395. The Roman empire divided; see Eastern Empire, West- that in the Wars of the Roses there perished 12 princes

country by constructing a canal between Rosetta and repression of which the law appeared to be inadeAlexandria.

The Rosetta Stone, discovered by the French in 1799, was brought from Rosetta in a French vessel, from whence it was taken by Mr. Wm. R. Hamilton, who deposited it in the British Museum. In 1841, Mr. Letronne published the text and a translation of the Greek inscription. It is a piece of black basalt, about 3 feet long and 24 feet wide, with an inscription in three languages-viz., hieroglyphics, modified hieroglyphics (enchorial), and Greek, setting forth the praises of Ptolemy Epiphanes (about 196 B. C.). It has been studied by Dr. T. Young and Champollion.

Rosicrucians, a sect of mystical philosophers who appeared in Germany in the fourteenth century, and again early in the seventeenth century, occasioned much controversy. The "Confessio Rosea Crucis," 1615, is attributed to Valentine Andreas. They swore fidelity, promised secrecy, and wrote hieroglyphically, and affirmed that the ancient philosophers of Egypt, the Chaldæans, Magi of Persia, and Gymnosophists of the Indies taught the same doctrine.

Ross, Cork (S. Ireland), a bishopric founded, it is supposed, by St. Fachnan, in the beginning of the sixth century. It was united to Cork in 1340; and Cloyne to both, by the Irish Church Temporalities act (1833); see Bishops, New Ross.

Rota Club, a society who met at Miles's Coffeehouse, in New Palace Yard, Westminster, during the administration of Oliver Cromwell; their plan was that all the great officers of state should be chosen by ballot; and that a certain number of members of parliament should be changed annually by rotation, from whence they took their title. Sir William Petty was one of the members in 1659.-Biog. Brit.

"Rothesay Castle," see Wrecks, 1831. Rothschild Family. Meyer Amschel, or Anselm, was born at No. 148 Judengasse (Jew lane), Frankfort, in 1743. In 1772 he began business as a moneylender and dealer in old coins, in the same house, over which he placed the sign of the red shield (in German, Roth Schild). Having had dealings with the landgrave of Hesse, that prince intrusted him with his treasure (said to have been 250,000l.) in 1806, when the French held his country. With this sum as capital, Anselm traded and made a large fortune, and restored the 250,000l. to the landgrave in 1815. At his death his sons continued the business as partners. His son Nathan began at Manchester in 1798, removed to London in 1803, and died immensely rich, 28 July, 1836. The baron, James, head of the family, died at Paris, 15 Nov.

1868.

Rotterdam, the second city in Holland. Its importance dates from the thirteenth century. The commerce of Antwerp was transferred to it in 1509. In 1572, Rotterdam was taken by the Spaniards by stratagem, and cruelly treated. It suffered much from the French revolutionary wars, and from inundations in 1775 and 1825. Desiderius Erasmus was born here in 1467. The museum and picture-gallery of Rotterdam were destroyed at the fire of the Schieland palace, 16 Feb. 1864.

quate.

1866.

PRINCES AND KING OF ROUMANIA.

1859. Alexander Couza; abdicated 1866.
Charles I. (of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen); born 20 April,
1839; elected 20 April, 1866; married Elizabeth, daugh-
ter of prince Hermann von Wied, 15 Nov. 1869; nomi-
nated KING, 26 March, 1881, and crowned with the
queen, 23 May, 1881.

Roumelia, or ROMANIA (Turkey), part of Thrace (which see). The Roumelian railway opened 17 June, 1873.

By the treaty of Berlin, the province of Eastern Rou-
melia was constituted, to be partly autonomous, with
a Christian governor, nominated by the sultan. 13 July, 1878

Sir H. D. Wolff appointed H. M.'s European commis
sioner for organization of the province........10 Aug.
Russian prince Dondoukoff Khorsakoff rules here,

sultan and the allied commissioners..

66

July-Nov.
Scheme for government of the province approved by the
Russian evacuation begins.....
Aleko Pacha (prince Alexander Vogorides, a Bulgarian)
installed as governor at Philippopolis..
Much political disorganization reported..
Tranquillity said to be restored..

