham and others).... ..11 June, Circular from sir C. Adderley, recommending punctuality and care, to avoid accidents. ... .July, Railway Travellers' Protection Society organized; duke of Manchester, president. ... Board of Trade Arbitration act passed.. New standing orders respecting laborers' houses removed for making railways, passed. . . .30 July, Statement of railway servants: that 632 were killed in 1872, and 773 killed in 1873; many injured [asserted to be less than the truth].. ..Sept. Midland railway company announces change of fares; first-class to 1d. a mile; second class abolished; no return tickets at lower fares; to begin... ..1 Jan. 1875 Other companies announce reductions in fares.....Jan. Persons employed on railways: England, 228,958; Scotland, 31,023; Ireland, 14,554; total, 274,535; (L. & N. W. company, about 40,000); announced.... House of lords, on appeal, decide that railway companies are responsible for negligence in conveying persons and goods, although they disclaim it on tickets. 1 June, Great trial of continuous railway brakes on Midland railway, near Lowdham; Westinghouse automatic brake considered the best... . .June, Extension of Metropolitan railway to Great Eastern, opened 10 July, Railway jubilee at Darlington; 50th anniversary of opening of the Stockton and Darlington railway; statue of Joseph Pease unveiled... .27 Sept. Dr. Strousberg, German railway king," tried for fraud, etc., at Moscow........ Metropolitan extension to Aldgate opened..... .11 Nov. Elevated street railways erected in New York city.....1877-8 First railway in China, from Shanghai to Oussoon (11 miles), constructed by Europeans; at first opposed; trial trip, 16 March; publicly opened, 30 June, 1876; much opposed; stopped; plant taken to Formosa....1877-8 Passenger duty received, 507,0761. for year 1872-3; 736,3691. for year 1875-6; 728,7181. for 1876-7; 741,919/ Miles Opened. 1843. 1861. 1874. 1877. 1879. England and Wales... 1,775 7,820 11,622 12,098 12,547 Scotland 225 1,626 2,700 2,776 2,864 31 1,423 2,127 2,203 2,285 For 1847-9, it was calculated that, out of 4,782,188 travellers by railway, one person was killed from causes beyond his own control; for 1856-9, one in 8,708,411; 1866-8, one in 12,941,170. In 1878, one in 7,503,000. Passengers killed from causes beyond their control, in 1871, 12; 1862-72, 271; 1872, 24; 1876, 811. United Kingdom. for... Folkestone and Dover tunnel injured by rains; fallingsin... .12, 15 Jan. 1877 Fusion of Southeastern and London, Chatham, and Do..18 Jan. ver companies, voted by former.. Railway accident commission report; recommend that the companies' responsibilities be not diminished, etc., Proposed fusion of the Great Northern and Great Eastern fails.. ..June, Of the Manchester and Sheffield and Lincolnshire with the Great Northern and Midland, fails.. ... Nov. Many embarrassed subsidiary lines purchased by the French government (for about 11,000,000,).. Great increase of third-class passengers; receipts, about 7,000,000, 1869; about 14,000,0001... Sudden strike of goods-guards on Midland railway through alteration of mode of payment, 3 Jan., fails about 20 Jan. Southeastern railway company v. railway commissioners (who had given orders for enlarging station at Hastings, etc.), Queen's Bench; verdict restricting powers of the commissioners (see above, 1873), two judges against one... .13 Jan. 1880 Enlarged dividends on the principal lines for half-year, 1 Jan. to 30 June, .8 June, 1846 .27 June, ... 1 May, 1844 ..July, 1845 .Feb. 1848 .May, 1830 .11 Jan. 1864 12 May, 1845 .22 Sept. 1840 1848 .28 April, 1847 .15 June, 1846 8 Dec. 1851 .1 May, 1859 2 Dec. 1844 .17 May, 1847 .7 Nov. 1873 .29 June, 1878 ..June, 1852 10 Aug. 1846 .26 May, 1844 17 Dec. 1834 .....Dec. 1831 ..22 May, 1847 West and East India Docks and Birmingham Junction from the Blackwall railway to Camden Town....Aug. 1850 Worcester and Droitwich. York and Darlington (Northeastern). York and Newcastle York and Normanton .Jan. 1852 4 Jan. 1841 .17 June, 1847 .30 June, 1840 York and Scarborough 7 July, 1845 .1 May, 1844 Yarmouth and Norwich Alleged EXTENT OF RAILWAYS (in miles), 1867: Austrian dominions, 4001; France, 8989 (1880, 16,627); Italy, 3040; Prussia, 5483; Russia, 2893; Spain, 3216; United States of America, 32,896; India, 8215 (1879); Australia, 669. 