than he receives; which is done even between the ships | basely put to death, 292. They did not acquire the right of princes of equal dignity; but the Swedes and Danes of citizenship till 88 B.C. return the compliment without regarding how many guns are fired to them. The English claim the right of being saluted first in all places, as sovereigns of the seas; the Venetians claimed this honor within their gulf, etc. The admiralty issued a code of rules for salutes, Dec. 1876; see Flag and Naval Salute. Salvador, San, one of the Bahamas, and the first point of land discovered in the West Indies or America by Columbus. It was previously called Guanahani, or Cat's Isle; and Columbus (in acknowledgment to God for his deliverance) named it San Salvador, 11 Oct. 1492. Population about 600,000. The capital, San Salvador, was destroyed by an earthquake, 16 April, 1854, and is now abandoned. Salvador, San, one of the republics of Central America, with a constitution established 24 Jan. 1859. Gen. Barrios, elected president 1 Feb. 1860, was compelled to flee in Oct. 1863; when Francis Dueñas became pro A re visional president; his formal election took place April, 1865. The ex-president, Gerard Barrios, was surrendered by Nicaragua, tried, and shot, Aug. 1876. attempted revolution failed; Zaldivar fled; gen. Gonzales president, 1 Feb. 1872; R. Zaldivar, May, 1876. Population about 600,000. The capital, San Salvador, was nearly destroyed by an earthquake, 19 March, 1873; about 50 persons perished. The convulsion began 5 March, and thus gave timely warning. "Salvation Army," a name assumed by a body of persons terming themselves the "Christian Mission" (formed about 1865); Mr. William Booth was general. A great "Hosanna" meeting to celebrate the formation of the 104th corps at Northampton was held at the headquarters (with prayers, addresses, and singing), 272 Whitechapel road, 30 June, 1879. Their meetings and processions are often violently interrupted, 1881. Salzbach (Baden). Here the French general Turenne was killed, at the commencement of a battle, 27 July, 1675. Salzburg, an ancient city of Germany, was annexed to Austria, 1805; to Bavaria, 1809; to Austria again, 1815. It was the birthplace of Mozart, 1756. The meetings of the emperors of Austria and France here, 18 Aug. 1867, and the emperors of Austria and Germany, 6 Sept. 1871, which caused some anxiety, were reported to be in favor of peace. Samaj, or SOMAJ, see Deism. Samanide Dynasty began with Ismail Samani, who overcame the army of the Safferides, and established himself in the government of Persia, 902 his descendants ruled till 999. Samarcand (in Tartary) was conquered by the Mahometans, 707; by Genghis Khan, 1220; and by Timur, or Tamerlane, who ruled here in great splendor. Samarcand was occupied by the Russians under Kaufmann, 26 May, 1868, after a conflict on the previous day. The garrison left resisted a fierce siege till relieved by Kaufmann, 13-20 June, 1868. Samaritans. Samaria was built by Omri, 925 B.C.; and became the capital of the kingdom of Israel. On the breaking-up of that kingdom (721 B.C.), the conqueror Shalmaneser placed natives of other countries at Samaria. The descendants of these mixed races were abominable to the Jews, and much more so in consequence of the rival temple built on Mount Gerizim by Sanballat the Samaritan, 332 B.C., which was destroyed by John Hyrcanus, 130 B.C.; see John iv. and viii. 48, and Luke x. 33. The Samaritan Pentateuch (of uncertain origin) was published in his Polyglot by Morinus, 1632. Samnites, a warlike people of S. Italy, who strenuously resisted the Roman power, and were not subjugated till after three sanguinary wars, from 343 to 292 B.C. Their brave leader, Caius Pontius, who spared the Romans at Caudium, 320, having been taken prisoner, was Samos, an island on the west coast of Asia Minor. Colonized by Ionians about 1043 B.C. The city was founded about 986. Polycrates, ruler of Samos (532-22 B.C.) was one of the most able, fortunate, and treacherous of the Greek tyrants, and possessed a powerful fleet. He patronized Pythagoras (born here) and Anacreon. Samos was taken by the Athenians, 440; and, with Greece, became subject to Rome, 146. It was taken by the Venetians, A.D. 1125, who here made velvet (samet), and became subject to the Turks about 1459. It was made a principality by sultan Mahmoud in 1832; present prince, Constantine Adossides; born 23 Feb. 1822; appointed 4 March, 1879. Sampford Courtenay (Devon). Here John, lord Russell, defeated the Cornish and Devonshire Catholic