30 May, ..Sept. ....... Dec.

The

Rouen (N. France), an archbishopric, 260, became Roundheads. In the civil war which began in the capital of Normandy in the tenth century. It was 1642, the adherents of Charles I. were called Cavaliers, held by the English kings till 1204; and was retaken by and the friends of the parliament Roundheads. Henry V., 19 Jan. 1419. Joan of Arc, the Maid of Or-term, it is said, arose from those persons who had a leans, was burned here, 30 May, 1431. It was taken by round bowl or dish put upon their heads, and their hair Charles VII. of France in 1449; and by the duke of cut to the edge of the bowl; see Cavaliers. Guise from the Huguenots, Oct. 1562 and 1591. Rouen, after slight conflicts, 4, 5, Dec. 1870, surrendered to gen. Von Göben, 6 Dec. It was ordered to pay a contribution of 17,000,000 francs.

The theatre destroyed by fire; many persons injured,
and 13 killed...
......25 April, 1876
'Rough Terror," a term given in 1874 to the
prevalence of brutal assaults on women, children, and
unprotected persons among the lower classes, especially
in Lancashire and other manufacturing districts, for the

Roundway Down (near Devizes, Wiltshire). Here the royalists defeated the parliamentarians with great slaughter, 13 July, 1643.

Roveredo (Austrian Tyrol) was held by the Venetians from 1416 till 1609, when it was acquired by Austria. It was taken by Bonaparte and the French, 4 Sept. 1796, after a brilliant victory.

Rowing, see Boat-races, Doggett, and University.
On 16 Oct. 1873, Mr. Reginald Herbert undertook to row on

the Thames, from Maidenhead to Westminster bridge (47 granted to female relatives of officers killed or mortally miles 3 furlongs), in twelve hours, for 10007. wounded during service. 10 h. 2 m. 19 sec.

He did it in

Rowland Hill Memorial Fund, see Mansion House. Mr. W. D. Keyworth was chosen to make a bust of sir Rowland Hill for Westminster abbey, March, 1881. The establishment of a benevolent fund for the widows and orphans of postmen was proposed.

Roxburghe Club was instituted in 1812 by earl Spencer, for the republication of rare books or unpublished MSS., in memory of John, duke of Roxburghe. Royal Academy. A society of artists met in St. Peter's court, St. Martin's lane, about 1739, which Hogarth established as the Society of Incorporated Artists, who held their first exhibition at the Society of Arts, Adelphi, 21 April, 1760. From this sprang the Royal Academy, in consequence of a dispute between the directors and the fellows. On 10 Dec. 1768, the institution of the present Royal Academy was completed under the patronage of George III.; and sir Joshua Reynolds, knighted on the occasion, was appointed its first president.-Leigh. The first exhibition of the academicians (at Pall Mall) was on 26 April, 1769, when 136 works appeared. In 1771 the king granted them apartments in old Somerset House, and afterwards, in 1780, in new Somerset House, where they remained till 1838, when they removed to the National Gallery. Among the professors have been Johnson, Gibbon, Goldsmith, Macaulay, and Hallam. Turner, the painter, gave funds to the academy for the award of a medal triennially for landscape painting, which was awarded to Mr. N. O. Lupton in 1857. A commission of inquiry into the affairs of the academy, appointed in 1862, recommended various changes in July, 1863, which were carried into effect. The hundredth anniversary of the foundation of the academy was celebrated 10 Dec. 1868. The Royal Academy held its first exhibition in the new building, 3 May, 1869. The annual exhibition of pictures by the old masters, with some British, began 3 Jan. 1870. The money received has been devoted to the establishment of a professorship of chemistry and a laboratory, etc. In 1874 the exhibition included many of Landseer's pict

ures.

At the Sir Francis Chantrey, sculptor, died 25 Nov. 1841. death of his wife, Jan. 1875, in conformity with his will, about 3000l. a year accrued to the academy for the purchase of works of art for the nation and other purposes. The gallery containing the sculptures of John Gibson, bequeathed by him, was opened free, 27 Nov. 1876.

1830. Sir Martin A. Shee.

1850. Sir Charles Eastlake, died 23 Dec. 1865.

1866. Sir Edwin Landseer elected; declines, 24 Jan. Sir Francis Grant, 1 Feb.; died 5 Oct. 1878. 1878. Sir Frederick Leighton, 13 Nov.

Royal Academy of Music was established in 1823, mainly by the exertions of lord Burghersh (afterwards earl of Westmoreland, who died 16 Oct. 1859), and was incorporated by charter in 1830. The first concert took place 8 Dec. 1828. Its reconstruction was proposed in 1866, and since effected.

"Royal Adelaide," see Wrecks, 1850.