1872 (end): Great Britain, 15,814; India, 5372; France, 10,610; Belgium, 1892; Germany, 10,916; United States of America, 60,382; in 1876, 73,508; in 1880, 86,497. RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES. In addition to matters noted under the preceding general title, the following table shows the number of miles of railroad in operation in the United States at various times since the establishment of our railway system: 6 June, .6 Sept. Bicester (Oxfordshire): collision; 6 killed. Burnley (Great Northern): collision; 4 killed...12 July, 1852 Dixonfold (Great Northern): engine wheels broke; 7 killed.. ....4 March, 1853 Near Straffan (Great Southern and Western, Ireland): ...5 Oct. collision; 13 killed... Near Harling, Norfolk (Eastern Counties): collision; 6 .12 Jan. 1854 killed.. Croydon (Brighton and Dover): collision; 3 killed. 24 Aug. Burlington, between New York and Philadelphia; 21 killed.. .29 Aug. Reading (Southeastern): collision; 5 killed.....12 Sept. 1855 Near Paris: collision; 9 killed. .9 Oct. Between Thoret and Moret: collision; 16 killed..23 Oct. Campbell (N. Pennsylvania): collision; above 100 killed, 17 July, 1856 Dunkett (Waterford and Kilkenny): collision; 7 killed, 19 Nov. Kirby (Liverpool and Blackpool): collision; 200 injured; none killed.. .27 June, 1857 Lewisham (North Kent): collision; 11 killed...28 June, Between Pyle and Port Talbot; collision; 4 killed. 14 Oct. Attleborough, Warwickshire (Northwestern): train thrown off the line through a cow crossing the rails; 3 killed.. .10 May, 1858 Near Mons, Belgium: coke wagon on the rails; 21 killed, June, Chilham (Southeastern): either too great speed or broken axletree; 3 killed... .....30 June, Near Round Oak Station (Oxford and Wolverhampton)excursion train: collision; 14 killed.. .....23 Aug. Tottenham (Eastern Counties): engine wheel breaks; 6 killed... ..20 Feb. 1860 Helmshore (Lancashire and Yorkshire)-excursion train: .4 Sept. collision; 11 killed.. ....16 Nov. Atherstone (Northwestern): collision of mail and cattle trains; 11 killed.. Near Wimbledon: Dr. Baly killed.. 5 men killed.. ...28 Jan. 1861 Derbyshire; .2 July, collision; 23 25 Aug. Clayton Tunnel (London and Brighton): killed, 176 injured... Kentish Town (Hampstead Junction): 16 killed, 320 injured.. ..2 Sept. 28 Aug. 1862 Market Harborough: collision; 1 killed and 50 injured, ..13 Oct. Near Winchburgh (Edinburgh and Glasgow): collision; 15 killed, 100 wounded. Near Streatham (London and Brighton): explosion of boiler through attempting too great speed; 4 killed; above 30 injured.. ....30 May, 1863 *On 27 Dec. 1864, the queen wrote to the directors of the railway companies of London, requesting them "to be as careful of other passengers as of herself." Near Lynn (Lynn and Hunstanton): carriages upset through bullock on the line; 5 killed. .3 Aug. 1863 Egham (Southwestern): collision; 5 killed, above 20 injured... .7 June, 1864 Canada: train ran off a bridge at St. Hilaire in crossing; about 83 killed, 200 wounded. .29 June, Blackheath Tunnel: fast train ran into a ballast train; 6 killed.. ..16 Dec. Near Redna (on a branch of Great Western): train ran off insecure rails; 13 killed, about 40 injured 1865 66 Ferry-hill (North British): collision; 2 killed....16 Oct. 1871 Antibes railway between Nice and Cannes: train thrown into the river Brague; 12 said to be killed.....24 Jan. 1872 Belleville (Grand Trunk of Canada): engine broke off the line; many burned, scalded, etc.; about 30 killed, 22 June, Connellsville (Baltimore and Pittsburgh): collision; many hurt, 3 killed. .22 June, Juvisy (Orleans railway): express ran into luggage train; boiler exploded; 5 burned to death (including mother of the duchess of Malakoff)... .26 June, Rose-hill junction (Newcastle and Carlisle); collision; killed... .5 July, Red-hill junction (Great Western and L. & N. W.), near Hertford; 2 killed.. .29 July, Clifton junction (Lancashire and Yorkshire): collision; 4 killed... .3 Aug. Kirtlebridge, Dumfries (Caledonian): collision; express train late; error of pointsman; 12 killed.......2 Oct. Kelvedon, near Chelmsford (Great Eastern): locomotive driven off the line by a raised rail; 1 killed, many hurt, 66 44 17 Oct. Near Woodhouse junction (Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire): collision; 2 killed.. .18 Oct. Corry, Pennsylvania, U.S.; train broke through a bridge; about 20 killed.. .24 Dec. Near Pesth: train run off line; 21 killed...about 7 May, 1873 Near Shrewsbury (Great Western and London & N. W. Junction): axle of engine broke; carriages driven off the line; 4 killed... ..8 May, Near Higham, Derbyshire (Midland); engine-tire broke; train ran off the line; 2 killed.. .21 June, Wigan (London and Northwestern): carriages thrown off the line; sir John Anson and others (13 persons) killed. ..23 Aug. Retford junction (Great Northern, Manchester, and Sheffield): collision; 3 killed.. .23 Aug. Near Hartlepool (Northeastern): train thrown off the line; 3 killed.. .2 Sept. Peamarsh crossing, near Guildford (Southwestern): collision with a bullock; train thrown off the line; 3 killed, 9 Sept. Barkston junction, near Grantham (Great Northern): 2 killed... .10 Jan. 1874 Near Manuel and Bo'ness junction, between Edinburgh and Glasgow (North British): collision of London express with mineral train; 16 killed.. ..27 Jan. Euxton junction, between Preston and Wigan; collision through fog and too great speed; 2 killed.. ...20 Feb. Merthyr Tydvil (Great Western): coupling broke, causing collision; about 40 seriously injured; 1 death, 18 May, Bargoed (Rhymney railway): collision; train ran away through brakes not acting; 2 killed; much damage, 12 Aug. Thorpe, near Norwich (East Norfolk): collision; two trains met (mistake of Cooper and Robson, telegraph clerks; committed for trial for manslaughter); 26 deaths; about 50 injured; 8.30 P.M... ..10 Sept. 7 June, Near Staplehurst (Southeastern): train ran off insecure rails, etc.; 10 killed and about 50 injured......9 June, Near Colney Hatch (Midland): collision with coal-trucks; above 50 persons injured... ...30 Aug. Fall of a bridge at Sutton (S. coast-line): 6 men killed, 28 April, 1866 Near Caterham junction (London and Brighton): 3 kill.30 April, ed, 12 injured. In Welwyn Tunnel (Great Northern): a steam tube burst; collision of three goods trains, and a great fire; lives lost... 9, 10 June, Near Royston (Great Northern): train ran off line; 3 lives lost.... ..2 July, Brynkir station (Carnarvonshire): points said to have been tampered with; train ran off line; 6 persons killed. .6 Sept. 20 miles from Carlisle (Lancaster and Carlisle): an axle of carriage of goods train broke; collision with another goods train; fire, and explosion of 5 tons of gunpowder; 2 killed. 25 Feb. 1867 Between Bhosawul and Khundwah (Great Indian Peninsular): train precipitated into a chasm made in an embankment by a river torrent; many lives lost, 26 June, Walton junction, Warrington (London and Northwestern): collision with coal train; error of pointsman; 8 lives lost 29 June, At Brayhead, near Enniscorthy (Dublin, Wicklow, and Wexford): went off the line into a gorge; 2 killed, many injured... .9 Aug. Between New Mills and Peak Forest: 2 collisions; 5 lives lost.. .9 Sept. French Great Northern, about 14 miles from Paris: several killed, many wounded.. ...27 Oct. Lake Shore railway, New York: embankment fell; 41 .18 Dec. persons burned to death... Carr's Rock, on river Delaware; (Erie railway): carriages precipitated down an embankment; 26 persons killed, 52 very seriously injured... ..14 April, 1868 Abergele, N. Wales (London and Northwestern): collision between Irish mail train and luggage train; barrels of petroleum ignited; 33 persons burned to death (see ..20 Aug. Abergele)..... Near Birlingbury station (Rugby and Leamington): carriages went over Draycot embankment; 2 persons killed.. .........1 Oct. Near Bull's Pill, S. Wales (Great Western): mail train ran into a cattle train; 1 person and many cattle killed, 6 Nov. Near Copenhagen Tunnel, Holloway (Great Northern): coal train ran off the line; 2 killed.... .18 Jan. 1869 Near Khandalla, Bombay (Great Indian Peninsular): train ran off the line; about 18 killed.. ...26 Jan. Arch fell in at Bethnal Green (Great Eastern): coal train passing; 5 killed.. 