rebels, the middle of Aug. 1549. Sanction, see Pragmatic. the safety of offenders are said to have been granted by Sanctuaries, see Asylums. Privileged places for king Lucius to churches and their precincts. St. John's of Beverley was thus privileged in the time of the Saxstan, 935; Westminster, by Edward the Confessor; St. ons. St. Burian's, in Cornwall, was privileged by AthelMartin's-le-Grand, 1529. Being much abused, the priv ilege of sanctuary was limited by the pope in 1503 (at the request of Henry VII.), and much reduced in 1540. In London, persons were secure from arrest in certain localities: these were the Minories, Salisbury court, Whitefriars, Fulwood's rents, Mitre court, Baldwin's gardens, the Savoy, Clink, Deadman's place, Montague close, and the Mint. This security was abolished 1696, but lasted in some degree till the reign of George II. (1727). Sandals, see Shoes. Sand-blast. Gen. B. C. Tilghman, of Philadelphia, has invented a method of cutting stone or hard metal by a jet of quartz sand impelled by compressed air or steam. A hole of 14 inches diameter and 14 inches deep was bored through a block of corundum, nearly as hard ted to the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, 15 Feb. 1871. as diamond, in 25 minutes. The invention was submitthis purpose a company was at work, 1874. It may be employed in the arts for etching, etc.; for Sandemanians, see Glusites. Sander's Creek (South Carolina, U. S.), BATTLE AT. Here a British force under Cornwallis defeated the Americans under Gates, 16 Aug. 1780. Sandhurst Royal Military College founded first at High Wycombe, in 1799; removed to Great Marlow in 1802, and to Sandhurst in 1812. It consists of the staff college and cadets' college. Competitive examination for entrance into the latter began in Feb. 1858. A wing of the college was destroyed by fire, 21 Jan. 1868. Sandwich (Portus Rutupensis, Kent). It suffered by Danish invaders in 851, 993, and 1014; but was rebuilt by Canute, and became prosperous; it became chief of the Cinque Ports about 1066. It contributed 22 ships and 504 mariners to Edward III.'s French expedition. It was taken and plundered by the French under Brézé in Aug. 1457. Flemish silk and woollen manufactories were settled here by Elizabeth in 1561. Sandwich Islands, or HAWAII ARCHIPELAGO, a group in the Pacific ocean, discovered by capt. Cook in 1778. In Owhyhee, or Hawaii, one of these islands, he fell a victim to the sudden resentment of the natives, 14 Feb. 1779. The king and queen visited London in 1824, and died there in July. These people have made great progress in civilization, and embraced Christianity before any missionaries were settled among them. Population in 1866, 62,959. King Kaméhaméha IV. married Miss Emma Rooker, 1856. She came to England in 1865; landing at Southampton, 13 July; and visited our queen, 9 Sept. An English bishopric was established at Visits Europe; at Rome, 1 July; received by the queen at Windsor... Sanitas (health), a new antiseptic and disinfectant, invented by Mr. C. T. Kingzett, about 1875. Having discovered that the salubrity of the air surrounding certain trees, such as the Eucalyptus globulus and pines, is due to their volatile oils producing peroxide c hydrogen and camphoric acid, he devised a method for procuring these re-agents by the decomposition of common turpentine, and in 1877 they were manufactured and sold as "Sanitas." San Juan Island, see Juan. San Salvador, see Salvador. ...12 July, 1881 Sanscrit, the language of the Brahmins of India, Sandy Creek (Lake Ontario), BATTLE AT. Here spoken at the time of Solomon, has been much studied a British force of 160 men attacked 120 Americans with of late years. Sir. Wm. Jones, who published a translaa few Indian allies, 30 May, 1814. The whole British tion of the poem "Sakuntalá" in 1783, discovered that a force was captured, except 70 killed. complete literature had been preserved in India, comSan Francisco (California). The centenary of its prising sacred books (the Vedas), history and philosofoundation by Franciscan monks, 8 Oct. 1776, was cele-phy, lyric and dramatic poetry. Texts and translations brated in 1876; owes its present prosperity to the gold discovery in 1847; see California. Population 1880, 233,956. of many works have been published by the aid of the East India Company, the Oriental Translation Fund, and private liberality. The professorship of Sanscrit at Sanhedrim. An ancient Jewish council of the H. H. Wilson, appointed in 1832, translated part of the Oxford was founded by col. Boden. The first professor, highest jurisdiction, of seventy, or, as some say, seventy-"Rig-veda Sanhitá," the sacred hymns of the Brahmins, three members, usually considered to be that established by Moses (Numb. xi. 16), 1490 B.C. It was yet in being at the time of Jesus Christ (John xviii. 