Page images
PDF
EPUB
[blocks in formation]

Of the lords spiritual and temporal against Edward II. on account of his favorites, the Gavestons, 1312. Again, on account of the Spencers, 1321.

Of Walter the Tyler, of Deptford, vulgarly called Wat Tyler; occasioned by the brutal rudeness of a poll-tax collector to his daughter. He killed the collector in his rage, and raised a party to oppose the tax itself, 1381; see Tyler. In Ireland, when Roger, earl of March, the viceroy and heir presumptive to the crown, was slain, 1398.

Of Henry, duke of Lancaster, who caused Richard II. to be deposed, 1399. Against king Henry IV. by a number of confederated lords,

1402-3.

[blocks in formation]

Of the earl of Richmond, against Richard III., 1485, which

ended with the death of Richard. Under Lambert Simnel, 1486, who pretended to be Richard III.'s nephew, Edward Plantagenet, earl of Warwick; his army was defeated, leaders slain, and he was discovered to be a baker's son; he was pardoned, and employed by the king as a menial.

Under Perkin Warbeck, 1492; defeated; executed 1499. Under Thomas Flammock and Michael Joseph, in Cornwall, against taxes levied to pay the Scottish war expenses. They marched towards London, and lord Audley took the command at Wells. They were defeated at Blackheath, 22 June, and the three leaders were executed, 28 June, 1497. The Pilgrimage of Grace," against Henry VIII. 1536-7.

1549; suppressed same year.

Of the English in the West, to restore the ancient liturgy, etc.,
In Norfolk, headed by Ket the tanner, but soon suppressed,
Aug. 1549.
In favor of lady Jane Grey, against queen Mary. Lady Jane
was proclaimed queen of England on the death of Edward
VI., 10 July, 1553; but she resigned the crown to Mary a few
days afterwards: she was beheaded for high-treason, in the
Tower, 12 Feb. 1554, aged 17.

Of sir Thomas Wyatt, son of the poet, and others, against queen Mary's marriage with Philip of Spain, etc.; fails; he is beheaded, 11 April, 1554.

Of the Roman Catholic earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland against queen Elizabeth, Nov. and Dec. 1567. The former led to Scotland, but was given up by the regent

Morton and executed.

1601.

Of the Irish under the earl of Tyrone, 1599; suppressed in Under the earl of Essex, against queen Elizabeth, 1600; it

ended in his death, 1601.

Of the Irish under Roger More, sir Phelim O'Neil, etc., against the English in Ireland, 1641-5.

The "Great Rebellion," 1641-60.

Rebellion of the Scots Covenanters, 1666; soon put down.
Under the duke of Monmouth, 1685; executed 15 July.

Of the Scots in favor of the Old Pretender, 1715; quelled in

1716.

Of the Scots under the Young Pretender, 1745; suppressed in 1746; lords Lovat, Balmerino, and Kilmarnock beheaded. Of the Americans on account of taxation, 1774. This rebellion led to the loss of our chief North American colonies, and the independence of the United States, 1782.

In Ireland, called the Great Rebellion, when great numbers took up arms; commenced 24 May, 1798; suppressed next year. Again in Ireland, under Robert Emmett, a gifted enthusiast. 23 July, 1803, when lord Kilwarden was killed, with several

others, by the insurgents.

Canadian Insurrection (which see), Dec. 1837 to Nov. 1838.
Of Chartists at Newport (which see), 4 Nov. 1839.
Smith O'Brien's silly Irish rebellion; terminated in the defeat
and dispersion of a multitude of his deluded followers, by

sub-inspector Trant and about sixty police constables, on Boulagh Common, Ballingary, county Tipperary, 29 July, 1848; see Ireland.

Sepoy mutiny in India (see India), 1857-8.

Or Fenians in Ireland; see Fenians and Ireland, 1865–7.

Receipts for Money were first taxed by a stamp duty in 1783. The act was amended in 1784, 1791 et seq., and receipts were taxed by a duty varying to the amount of the money received in all transactions. Stamps required on bills of exchange, notes, and receipts in Ireland by stat. 35 Geo. III. 1795; see Bills of Exchange. The uniform stamp of one penny on receipts for all sums above 21. was enacted by 16 & 17 Vict. c. 59 (4 Aug. 1853); see Stamps. Penny postage-stamps used for receipts after 1 June, 1881.