25 Feb. Newcross (London and Brighton): collision; 2 killed, many injured; loss to the company by compensation, about 70,000l... 23 June, Near Barnet (Great Northern): collision; 1 man burned to death.. ..16 Aug. Long Eaton junction (Midland): collision; 7 killed. 9 Oct. Near Welwyn (Great Northern): collision; 3 killed. 24 Oct. Eureka, St. Louis, Missouri: collision; 19 killed, 12 May, 1870 Near Newark (Great Northern): collision; a wagon of a goods train, through the breaking of an old axle, went off the rails and met an excursion train; 19 deaths; 1.30 A. M. .21 June, Near Carlisle: collision; 5 killed.. ...10 July, Tamworth (London and Northwestern): Irish mail (late) sent into a siding; broke down a buttress and ran into the river Anker (error of a pointsman); 3 deaths, 4.7 A. M. 14 Sept. Plessis, near Tours: collision between two trains; several killed ..4 A. M. 20 Sept. Harrow (London and Northwestern): collision with coal wagons; 7 killed. .26 Nov. Brockley Whins (Northeastern): collision through mistake of Hedley, a pointsman; 5 killed.......................6 Dec. Barnsley (Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire railway): collision; goods trucks broke loose; 14 killed, many injured... ..12 Dec. Bell bar, near Hatfield (Great Northern): tire of wheel broke; break and carriages overturned; 8 killed. 26 Dec. Between Bandoz and St. Nizaire: explosion of gunpowder in casks; 60 killed.. [Verdict of inquiry, accidental deaths; 16 March, 1875.] Rothbury, near Morpeth (Northeastern): train ran off embankment; 4 killed.. ...3 July, 1875 Kildwick, near Skipton, Yorkshire (Midland): Scotch express ran into an excursion train; 7 deaths, 11.30 P. M., 28 Aug. Between Mutford and Somerleyton; train ran off the line; 3 killed.. ......1 Jan. 1876 Near Odessa; train ran over embankment; about 68 killed.. Abbot's Ripton (Great Northern); near Huntingdon: 2 collisions; first, Scotch express with coal train; and, second, with Leeds express from London, whereby 14 deaths, including Mr. Thomas Mure, Scotch advocate; a son of Mr. Noble, the sculptor; a son of Mr. Dion Boucicault, dramatist; brother and two nieces of Dr. Burdon Sanderson; during a snow-storm......21 Jan. [Coroner's inquest: verdict, virtually accidental deaths; directors censured for not having a separate line for mineral traffic, 3 Feb. 1876.] 8 Jan. Near Long Ashton (on Great Western), "Flying Dutchman" express: about 57 miles an hour; driver and stoker killed; defective condition of permanent way, 27 July, Between Radstock and Wellow, about four miles from Bath (Somerset and Dorset), single line: collision between excursion trains; 14 killed; about 11 P.M.7 Aug. [Inquest: verdict, manslaughter against James Sleep, station-master, 12 Sept. 1876.] Wambrechie, near Lille (French Great Northern): collision with a conveyance on level crossing; 6 killed, 5 Nov. Arlsey siding, near Hitchin (Great Northern): collision of Manchester express with goods train; 5 killed. 23 Dec. [Verdict of inquest: neglect of Thomas Pepper, the driver (killed), in not obeserving the signal, 5 Jan. 1877.] Near Ashtabula, U.S., Pacific express from New York: a 24 Dec. Chester: 2 carriages went off rails; 1 death; above 30 hurt.. .8 July, 1878 Newcross collision between carriages of Brighton and Southeastern Cos.: several injured, 7.45 P.M. (Bank holiday)..... .5 Aug. Sittingbourne (London, Chatham, and Dover): cheap fast train, bringing home holiday-makers; ran into luggage trucks; mistake of pointsman; midday.......31 Aug. [Jacob Moden and Charles Clarke committed for trial for manslaughter, 3 Sept. 1878.] Curragheen, near Cork: engine uncoupled; ran off line; 3 killed and many injured.. 