31). A Jewish Sanhedrim was summoned by the emperor Napoleon I., 23 July, 1806. A meeting of the Jewish deputies was held 18 Sept., and the Sanhedrim assembled 9 March, 1807. Sanitary Commission OF THE UNITED STATES. Soon after the outbreak of the American civil war in 1861, there was organized a voluntary association with this name, designed to aid the medical department of the army in caring for the health of the troops. Its operations continued throughout the war, and contributed very largely to the comfort and health of the army. It had branches throughout the Northern states, and collected and expended vast sums of money. Sanitary Institute of Great Britain, founded 13 July, 1876; president, the duke of Northumberland. Congress at Leamington, 3 Oct. 1877; at Stafford, 2 Oct. 1878; at Croydon, 21 Oct. 1879; opened a School of Hygiene in London, Nov. 1879. Sanitary Legislation, etc. Strict cleanliness is enjoined in the law of Moses, 1490 B.C. Great attention has been paid to the public health in France since 1802. Tardieu published his " Dictionnaire de Hygiène," 1852-4. To Dr. Southwood Smith is mainly attributable the honor of commencing the agitation on the subject of public health in England about 1832; his "Philosophy of Health" having excited much attention. Since 1838 he has published numerous sanitary reports, having been much employed by the government. Professors of hygiene are now appointed. Nuisances Removal act passed (repealed). Public Health act (subsequent supplemental acts) Laboring Classes Lodging-houses act Diseases Prevention act.. Public Health act passed Metropolitan Interments acts.. Laboring Classes Dwelling house act passed New Sanitary act (stringent) passed Aug. 1866; Public Health act passed.... National Health Society founded and several poems, etc. Prof. Monier Williams (elected 1860) published an English and Sanscrit dictionary, 1851. Prof. Max Müller published his "History of Sanscrit Literature" in 1859, and has edited the original text of the Vedas. Philologists have discovered an intimate connection between the Sanscrit, Persian, Greek, Latin, Teutonic, Slavonian, Celtic, and Scandinavian languages. leaders of the French republicans about 1790, on account Sans-culottes, a term of reproach applied to the of their negligence in dress, and afterwards assumed by them with pride. The complementary days of their new calendar were named by the Mountain party Sansculottides. San Stefano, see Stefano. Santa Cruz (Teneriffe, Canary Isles). Here ad- Santa Fé de Bogotá, see New Granada. Santiago de Compostella (N.W. Spain) was sacked by the Moors in 995, and held by them till it was taken by Ferdinand III. in 1235. The Order of Santiago, or St. James, was founded about 1170 to protect pilgrims to the shrine of St. James, said to be buried 1845-60 in the cathedral. The town was taken by the French 1846-7 in 1809, and held till 1814.-SANTIAGO, the capital of 1851-3 Chili, South America, founded by Valdiña in 1541, has 1851 suffered much by earthquakes, especially in 1822 and 1848 1853 1829. 1855 1850-5 March, 1866 amended 1868-70 10 Aug. 1872 1873 About seven o'clock in the evening of 8 Dec. 1863, the feast of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary, and the last day of a series of religious celebrations in the "month of Mary," the church of the Campania, when brilliantly illuminated in a dangerous manner, was burned down, the fire beginning amid the combustible ornaments, and above 2000 persons, principally women, perished; the means of egress being utterly insufficient. On 20 Dec. the government ordered the church to be razed to the ground, and much public indignation was excited against the fanatical priesthood. *Capt. Fremantle, the friend of Nelson, and his companion in most of his brilliant achievements, was also wounded in the arm immediately before Nelson had received his wound in the same limb. The following note, addressed to the lady of capt. Fremantle (who was on board with her husband at the time he wrote), has been preserved, as being the first letter written by the hero with his left hand:-"MY DEAR MRS. FREMANTLE,-Tell me how Tom is; I hope he has saved his arm. Mine is off; but, thank God! I am as well as I hope he is. Ever yours, HORATIO NELSON." Sappers and Miners, a name given in 1812 to | Sardinian army defeated by Radetzky... the non-commissioned officers and privates of the corps Armistice signed.. Sardinians at Milan capitulate to Radetzky.. of Royal Engineers.