Reciprocity Association, founded at Manchester, Sept. 1869, in consequence of the restrictions on the importation of British manufactures into their territories imposed by foreign governments.

Reciprocity, a form of protection, was advocated by lord Bateman and others in 1878-9. His resolution was negatived by the lords, 29 April, 1879.

Reciprocity Treaty between Great Britain and the United States, regulating the relation between the latter and Canada in regard to trade, fisheries, etc., negotiated by lord Elgin, and ratified 2 Aug. 1854. Its abrogation, proposed by the United States government in 1864, was effected 17 March, 1866. Its renewal was desired in the States in 1867.

Recitative, a species of singing differing but little from ordinary speaking, and used for narratives in operas, is said to have been first employed at Rome by Emilio del Cavaliere, who disputed the claim of Rinuccini to the introduction of the opera, 1600; see Opera.

Record, evangelical, or Low-church, weekly newspaper, established 1828.

Recorder, the principal judicial officer of great corporations. The first recorder of London was Jeffrey de Norton, alderman, 1298; right hon. Russell Gurney, Q.C., recorder, Dec. 1856-Jan. 1878; sir Thomas Chambers, Feb. 1878. The salary, originally 10%. per annum, is now 30007.

Records, PUBLIC, IN ENGLAND, began to be regularly preserved in 1100 by order of Henry I. The repositories which possessed materials the most ancient of Westminster Abbey, the Tower of London, the Rolls and interesting to the historian were the Chapter-house Chapel, and the Queen's Remembrancer's offices of the exchequer. The early records of Scotland, going from London, were lost by shipwreck in 1298. In Ireland, the council-chamber and most of the records were burned, 1711. Public Records act, 2 Vict. c. 94 (10 Aug. 1838). -A new RECORD OFFICE has been erected on the Rolls estate, between Chancery and Fetter lanes, to which the records have been gradually removed. The record commissioners commenced their publications in 1802. Mr. F. Thomas's valuable "Handbook to the Public Records" was published in 1853; Mr. Ewald's "Our Public Records" in 1873. Acts relating to the Public Records of Ireland passed 1867 and 1875.

Recovery, FORT, DEFENCE OF. Gen. Wayne succeeded St. Clair in command of the troops in the Northwest, and on the site of the latter's defeat (see St. Clair's Defeat) he erected a fort, and called it Recovery. In June, 1794, the garrison, commanded by major William M'Mahon, were attacked by a large force of Indians. M'Mahon was killed, with 22 of his command, and 30 were wounded. The Indians were repulsed.

Recreation, see Playground.

Recreative Religionists, a name given to an association of gentlemen for diffusing a knowledge of natural religion by the aid of science, formed in Dec. 1866. In Jan. 1867 lectures were given on Sunday evenings at St. Martin's Hall, London, by prof. Huxley, Dr. W. B. Carpenter, and others, sacred music being performed at intervals during the evening. This was decided not to be an infraction of the Sunday act, 21 Geo. III. c. 49, in the trial Baxter v. Baxter Langley, 19 Nov. 1868; see Sunday Lecture Society.

Recruiting, see Army, 31 Oct. 1866. 1878, 28,325; 1879, 25,662; 1880, 25,927.

Recruits,

Recusants, persons who refuse to attend church, 1 Eliz. c. 2, 1559; dissenters relieved from this act, 1689; it was repealed, 1844.

Red Crag, deposits of fossil remains on the coast of Essex and Suffolk, so designated by Edward Charlesworth about 1835. They are much used in the manure manufacture.

Red Cross on a white ground, the flag of the Geneva Convention (which see). The Russian Red Cross Society, with others, was very active during the Servian war, July-Aug. 1876.

March.

BILL OF 1831.

First division; second reading: for it, 302; against it, 301; 22
On motion for a committee, gen. Gascoyne moved an amend-
ment that the number of representatives for England and
Wales ought not to be diminished." Amendment carried
on a division, 299 to 291; 19 April.
The bill abandoned, and parliament dissolved, 23 April.
A new parliament assembled, 14 June. Bill again introduced,
24 June.
Division on second reading: for it, 367; against it, 231—majori-
ty, 136; 7 July.

Division on third reading of the bill: for it, 345; against it,

236-majority, 109; 22 Sept.