5 Sept. Near Pontypridd junction (Rhondda branch of Taff valley line): collision through error of signals; 13 killed; about 40 hurt.... ..19 Oct. 66 46 Talybont (Brecon and Merthyr): engines uncontrolled; A bridge fell near Hereford (Midland): 1 death .18 June, 66 about 11 A. M. 10 Aug. Near Wennington junction, 12 miles north of Lancaster (Midland): train went off the rails; 8 deaths..11 Aug. Near Manchester (Midland): train went off rails; 17 injured 2 Sept. Near Nine Elms station, Vauxhall (Southwestern): collision of train with a left engine; 5 killed, 20 injured, 11 Sept. Kibworth, Leicestershire (Midland): Scotch express; driver by mistake reversed the engine; collision with advancing train; several severely injured......9 Oct. Leeds (Midland): collision; 2 deaths, many injured, Dalston junction (North London): collision, through error in signalling; 2 deaths ensued, about 30 hurt, 26 Feb. 1881 Mexico (Morelos railway): through fall of bridge near Cuartla; train precipitated into river San Antonio; about 200 lives lost. night of 24 June, Spuyten Duyvil Creek, New York (Hudson River railroad): collision; 9 killed .... 13 Jan. Rainbow. Its theory was developed by Kepler in 1611, and by René Descartes in 1629; see Spectrum. 21 Dec. 66 Rainfall. Mr. G. J. Symons printed a table of rainfall in Britain for 140 years, 1726-1865, in the Reports of the British Association in 1866. The wettest year was 1852, being 38 per cent. above the average; but 1872 was 58 per cent. He began to publish his " Annual Rainfall in the British Isles" in 1866. In 1867 he published "Rain: How, When, Where, Why, it is Measured." It contains an attempt at a rainfall table of the world. Raleigh's Conspiracy, termed the Main Plot (which see). Ramadan, the Mahometan month of fasting, in 1865, 28 Jan. to 27 Feb.; and from 27 Dec. 1867 to 30 Jan. 1868 inclusive. It is followed by the festivai of Bairam (which see). Rambouillet, a royal château, about 25 miles from Paris. Here Francis I. died, 31 March, 1547; and here Charles X. abdicated, 2 Aug. 1830. After being owned by the count of Thoulouse and the duc de Penthièvre, it was bought by Louis XVI. 1778. gained by the English, under the duke of Marlborough, and the allies over the French, commanded by the elector of Bavaria and the marshal de Villeroy, on Whitsunday, 23 May (0.s. 12), 1706. The French were soon seized with a panic, and a general rout ensued: about 4000 of the allied army were slain in the engagement. This accelerated the fall of Louvain, Brussels, etc. Ranelagh (near Chelsea), a public garden for concerts and dancing, occupying the grounds of Ranelagh House (built by Jones, earl of Ranelagh, about 1691), was opened with a breakfast, 5 April, 1742. The music for the orchestra was frequently composed by Dr. Arne. The gardens were closed, and the buildings taken down, in 1804. Rangoon, maritime capital of the Burmese empire, built by Alompra, 1753, was taken by sir A. Campbell on 11 May, 1824. In Dec. 1826, it was ceded to the Burmese on condition of the payment of a sum of money, the reception of a British resident at Ava, and freedom of commerce. Oppression of the British merchants led to the second Burinese war, 1852. Rangoon was taken by storm by gen. Godwin, 14 April, and annexed to the British dominions in December. An English bishopric founded, 1877; see Burmah. Ransome's Artificial Stone, the invention of Mr. Fred. Ransome, 1848, is made by dissolving common flint (silica) in heated caustic alkali, adding fine sand. The mixture is pressed into moulds and heated to redness. Ranters, a sect which arose in 1645, similar to the Seekers, now termed Quakers. The name is now applied to the Primitive Methodists, separated from the main body in 1810; see Wesleyans. Rape was punished with death by the Jews, Romans, and Goths; by mutilation and loss of eyes in William I.'s reign. This was mitigated by the statute of Westminster 1,3 Edw. I. 1274. Made felony by stat. Westminster 2, 12 Edw. III. 1338; and without benefit of clergy, 18 Eliz. 1575. Rape made punishable by transportation in 1841; by penal servitude for life, or a less period, 1861. Raphia, a port of Palestine. Here Antiochus III. of Syria was defeated by Ptolemy Philopator, king of Egypt, 217 B.C. Raphoe, a bishopric in N. Ireland. St. Columbkill, a man of great virtue and learning, and of royal blood, founded a monastery in this place, and it was afterwards enlarged by other holy men; but it is the received opinion that St. Eunan erected the church into a cathedral, and was the first bishop of the see in the eighth century. Raphoe was united to the bishopric of Derry by act 3 & 4 Will. IV. 1833; see Bishops. Rappahannock, see Chancellorsville and Trials, 1865. Raspberry, not named among the fruits early introduced into this country from the continent. The Virginian raspberry (Rubus occidentalis), before 1696, and the flowering raspberry (Rubus odoratus), about 1700, came from North America. Rastadt, Baden. Here the preliminaries of a peace were signed, 6 March, 1714, by marshal Villars, on the part of the French king, and by prince Eugene, on the part of the emperor; the German frontier was restored to the terms of the peace of Ryswick.