Royal AGRICULTURAL, ASTRONOMICAL, GEOGRAPHICAL, HORTICULTURAL, etc.; see under Agriculture, Astronomy, Geography, Horticulture, etc.

Royal Assent. If the king assent to a public bill, the clerk of the parliament declares in Norman French, "Le roy le veult," the king wills it so to be. If the king refuses his assent, it is in the gentle language of "Le roy s'avisera," the king will consider it.-Hale. By the statute 33 Hen. VIII., 1541, the king may give his assent by letters-patent.-Blackstone's Com. Royal Bounty, a fund from which sums

are

"Royal Charter," see Wrecks, 1859.

Royal Exchange (Cambium Regis), London. The foundation of the original edifice was laid by sir Thomas Gresham, 7 June, 1566, on the site of the ancient Tun prison. Queen Elizabeth opened it on 23 Jan. 1571, and her herald named it the Royal Exchange.-Ilume. It was totally destroyed by the great fire, Sept. 1666. Charles II. laid the foundation-stone of the next edifice, 23 Oct. 1667, which was completed by Mr. Hawkesmore, a pupil of sir Christopher Wren, in about three years; it was repaired and beautified in 1769. This also was burned, 10 Jan. 1838. The new Royal Exchange, erected under the direction of Mr. Tite, was opened by the queen 28 Oct. 1844. - The ROYAL EXCHANGE, Dublin, commenced 1769, opened 1779.

guns,

"Royal George," a man-of-war of 108 lost off Spithead. While keeled over to repair a pipe, a sudden gust of wind washed the sea into her ports, and she went The rear-admiral Kempenfeldt, the crew, many down. marines, women, and Jews, in all about 600 persons, were drowned, 29 Aug. 1782. By the use of the diving-bell, the ship, embedded in the deep, was surveyed in May, Portions of the vessel and its cargo were 1817 et seq. brought up in 1839-42, under the superintendence of sir Charles Pasley, when gunpowder was ignited by the agency of electricity.

Royal Humane Society (London), see Humane Society.

Royal Institution oF GREAT BRITAIN, the earliest of the kind in London, was founded 9 March, 1799, by count Rumford, sir Joseph. Banks, earls Spencer and Morton, and several other noblemen and gentlemen. It received the immediate patronage of George III., and was incorporated 13 Jan. 1800, by royal charter, as "The Royal Institution of Great Britain, for the diffusing knowledge, and facilitating the general introduction of useful mechanical inventions and improvements, and for teaching, by courses of philosophical lectures and experiments, the application of science to the common purposes of life." It was enlarged and extended by an act of parliament in 1810; the original plan, as drawn up by count Rumford in 1799, having been considerably modified. The members are elected by ballot, and pay ten guineas on admission, and five guineas annually, or a composition of sixty guineas. Members, July, 1881, 1054. "The Royal Institution, its Founder, and its First Professors," by Dr. Bence Jones, hon, sec., published 1871. The HOUSE (in Albemarle street, Piccadilly) was purchased in June, 1799, and the present front was added by subscrip tion in 1838. The Lecture theatre was erected in 1803, under the superintendence of Mr. T. Webster.

The Laboratory established in 1800; was rebuilt, with the
modern improvements, 1872.

The LIBRARY was commenced in 1803, by the munificent sub-
It now
scriptions of the proprietors of the institution.
Classified cata-
(1881) comprises about 42,000 volumes.
logues (by W. Harris) were published in 1809 and 1821; new
ones (by B. Vincent) in 1857 and 1881.
The MUSEUM contains original philosophical apparatus of
Young, Cavendish, Davy, and Faraday.
The first LECTURE was delivered 4 March, 1801, by Dr. Gar-
nett, he being the first professor of natural philosophy and
chemistry.

In 1802 he was succeeded by Dr. Thomas Young, so celebrated
for his researches in optics, resulting in the discovery of
the interference of light, and the establishment of the theo-
ry of undulation. His "Lectures on Natural Philosophy
and the Mechanical Arts," first published in 1807, are still
His works on
considered a text book of physical science.
antiquarian literature (hieroglyphic inscriptions, etc.) are
also highly esteemed.

In Feb. 1801, Mr. (afterwards sir Humphry) Davy was engaged
as assistant lecturer and director of the laboratory, and on
31 May, 1802, he was appointed professor of chemistry.
His lectures were eminently successful, and his discoveries
in chemistry and electricity have immortalized his name,
and conferred honor on the institution. By him the alka
loids potassium and sodium were discovered in 1807; the
nature of chlorine was determined in 1810, and the safety.
lamp invented in 1815.