In the LORDS.-First division, on second reading; lord Wharn.
cliffe moved "that the bill be read that day six months."
For the amendment, 199; against it, 158-majority, 41; 8
Oct. [Parliament prorogued, 20 Oct. 1831.]

1831.

ACT OF 1832.*

Read in the COMMONS a first time without a division, 12 Dec. Second reading; division, viz. for the bill, 324; against it, 162-majority, 162; 17 Dec. 1831. Third reading; division, viz. for the bill, 355; against it, 239-majority for it, 116; 23 March, 1832.

In the LORDS, read the first time on motion of earl Grey, 27 March. Second reading: for the bill, 184; against it. 175majority, 9; 14 April. In the committee, lord Lyndhurst moved that the question of enfranchisement should precede that of disfranchisement." The division was 151 and 116-majority against ministers, 35; 7 May.

sued, and they were induced to resume office on the king
granting them full power to secure majorities by the crea-
tion of new peers.

In the LORDS, the bill was carried through the committee, 30
May; read a third time: 106 against 22-majority, 84; 4
June. Received the royal assent, 7 June, 1832.

Red River Campaign of 1864. After the capture of Port Hudson, gen. Halleck urged upon. Banks (6 Aug.) the necessity, for diplomatic reasons, of occupying Texas. There was some difference in the views of these officers, Halleck preferring an advance upon Shreveport, and Banks favoring a descent upon the coast and thence into the interior. An expedition for the capture of Sabine Pass started from New Orleans, 5 Sept. 1863, but resulted in complete failure. Brazos Santiago, at the mouth of the Rio Grande, was occupied 2 Nov. During that month nearly the entire Texan coast was occupied by Banks's forces. He was about to proceed Resignation of ministers, 9 May; great public excitement enagainst Galveston, when his attention was again called to Halleck's original plan for an advance up the Red river. On 25 March, his army was concentrated at Alexandria; it advanced to Natchitoches (2, 3 April) and to Pleasant Hill (7 April). On 8 April was fought the battle of Sabine Cross-roads, in which Banks was defeated by Kirby Smith. Then began the retreat. At Pleasant Grove the confederates were checked by Lord John Russell introduced a new Reform bill, 13 Feb. 1854, Emory's division of the 19th Corps. On the 9th the confederates were defeated at Pleasant Hill; but Banks continued his retreat, reaching Alexandria on the 22d. A. J. Smith's corps (10,000 strong) operated with Banks in this campaign. But the affair, from first to last, was mismanaged; and even if the expedition, with Porter's co-operating fleet, had reached Shreveport, that position could not have been maintained, and the fleet would have been captured or destroyed. Gen. Steele, who marched a co-operative column from Little Rock against Kirby Smith, encountered great difficulties in his movement; and before he could be of any assistance Banks had already retreated.

Red River Settlements, a name given to part of the Hudson Bay settlements.

Red Sea. In 1826, Ehrenberg discovered that the color was due to marine plants, the Trichodesmium Erythraum; see Suez.

Redan, a kind of field fortification; see Russo-Turkish War, 1855.

Rede Lecture, Cambridge. Sir Robert Rede, chief-justice of Common Pleas in 1507, endowed some lectureships. In 1859 these were replaced by an annual lecture, which has been given by profs. Owen, Phillips, Ansted, Tyndall, and other eminent persons. Redemptorists, see Liguorians. Redhill, see Reformatory Schools.

Redowa, a Bohemian dance in

time, introduced in 1846 or 1847 at Paris, and soon after in London.

Reflectors, see Burning-glass.

Reform Association, instituted at Westminster to protect electors, 20 May, 1835.

Reform Banquets, see France, 1847. Reform Club, established 1830. finished, 1841.

New building

Reform IN PARLIAMENT. Mr. Pitt's motion for a reform in parliament was lost by a majority of 20, 7 May, 1782; of 144, 7 May, 1783; and of 74, 18 April, 1785; see Radicals. The measure of reform by earl Grey's administration was proposed in the house of commons by lord John Russell, 1 March, 1831.

The royal assent given to the Scotch Reform bill, 17 July; and to the Irish one, 7 Aug. 1832.

ABORTIVE REFORM BILLS.

which was withdrawn, 11 April, 1854, in consequence of the war with Russia.