-The CONGRESS oF RASTADT, to treat of a general peace with the Germanic powers, was commenced 9 Dec. 1797; and negotiations were carried on throughout 1798. The atrocious massacre of the French plenipotentiaries at Rastadt by the Austrian regiment of Szeltzler took place 28 April, 1799. Ratcliffe Highway (now St. George's street), East London. Mr. Marr, a shopkeeper here, with his wife, child, and boy, were brutally murdered in a few minutes, Ramillies (Belgium), the site of a brilliant victory | 7 Dec. 1811. In the same neighborhood, on 11 Dec., Mr. and Mrs. Williamson, their child and servant, were also murdered. A man, named Williams, arrested on suspicion, committed suicide, 15 Dec. Rathmines (near Dublin). Col. Jones, governor of Dublin castle, made a sally out, routed the marquess of Ormond at Rathmines, killed 4000 men, and took 2517 prisoners, with their cannon, baggage, and ammunition, 2 Aug. 1649. Rating Act, 37 & 38 Vict. c. 54, passed 7 Aug. 1874; abolishes exemptions from the Poor-law act, 43 Eliz.; and provides for the rating of woods, mines, rights of fowling, fishing, etc. Rationalism, the doctrine of those who reject a divine revelation and admit no other means of acquiring knowledge but experience and reason. The leading writers are Reimarus of Hamburg (died 1768), Paulus of Heidelberg, Eichhorn, Reinhard, and Strauss. Lecky's "History of Rationalism in Europe" appeared July, 1865; and Dr. J. Hurst's, April, 1867. W. Real Actions Limitation Act, passed 1874, came into operation 1 Jan. 1879. Real Presence, see Transubstantiation. Realists, see Nominalists. Reaping-machines. One was invented in this country early in the present century, but failed from its intricacies. At the meeting of the British Association at Dundee, Sept. 1867, the rev. Patrick Bell stated that he invented a reaping-machine in 1826, which was used in 1827; the principle being that on which the best American machines are now constructed. On 15 Jan. 1868, he was presented with a valuable testimonial, and 10007. in money. McCormick's American machine was invented about 1831, and perfected in 1846; he received a gold medal from the jurors of the Exhibition of 1851; and also at the Royal Agricultural Society's competition at Bristol, 6 Aug. 1878. The sheaves are bound by these reaping - machines. About 200 patented; few good. Hussey's machine, also American, exhibited in 1851, was highly commended. Ratisbon (in Bavaria) was made a free imperial Reason was decreed to be worshipped as a goddess city about 1200. Several diets have been held here. A by the French republicans, 10 Nov. 1793, and was perpeace was concluded here between France and the em-sonified by an actress.-Thomas Paine's "Age of Reaperor of Germany, by which was terminated the war for son" was published in 1794-5; Immanuel Kant's “Crithe Mantuan succession, signed 13 Oct. 1630. In later times it was at Ratisbon, in a diet held there, that the tique of Pure Reason” (“Kritik der reinen Vernunft "), German princes seceded from the Germanic empire, and placed themselves under the protection of the emperor Napoleon of France, 1 Aug. 1806. Ratisbon was made an archbishopric in 1806; secularized in 1810; was ceded to Bavaria in 1815; became again an archbishopric in 1817. 