William Thomas Brande succeeded sir Humphry as professor

of chemistry in 1813, and held that office till his resignation | The Philosophical Transactions begin 6 March, 1664–5. in 1852, since which time, till his death (Feb. 1866), he was In 1668 Newton invented his reflecting telescope (now in the hon. professor. From 1816 to 1850 he delivered, in the lab- possession of the society), and on 28 April, 1686, presented oratory of this institution, his celebrated chemical lectures to the society the MS. of his Principia, which the council to students. ordered to be printed. This was done under the superintendence and at the expense of Halley the astronomer, at that time clerk to the society.

In 1813 Michael Faraday (born 22 Sept. 1791), on the recom-
mendation of sir H. Davy, was engaged as assistant in the
laboratory, and in 1825 as its director; in 1827 he became
one of the permanent lecturers of the institution. In 1820
he commenced those researches in electricity and magnet-
ism which form an era in the history of science. In 1823-4
he discovered the condensability of chlorine and other gas-
es; in 1831 he obtained electricity from the magnet; in
1845 he exhibited the twofold magnetism of matter, com-
prehending all known substances, the magnetism of gases,
flame, etc.; in 1850 he published his researches on atmos-
pheric magnetism; died 25 Aug. 1867.

John Tyndall, F. R.S., the present professor of natural philos-
ophy, first elected in July, 1853, is eminent for his re-
searches on magnetism, heat, glaciers, etc.
Edward Frankland, F.R.S., professor of chemistry, 1863-8,
is eminent for his discoveries in organic chemistry.
In 1804, sir J. St. Aubyn and other gentlemen proposed to
form a SCHOOL OF MINES at this institution; but the plan,
although warmly supported by the members, was with-
drawn for want of encouragement by the government and
by mining proprietors.

The WEEKLY EVENING MEETINGS, on the Fridays from January
to June, as now arranged, commenced in 1826. Discourses
(of which abstracts are printed) are given at these meetings
by the professors of the institution, and other eminent sci-
entific men.
ENDOWMENTS. In 1833, John Fuller, esq., of Rosehill, en-
dowed two professorships, of chemistry and physiology;
the former bestowed on Mr. Faraday for life; succeeded by
Dr. Wm. Odling, 1868-73; by Dr. John Hall Gladstone, 1874;
by James Dewar, 1877. The latter on Dr. Roget for three
years, to be filled up afterwards by triennial election.-The
Fullerian professors of physiology have been R. E. Grant,
T. R. Jones, W. B. Carpenter, W. W. Gull, T. W. Jones, T. H.
Huxley (twice), R. Owen, J. Marshall, Michael Foster, Wm.
Rutherford, Alfred H. Garrod, and E. A. Schäfer (1878-81).
-In 1828, Mrs. Acton gave 1000l. to be invested for paying
every seven years 100 guineas for the best essay on the
beneficence of the Almighty, as illustrative of a department
of science; which have been awarded-in 1844 to Mr. G.
Fownes; in 1851 to Mr. T. Wharton Jones; in 1858 no
award was made; in 1865 to Mr. George Warington; in 1872
to rev. George Henslow and B. Thompson Lowne; in 1879
to Mr. G. T. Boulger.

The

Fund for the Promotion of Experimental Researches" was founded on 6 July, 1863, by sir Henry Holland, professor Faraday, sir R. I. Murchison, Dr. Bence Jones, and

others. The first officers were sir Joseph Banks, president, till the charter was granted, afterwards the earl of Winchilsea; Mr. (afterwards sir Thomas) Bernard, treasurer; rev. Dr. Samuel Glasse, secretary.-Algernon, duke of Northumberland, K.G., elected president, 1842; succeeded by sir Henry Holland in 1865 (died 27 Oct. 1873); by Algernon George, duke of Northumberland, 1873. W. Pole, esq., treasurer, elected 1849; succeeded by Wm. Spottiswoode, esq., in 1865; by George Busk, esq., 1873. The rev. John Barlow, secretary, elected 1842; succeeded by Henry Bence Jones, M.D.,

1860; by Wm. Spottiswoode, 1873; by Warren de la Rue, 1879. Librarians: Wm. Harris, 1803-23; S. Weller Singer, 1826-35; Wm. Mason, 1835-48; Benjamin Vincent, 1849. Royal Marriage Act, etc., see Marriage Act; Military and Naval Asylums; Navy; and Prerogative. Royal Naval College, see Naval.