On 28 Feb. 1859, Mr. Disraeli brought in a Reform bill, which was rejected by the commons on 31 March, by a majority of 39. This led to a dissolution of parliament, and eventually to a change of ministry.

The new government (lords Palmerston and J. Russell) brought forward a new bill, 1 March, 1860; but withdrew it, 11 June. No Reform bill was brought forward by the government, 1861-5; see Commons.

The discussion respecting parliamentary reform was revived Mr. Baines's Reform bill was rejected by the commons, 8 May, in the autumns of 1864 and 1865.

1865.

Mr. Gladstone introduced a Franchise bill, 12 March, 1866; af-
ter much discussion, it was read a second time, 28 April. A
Redistribution of Seats bill was introduced, and incorporated
with the franchise bill, 7 May; an amendment (on a clause
substituting "ratable" for "clear yearly value") was
passed, in opposition to the government, 19 June, which led
to the resignation of the government, 26 June, and the
Numerous great reform meetings: London, Hyde Park (riot-
withdrawal of the bill (see Adullam), 19 July, 1866.
ous), 23, 24 July; Agricultural Hall, 30 July, and Guildhall,
8 Aug. Manchester, 24 Sept.; Leeds, 8 Oct.; Glasgow, 16
Oct.; Edinburgh, 17 Nov.; Conference at Manchester, 19
Nov. 1866.

Reform demonstration of trades-unions in London; procession
of about 25,000; great order observed; 3 Dec. 1866.
Procession of about 18,000 men to Agricultural Hall, Isling
ton; good order kept; 11 Feb. 1867.

Mr. Disraeli announced his plan of proceeding with reform by
13 resolutions, 11 Feb.; these withdrawn, 26 Feb. 1867.
"Ten Minutes bill" introduced and withdrawn, 25 Feb. 1867.
[It comprised a 61. franchise for boroughs and 207. for
counties. Said by sir John Pakington to have been agreed
to in the last ten minutes of a cabinet council.]
New bill (with household suffrage) introduced 18 March; read
second time, 27 March, 1867.

The "Tea-room meeting" of Liberals (Messrs. Owen Stanley,
Dillwyn, Grant Duff, and others), who agree to support the
bill in opposition to Mr. Gladstone's resolution, which is
withdrawn, and the bill goes into committee, 8 April; Mr.
Gladstone's amendment rejected by 22 (for, 288; against,
310), 12 April, 1867.

Peaceable reform meetings at Birmingham, 22 April; Hyde
Park, 6 May; National Reform Union (first meeting), 15
May, 1867.

ACTS OF 1867-8.
The new Reform bill passed by the commons, 15, 16 July; by
the lords (with amendments, when lord Derby said that it

By this "Act to amend the Representation of the People in England and Wales" (2 & 3 Will. IV. c. 45), 56 boroughs in England were disfranchised (schedule A), 30 were reduced to one member only (B): 22 new boroughs were created to send two members (C), and 20 to send one member (D), and other important changes were made.

was "a great experiment," and "a leap in the dark"), 6
Aug; received the royal assent, 15 Aug. 1867.*
Scotch reform bill introduced by lord advocate, 17 Feb.;
passed 13 July, 1868.

Irish bill introduced by the earl of Mayo, 19 March; passed 13
July, 1868.

The Reform League was dissolved 13 March, 1869; revived,
Oct. 1876.

Bill for extending household suffrage to counties brought in
annually by Mr. G. O. Trevelyan; see Household Suffrage.
Reformation, THE. Efforts for the reformation
of the church may be traced to the reign of Charle-
magne, when Paulinus, bishop of Aquileia, employed his
voice and pen to accomplish it. The principal reform-
ers were Wickliffe, Huss, Jerome of Prague, Savonarola,
Erasmus, Luther, Zuinglius, Tyndal, Calvin, Melanch-
thon, Cranmer, Latimer, Knox, and Browne. Luther
thus characterized himself and his fellow - reformers:
"Res non Verba-Luther." "Verba non Res-Eras-
mus." "Res et Verba-Melanchthon." "Nec Verba nec
Res-Carlstadt." See Wickliffites, Protestants, Calvinists,
Lutherans, Presbyterianism, etc. The eras of the refor-
mation are as follows:

[blocks in formation]
[blocks in formation]

"Reformed Church" (Calvinistic), established in Holland and in some parts of Germany. For the Reformed Presbyterian Church in Scotland, see Cameronians, note.