-Brande. Sapphic Verse, invented by Sappho, the lyric poetess of Mitylene. She was equally celebrated for her poetry, beauty, and a hopeless passion for Phaon, a youth of her native country, on which last account it is said she threw herself into the sea from Mount Leucas, and was drowned, about 590 B.C. The Lesbians, after her death, paid her divine honors, and called her the tenth muse. Some consider the story fabulous. Sapphire, a precious stone of an azure color, and transparent; in hardness it exceeds the ruby, and is next to the diamond. One was placed in the Jewish high-priest's breastplate, 1491. Thamas Kouli Khan is said to have possessed a sapphire valued at 300,000l., Artificial sapphires were made in 1857 by M. 1733. Gaudin. Equal parts of alum and sulphate of potash were heated in a crucible. Saracens, an Arab race, the first disciples of Mahomet, who within forty years after his death (632) had| subdued a great part of Asia, Africa, and Europe. They conquered Spain in 711 et seq., and (under Abderahman) established the caliphate of Cordova in 755, which gave way to the Moors in 1237. The empire of the Saracens closed by Bagdad being taken by the Tartars, 1258. Hostilities resumed.. cupies Mortara... .26 July, 1848 ....5 Aug. ...9 Aug. .12 March, 1849 21 March, Radetzky defeats a division of the Sardinians, and ocComplete defeat of the Sardinians by the Austrians at 23 March, Novara.. manuel... Charles Albert abdicates in favor of his son, Victor Em 66 .23 March, .25 March, .26 March, ..28 July, 6 Aug. ...9 April, 1850 ...4 May, ..2 June, Death of Charles Albert at Oporto.. 1851 16 April, 1856 see Austria, ..June, 1857 Cavour declares in favor of free trade.. 30 Jan. 1859 Saragossa (N.E. Spain), anciently Cæsarea Augusta, count Cavour resigns, 13 July; Rattazzi administra- "Sarah Sands," see Wrecks, 1857. Saratoga (New York state, U. S.). Here gen. Burgoyne, commander of a body of the British army, after a severe engagement with the Americans, 7 Oct., being surrounded, surrendered all his army (5791 men) to the American gen. Gates, 17 Oct. 1777. This was the greatest check the British suffered in the war. Sarawak, see Borneo. Sardinia, an island in the Mediterranean, successively possessed by the Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians (about 500 B.C.), Romans (238), Vandals (A.D. 456), Saracens (720-40), Genoese (1022), Pisans (1165), Aragonese (1352), and Spaniards. From settlers belonging to these various nations the present inhabitants derive their origin. Victor Amadeus, duke of Savoy, acquired Sardinia in 1720, with the title of king; see Savoy. Population of the Sardinian dominions in 1858, 5,194,807; of Sardinia alone (1875), 654,432. The king of Sardinia was recognized as king of Italy by his parliament in Feb. 1861; see Italy. Conquered by the English naval forces, under sir John The Sardinian government refers the question of annexa- Annexation to Sardinia voted almost unanimously by The government professes disapproval of Garibaldi's ex- Nice.. 64 66 46 66 66 The Sardinian troops enter the papal territories (see KINGS OF SARDINIA. (See Savoy.) 1796. Charles Emmanuel II., son; resigned his crown in favor 1821. Charles Felix. 1831. Charles Albert; abdicated in favor of his son, 23 March, 1849. Died at Oporto, 28 July, 1849. 1849. Victor Emmanuel II., son; born 14 March, 1820; died 9 Jan. 1878. Humbert, king of Italy; born, 14 March, 1844. Sardis, see under Seven Churches. Sarmatia, the ancient name for the country in Asia and Europe between the Caspian Sea and the Vistula, including Russia and Poland. The Sarmatæ, or Sauromatæ, troubled the early Roman empire by incursions. After subduing the Scythians, they were subjugated by Satellites, see Planets, Jupiter, Mars, Saturn. Satire. About a century after the introduction of comedy, satire made its appearance at Rome in the writings of Lucilius, called the inventor of it, 116 B.C.