Royal Society (London). In 1645 several learned men met in London to discuss philosophical questions and report experiments; the Novum Organon of Bacon, published in 1620, having given great impulse to such pursuits. Some of them (Drs. Wilkins, Wallis, etc.), about 1648-9, removed to Oxford, and with Dr. (afterwards bishop) Seth Ward, the hon. Robert Boyle, Dr. (afterwards sir) W. Petty, and several doctors of divinity and physic, frequently assembled in the apartments of Dr. Wilkins, in Wadham College, Oxford. They formed what has been called the Philosophical Society of Oxford, which only lasted till 1690. The members were, about 1658, called to various parts of the kingdom, on account of their respective professions; and the majority coming to London, constantly attended the lectures at Gresham College, and met occasionally till the death of Oliver Cromwell, 3 Sept. 1658; see Societies.

The society was organized in 1660, and constituted by Charles
II. a body politic and corporate, by the appellation of "The
President, Council, and Fellowship of the Royal Society of
London, for Improving Natural Knowledge," 22 April, 1662.
Evelyn records the first anniversary meeting, St. Andrew's
day, 30 Nov. 1663.

The society met for some years at Gresham College, and after-
wards at Arundel House (1666), where it came into posses-
sion of a valuable library, presented by Mr. Howard, grand-
son of its collector, the earl of Arundel. After various
changes the fellows returned to Gresham College, where
they remained till their removal to Crane court, in a house
purchased by themselves, 8 Nov. 1710.

The Bakerian lecture was established by Henry Baker, 1774.
The first Copley medal was awarded to Stephen Gray in 1731;
the royal medal to John Dalton, 1826; the Rumford medal
(instituted in 1797) to count Rumford himself in 1800.
The society remove to apartments granted them in Somerset
House, 1780; to apartments in Burlington House, Piccadilly,

1857.

Parliament votes annually 1000l. to the Royal Society for
scientific purposes.
Regulations made by which only fifteen fellows are to be an-
nually elected, who pay ten pounds on admission, and four
pounds annually, or a composition of sixty pounds, March,
1847. In consequence, the number of fellows was reduced
from 839 in 1847, to 626 in 1866; to 567 in 1875; to 552 in
1877.

The entrance fee abolished, and the annual payment reduced
to 31., announced, Nov. 1878.
The Royal Society Scientific Fund" was founded in imita-
tion of the "Literary Fund" in 1859; see Scientific Fund.
The Davy medal (which see) first awarded, Nov. 1877.

PRESIDENTS.

1660. Sir Robert Moray.
1663. Lord Brouncker.
1677. Sir Joseph Williamson.
1680. Sir Christopher Wren.
1682. Sir John Hoskyns.
1683. Sir Cyril Wyche.
1684. Samuel Pepys.

1686.

1689.

John, earl of Carbery.
Thomas, earl of Pem-
broke.

1690. Sir Robert Southwell.

1695. Charles Montague (aft.
earl of Halifax).
1698. John, lord Somers.
1703. Sir Isaac Newton.
1727. Sir Hans Sloane.

1741. Martin Folkes.
1752. George, earl of Maccles-
field.

1764. James, earl of Morton.

1768. James Burrow.
James West.

1772. James Burrow.
Sir John Pringle.

1778.

Sir Joseph Banks.

1820. Dr. W. H. Wallaston.

Sir Humphry Davy.

1827. Davies Gilbert.

1830. Duke of Sussex.

1838. Marquess of Northamp

ton.

1848. Earl of Rosse.

1854. Lord Wrottesley.
1858. Sir Benjamin C. Brodie.
1861. Maj.-gen. sir Edward

Sabine.

1871. Sir G. B. Airy.
1873. Dr. (aft. sir), Joseph Dal-
ton Hooker.
1878. William Spottiswoode.

Rubrics, directions in church offices, often printed in red. New ones for the English service agreed to by convocation, 4 July, 1879.

Ruffles became fashionable about 1520; and went out about 1790.

Rugby School (Warwickshire), was founded in 1567 by Lawrence Sheriff, a London tradesman; its arrangements were affected by the Public Schools act 1868. Dr. Thomas Arnold, the historian, entered on the duties of head-master here in August, 1828, and under him the school greatly prospered. He died 12 June, 1842; see New Rugby.

Dr. H. Hayman, one of his successors, was opposed by the masters of the school, and after much dissension and discussion, was dismissed by the trustees, Dec. 1873, and Dr