Reformed Episcopal Church, founded in the United States of North America in 1873; introduced into England, 1877.

Dr. Cummins, assistant bishop of Kentucky, after revising the prayer-book, consecrated Oridge, Gregg, Cheney, and others, as bishops....

Dr. Gregg and others ordained presbyters and formed churches here, July, 1877; said to have 10,000 members....

1873

.... April, 1878

Another bishop consecrated by Dr. Gregg at Southend,
5 Nov. 66
The "Book of Common Prayer" modified, issued by Dr.
Gregg.
....early in 1879

Refraction, see Light.

Refreshment Houses for the sale of wine, etc., 1498 are licensed in pursuance of an act passed in 1860, 1517 amended in 1861: a new act passed in 1864, 1865; see 1519 Licenses.

.before 1512

1521

1527

1529

66

Refrigerators, see Provisions.

Refuge for the Destitute (criminal young fe1530 males), Dalston, London, E.; instituted 1805, incorpo1534 rated 1838.

1535

In England, completed (Cranmer, Bucer, Fagius, etc.)
1547; annulled by Mary, 1553; restored by Elizabeth. 1558
In Scotland (Knox), established
In the Netherlands, established

1560

1562

Refugees' Benevolent Fund instituted in consequence of the war, at a great meeting held at the Mansion-house, London, 21 Oct. 1870.

Refuges, see Poor, 1864. Refuges for destitute boys and girls, established in Great Queen street in 1852; see Chichester.

Regalia, see Crown.
Regelation, see Ice.

Reformatory Schools, for juvenile delinquents.† The Reformatory School at Mettray, near Tours, in France, was founded in 1839 by M. de Metz, formerly a councillor of Paris, warmly seconded by the vicomte de Courcelles, who gave the estate on which the establishment is placed. The one at Redhill, Surrey, is situated on land purchased in 1849 by the Philanthropic Society, and under the direction of the rev. Sydney Turner. The first stone of the building was laid 30 April, 1849, by the prince consort. The inmates of these establishments are instructed in farm labor, and divided into so-called families. In 1854 the Juvenile Offenders act was passed. In 1851 and 1853 great meetings were held on this sub-gency Bill providing for the administration of the govject; and in Aug. 1856, the first grand conference of the National Reformatory Union was held.

[blocks in formation]

I. FRANCHISES. Boroughs: All householders rated for relief of the poor; lodgers, resident for twelve months, and paying 101. a year. Counties: Persons of property of the clear annual value of 5.; and occupiers of lands or tenements paying 12. a year. At a contested election for any county or borough represented by three members, no person to vote for more than two candidates; in London, to vote for three only. Disfranchised: Totnes, Reigate, Great Yarmouth, Lancaster. II. DISTRIBUTION OF SEATS: Boroughs with less than 10,000 population, to return one member only (38 in Schedule A). Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham, and Leeds to have three

members instead of two.

Chelsea (with Fulham, Hammersmith, and Kensington) made a borough; Merthyr Tydvil and Salford to return two members; Tower Hamlets divided into two boroughs-Hackney and Tower Hamlets. (Other new boroughs in Schedule B.) University of London to return one member. III. SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISIONS: Registration, etc. Boundary commissioners (which see). Parliament not to be dissolved on any future demise of the crown. Members holding offices of profit from the crown not to vacate their seats on acceptance of another office.

+ It was calculated (about 1856) that there were in London 30,000, and in England 100,000 youths under seventeen leading a vagabond life, and that out of 15,000 of those who were com mitted for trial nearly half were in custody for the first time.

Regency Bills. One was passed 1751. One was proposed to parliament in consequence of the mental illness of George III., and debated 10 Dec. 1788. It was relinquished on his majesty's recovery, 26 Feb. 1789. The return of the malady led to the prince of Wales (afterwards George IV.) being sworn in before the privy council as regent of the kingdom, 5 Feb. 1811. The Re

ernment, should the crown descend to the princess Victoria while under eighteen years of age, passed 1 Will. IV., 23 Dec. 1830. A Regency Bill appointing prince Albert regent in the event of the demise of the queen, should her next lineal successor be under age, passed 4 Aug. 1840.