1781. Rebecca Riots, see Wales, 1843, 1878. Rebellion, DORR'S. For nearly two hundred years the people of Rhode Island had lived under a charter from Charles II., according to which only those owning a certain amount of property could vote. In 1843 the Rattening (from ratten, provincial for rat), the re-desire to change this provision gave rise to two parties, moving and hiding workmen's tools as a punishment for non-payment to trades-unions, or opposition to them. Much "rattening" was disclosed at the commission of inquiry at Sheffield in June, 1867; and at Manchester Sept. following; see Sheffield. Raucoux (Belgium). Here marshal Saxe and the French army totally defeated the allies under prince Charles of Lorraine, 11 Oct. 1746. Ravaillac's Murder of Henry IV. of France, 14 May, 1610. The execution of the assassin on 27 May was accompanied by most elaborate tortures. Ravenna (on the Adriatic), a city of the papal states, founded by Greek colonists, fell under the Roman power about 234 B.C. It was favored and embellished by the emperors, and Honorius made it the capital of the Empire of the West about A.D. 404. In 568 it became the capital of an exarchate. It was subdued by the Lombards in 752, and their king, Astolphus, in 754 surrendered it to Pepin, king of France, who gave it to the pope Stephen, and thus laid the foundation of the temporal power of the Holy See. On 11 April, 1512, a battle was fought between the French, under Gaston de Foix (duke of Nemours and nephew of Louis XII.), and the Spanish and Papal armies. De Foix perished in the moment of his victory, and his death closed the good-fortune of the French in Italy. Ravenna became part of the kingdom of Italy in 1860. Many of the Accoltellatori, a secret society of assassins (said to have been formerly followers of Garibaldi) who long kept the city in terror, arrested Sept.-Oct.; condemned to life imprisonment... ...................12 Dec. 1874 Ré, ISLE OF (W. coast of France, near Rochelle). Oyster-beds planted here in 1862 have flourished; see Rochelle. Readers, a new order of ministrants in the Church of England, received the assent of the archbishops and bishops in July, 1866. They were not to be ordained or addressed as reverend. Reading (Berkshire). Here Alfred defeated the Danes, 871. The abbey was founded in 1121 by Henry I. The last abbot was hanged in 1539 for denying the king's supremacy. The palace prison was erected 1850. the "Suffrage" and the "Law and Order." Each determined to secure to their party the administration of affairs, and each elected their own state officers. Thomas W. Dorr was chosen governor by the "Suffrage" party, and took possession of the state arsenal; the militia were called out, and he was compelled to flee. In a second attempt, the party was overpowered by U. S. troops, and Dorr was arrested, brought to trial, convicted of treason, and sentenced to imprisonment for life; but some time after he was pardoned. A free constitution was adopted in the meantime by the people, under which the govern ment is now conducted. Rebellion, SHAYS'S. At the close of the Revolution, the United States were burdened with a very heavy foreign and domestic debt. They were impoverished by the long war, and it was difficult to raise the means to meet the arrears of pay due the soldiers of the Revolution. On the recommendation of Congress, each state endeavored to provide means for raising its quota by a direct tax. This effort produced much excitement in some of the states, and finally, in 1787, a portion of the people of Massachusetts openly rebelled. Daniel Shays, who had been a captain in the Continental army, marched at the head of a thousand men, took possession of Worcester, and prevented a session of the Supreme Court. He repeated his performance at Springfield; and the insurrection soon became so formidable that the governor was compelled to call out several thousand militia under gen. Lincoln to suppress it. This was speedily accomplished. Though some of the insurgents were sentenced to death, none were executed. A free pardon was finally given to all. Rebellion, WHISKEY. In 1794, a rebellion broke out in Western Pennsylvania, in opposition to the national excise laws. The insurgents put 16,000 men in the field, maltreated the excise officers, committed many outrages, and defied the national government. The governor of Pennsylvania refusing to act, Washington, as president of the United States, called out 13,000, afterwards increasing the number to 15,000, militiamen of Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey; and, putting gen. Henry Lee of Virginia in command, ordered a movement against the insurgents on 1 Sept. 1794. The prompt response to the call for militia intimidated |