Regent Street, London, W.; designed and executed by John Nash; authorized by act 53 Geo. III. 1813. The colonnades of the Quadrant were removed in 1848.

Regents, see Protectorates.

Regent's Canal, begun at Paddington, where it joins a cut to the Grand Junction, passes under Maida hill; continues its course by the Regent's park to Islington, where another subterranean excavation, about three quarters of a mile in length, was formed for its passage. It then proceeds by Hoxton, Hackney, Mile-end, to Limehouse, where it joins the Thames. The whole length of it is nine miles; it comprises twelve locks and thirtyseven bridges. Begun 1812; opened 1 Aug. 1820. Great explosion of gunpowder (which see), 2 Oct. 1874. New bridge, near Gloucester gate, Regent's park, opened by the duke of Cambridge, 3 Aug. 1878.

Regent's Park, originally part of the grounds belonging to a palace of queen Elizabeth, near to the north end of Tottenham-court road, pulled down in 1791. Since 1600, the property was let to various persons; but the

Jan. 1880

leases having expired, it reverted to the crown; and in | Major George Graham, the first registrar-general, was succeeded by sir Brydges Powell Henniker, appointed 1814 great improvements were commenced under the direction of Mr. Nash. The park consists of about 450 acres; within it are the gardens of the Zoological Society and the Royal Botanical Society. During a frost on 15 Jan. 1867, the rotten ice of one of the lakes gave way, and about 200 persons were immersed, of whom above 40 perished.

[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small]

3d Buffs, represent London train-bands, and have special privileges.

2d Queen's Royal..

4th King's Own

5th Northumberland Fusiliers..

26th Cameronian..

100th Canadian.

101st to 109th (Indian) added.

The Highland regiments are the 42d, 71st, 72d, 78th, 79th, 92d, and 93d; see Army Organization.

[ocr errors]

1685

[ocr errors]

Registration of Voters was enacted by the Reform act, passed 7 June, 1832; and by acts passed in 1868; see Revising Barristers.

New Parliamentary and Municipal Registration act
passed.
.22 July, 1878
Births and Deaths Registration act for Ireland passed,

2 Aug. 1880

Regium Donum (royal gift), an allowance from the sovereign for the maintenance of the Presbyterian ministers in Ireland, commenced by Charles II. in 1672, and revived by William III. in 1690, was commuted by the Irish Church act passed June, 1871. The allowance to certain Protestant dissenting ministers in Ireland was given up by them in 1857, in deference to the wishes of English dissenters.

Regulation of Public Worship, see Public Worship.

Regulation of the Forces Act passed 17 Aug. 1871; see Army.

Reichenbach (Prussia). Here Duroc was killed during the conflicts between the French and the allies, 22 May, 1813; see Bautzen. Here was signed a subsidy treaty between Russia, Prussia, and England, whereby the last engaged to provide means for carrying on the war against Napoleon I. on certain conditions, 14, 15 June, 1813. Austria joined the alliance soon after.

Reichsrath, the representative council of the empire of Austria, reconstituted by decree 5 March; met on 31 May, 1860. In May, 1861, the upper house consisted of 17 spiritual, 55 hereditary, and 39 peers. The lower house consisted of 136 elected deputies. No representatives came from Hungary, Transylvania, Venetia, the Banat, Slavonia, Croatia, and Istria. The Reichsrath was abolished by a rescript, 21 Sept. 1865, with the view of restoring autonomy to Hungary and other provinces. It again met 20 May, 1867.

Reigate (Surrey) sent two members to parliament in the reign of Edward I.; lost one by the Reform act of 1832, and was wholly disfranchised for corruption by that of 1867.

Reign of Terror. Maximilien Robespierre headed 1661 the populace in the Champ de Mars, in Paris, demanding the dethronement of the king, 17 July, 1791. He 1689 was triumphant in 1793, and numbers of eminent men 1858 and citizens were sacrificed during his sanguinary ad.Aug. 1861 ministration. Billaud Varennes denounced the tyranny of Robespierre in the tribune, 27 July, 1794. The next day he suffered death, with many of his companions; Registers. The registering of deeds and convey- see France. This has been termed the Red Terror. ances disposing of real estates was appointed to be effect- The reaction after the restoration of the Bourbons, 1815, ed in Yorkshire and in Middlesex, 2 Anne, 1703 et seq. disgraced by many atrocious acts of wanton cruelty, has Greater security was thus given to purchasers and mort-been termed the White Terror. The Jesuits were then gagees; and the value of estates increased in those conspicuous in the destruction of their enemies. counties. Wills have been for a series of years kept and registered, in London, at Doctors' Commons; see Wills. The registering of shipping in the Thames was commenced 1786; and throughout England, 1787; and several acts and amendments of acts have since followed for keeping and improving registers.

[blocks in formation]

Registers, PAROCHIAL, were established by Cromwell, lord Essex, by which the dates of births, marriages, and burials became ascertainable, 27 Henry VIII. 1530-8. This measure was opposed by the people, who feared some new taxation. A stamp-tax was laid on registers in 1784. Laws for their better regulation were enacted in 1813 et seq. The great Registration act (introduced by lord John Russell), 6 & 7 Will. IV. c. 86, passed 17 Aug. 1836; see Bills of Mortality, etc.

A new registration act for births and deaths, passed 7
Aug. 1874, came into operation......
1 Jan. 1875

Reigns of Sovereigns. The average duration, according to Newton, is 19 years each; according to Hales, 22 years; that of the sovereigns of England being 23 years, and that of the popes 7 years. Pius IX. was the first pope who reigned above 25 years, 1846-78.

Relics, the trade in these became general in the seventh century, fragments of bones, etc., being brought from Jerusalem. The sale of relics was prohibited by pope Innocent III., 1198, without effect.

Relief Church, a secession from the church of Scotland, founded by Thomas Gillespie, who was deposed from his ministry for opposing the doctrine of passive obedience to the law of the church of Scotland respecting the settlement of ministers, 23 May, 1752. The church was constituted as the "presbytery of relief," 22 Oct. 1761. The Relief and Secession Churches were united as the United Presbyterian Church, 13 May, 1847.

Relief of Distress (IRELAND) Act, 43 & 44 | tury at 127,000,000l. Great anti-rent agitation in IreVict. c. 14, passed 2 Aug. 1880. land, 1879-81; see Land, etc.

Religion (from religo, I bind again, in the sense of a vow or oath) comprehends a belief in the being and perfections of God, and obedience to his commandments. The Jewish religion is set forth in the Old and the Christian religion in the New Testament. Departure from these scriptures has been the origin of all corrupt forms of religion, as foretold in them; see Mahometanism, and other religions and sects under their names. The population of the globe, with reference to religious worship, is given by Balbi (who assumed the total population to be 1,050,000,000), and Dieterici (who assumed it to be 1,288,000,000), as follows:

Jews.

Christians.

Roman Catholics.. Mahometans

Balbi (1836). Dieterici (1859).

Idolators, etc., not professing the Jewish, Christian, or Mahometan worship...

Estimate in 1869: 1,375,000,000.

Roman Catholics...

Protestants.

Eastern church.

Buddhists..

Other Asiatic religions.

Pagans...

Mahometans.

Jews....

4,500,000 5,000,000 225,000,000 335,000,000 160,000,000 170,000,000 155,000,000 160,000,000

Repeal of the Union, IRELAND. An Irish association was formed with this object under the auspices of Mr. O'Connell, in 1829; see Home Government. A proclamation of the lord lieutenant prohibited the meetings of a society "leagued for the purpose of procuring a repeal of the union, under the name of the Irish Society for Legal and Legislative Relief, or the Anti-Union Society" ..18 Oct. 1830 The commons, by a majority of 484, reject Mr. O'Connell's motion for repeal... .27 April, 1834

A new association in 1841, 1842, and 1843 became more

violent. Assemblies of the lower classes of the people were held in the last named year, in various parts of Ireland, some of them amounting to 150,000 persons, and called "monster meetings.

[ocr errors]

A great meeting at Trim, 16 March; other meetings were held at Mullingar, Cork, and Longford, on 14, 21, and 28 May, respectively; at Drogheda, Kilkenny, Mallow, and Dundalk, on 5, 8, 11, and 29 June; at Donnybrook and Baltinglass, 3 and 20 July; at Tara, 15 Aug.; at Loughrea, Clifton, and Lismore, 10, 17, and 24 Sept.; and at Mullaghmast.. ...1 Oct. 1843 665,500,000 800,000,000 A meeting to be held at Clontarf, on 8 Oct., was prevented by government; and Mr. O'Connell and his chief associates were brought to trial for political conspiracy, 15 Jan. 1844, and convicted 12 Feb.; but the sentence was reversed by the house of lords, 4 Sept.;

195,460,200 100,385,000

81,478,000

360,000,000 see Trials.
260,000,000 The association for the repeal of the union continued for
200,000,000 some time under the direction of Mr. John O'Connell,
165,000,000 but was little regarded.
7,000,000

[blocks in formation]

Religion of Humanity, see Positive Philosophy and Secularism.

Religious Tract Society, founded 1799; receipts (1877), including sales, 152,5294; benevolent income, 27,171.; grants, 37,947.

Remission of Penalties Act, see Sunday. Remonstrance, THE GRAND, drawn up by the house of commons, and presented to king Charles I., 1 Dec. 1641. It consisted of 206 articles, dwelt bitterly on all the king's illegal and oppressive acts, and was printed by order of the house.

Remonstrants, see Arminians.

Renaissance, a term applied to the revival of the classic style of art in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, under the patronage of the Medici and others; see Painters and Sculptors.

Rendsburg (Holstein) was taken by the Imperialists in 1627; by the Swedes in 1643; and by the Prussians and confederate troops in 1848. The first diet of Schleswig and Holstein met here, 3 April, 1848. It was reoccupied by the Danes in 1852, and taken by the Prussians after a serious conflict, 21 July, 1864.

Rennes (capital of Brittany, N.W. France). Here was established, by Henry II., in 1553, the parliament so celebrated for its independence, especially in its struggle with the court, 1788-89. On 20 May, 1788, it declared infamous every one who should take part in the cour plenière then proposed, but afterwards suppressed.

Rents said to have been first made payable in money, instead of in kind, about 1135. Numerous statutes have been enacted in various reigns to define the relations and regulate the dealings between landlord and tenant. 8 & 9 Vict. c. 106 (1845) regulates leases. By the act 8 Anne, 1709, no goods are removable from tenements under an execution until the rent shall have been paid to the landlord by the sheriff, 1709. The rental of England, including land, houses, and mines, was 6,000,000/. about the year 1600, and twelve years' purchase the value of land. About 1690, the rental amounted to 14,000,000, and the land was worth eighteen years' purchase. Davenant on the Revenues. The rental of the United Kingdom has been estimated in the present cen

The total "repcal rent" is said to have amounted to 134,379.

A fruitless attempt was made in Dublin to revive repeal agitation.....

.......4 Dec. 1860

Replenisher, see Electricity (Frictional).

Reporting. The publication of the debates in parliament is forbidden as a breach of privilege, but was virtually conceded, after a severe struggle, in 1771.*

Reporters' galleries were erected in the houses of parliament after the fire of 1834. To the unfettered liberty of reporting we doubtless owe much of our freedom and good government; see under Law. By the verdict for the defendant in the case of Wason v. The Times (for libel), reports of parliamentary debates were decided to be privileged, Nov. 1868. For the attempted exclusion of reporters, see Parliament, 1875. A commons committee on reporting recommend continuance of Hansard's debates with improvement, May, 1879.

Representation of the People Act FOR ENGLAND, passed 15 Aug. 1867; for Ireland and Scotland, 13 July, 1868; see Reform.

"Reptile Bureaucracy," term applied in Germany to certain journalists writing for government pay, 1871 et seq.

Republicans, see Democrats. Sir Charles Dilke, M.P., professed himself a republican at public meetings, and was much applauded, Nov. 1871; but at some places his appearance led to riotous proceedings. His motion for returns respecting the expenditure of the civil list by the queen was negatived in the house of commons (2-276), 19 March, 1872. A national republican conference of delegates was held at Sheffield, 1 Dec. 1872, when a national flag was adopted.

Republics, see Athens, Rome, Genoa, Venice, France (1792, 1848, 1870), and Spain (1873).

Requests, COURTS OF; see Court of Conscience.

Requiem, a solemn mass, sung on 2 Nov., All-Souls' Day, so called from the introit "Requiem Eternam," etc. Palestrina's Requiem was printed at Rome, 1591; Vittoria's at Madrid, 1605; Mozart's last work was a requiem, 1791.

[blocks in formation]
« PreviousContinue »