-Livy. The Satires of Horace (35 B.C.), Juvenal (about A.D. 100), and Persius (about A.D. 60) are the most celebrated in ancient times, and those of Churchill (1761) and Pope (1729) in modern times. Butler's "Hudibras," satirizing the Presbyterians, first appeared in 1663. "Satire Menippée," a celebrated satirical pamphlet, partly in verse and partly in prose, attacking the policy of the court of Spain and the league, written in the style of the biting satires of the cynic philosopher Menippus. The first part, "Catholicon d'Espagne," by Leroy, appeared in 1593; the second, "Abrégé das États de la Ligue," by Gillot, Pithou, Rapin, and Passerat, appeared in 1594. -Bouillet. was captured by the British without loss, 21 Dec. 1791. Savandroog (Mysore, S. India), a strong fortress, Savannah (Georgia, U. S.), CAPTURE AND SIEGE OF. Col. Campbell, under orders from sir Henry Clinton, invaded Georgia at the end of 1778. Landing at Savannah, 29 Dec., he took the city after a stout resistance from the Americans under gen. Robert Howe, who retreated into South Carolina. A combined force of Americans under Lincoln and French under D'Estaing besieged Savannah in the autumn of 1779. The place was bombarded 4-9 Oct., and assaulted 9 Oct. The attempt was unsuccessful, the Americans losing 457 men, the French 637, and the British 120; see United States. Savings-banks. The first of these was instituted at Berne, in Switzerland, in 1787, by the name of cuisse de domestiques, being intended for servants only; another was set up in Basel in 1792, open to all depositors. The rev. Joseph Smith of Wendover began a Benevolent Institution in 1799; and in 1803-4 a "charitable bank was instituted at Tottenham by Miss Priscilla Wakefield. The rev. Henry Duncan established a parish bank at Ruthwell in 1810. One was opened at Edinburgh in 1814. The benefit clubs among artisans having accumulated stocks of money for their progressive purposes, a plan was adopted to identify these funds with the public debt of the country, and an extra rate of interest was held out as an inducement; hence were formed savingsbanks to receive small sums, returnable with interest on demand. Satrapies, divisions of the Persian empire, formed Rt. hon. George Rose developed the system, and brought it by Darius Hystaspis about 516 B.C. under parliamentary control, 1816. In 1840 there were 550 banks; 766,354 depositors; amount, 22,060,9047. Acts to consolidate and amend previous laws relating to sav ings-banks were passed in 1828 and 1847; extended to Scot land in 1835; again consolidated and amended in 1863. Sattara (W. India) was long a flourishing state, founded by Sevajee about 1646; subjugated by the Mahrattas about 1749; conquered by the British, 1818; ruled by a rajah under the protection of the Company. The On 20 Nov. 1851, the number of savings banks in Great Britlast rajah died without issue in 1848, when the country was annexed. Saturday (the last or seventh day of the week; the Jewish Sabbath; see Sabbath). It was so called from an idol worshipped on this day by the Saxons; and, according to Verstegan, was named by them Saterne's day. -Pardon. It is more probably from Saturn, dies Saturni.-Saturday Review, an independent literary weekly journal, was first published 3 Nov. 1855; see Hospital. Saturn, the planet, ascertained to be about 900 millions of miles distant from the sun, and its diameter to be about 77,230 miles. One of the eight satellites was discovered by Huyghens (25 March, 1655), four by Cassini (1672-84), two by sir William Herschel (1789), and one by Bond and Lassells (1848). The ring was observed by Galileo about 1610; its annular form determined by Huyghens about 1655; and discovered to be twofold by Messrs. Ball, 13 Oct. 1655; an inner ring was detected in 1850 by Dawes in England (29 Nov.), and by Bond in America. Saturnalia, festivals in honor of Saturn, father of the gods, were instituted long before the foundation of Rome, in commemoration of the freedom and equality which prevailed on the earth in his golden reign. Some, however, suppose that the Saturnalia were first observed at Rome in the reign of Tullus Hostilius (673-640 B.c.), after a victory obtained over the Sabines; while others suppose that Janus first instituted them in gratitude to Saturn, from whom he had learned agriculture. Others assert that they were first celebrated after a victory obtained over the Latins by the dictator Posthumius, when he dedicated a temple to Saturn, 497 B.C. During these festivals no business was allowed, amusements were cucouraged, and distinctions ceased.-Lenglet. ain and Ireland was 574, besides above 20,000 friendly soci eties and charitable institutions. The depositors (in the banks) were 1,092,581, while the societies embraced a vast but unknown number of persons; the amount of deposits was 32,893,5117. Amount of computed capital of savings banks in the United Kingdom: 1853, 33,362,2607.; 1860, 41,258,368.; 1870, 37,958,5497-1871, England, 31,413,0021.; Wales, 1,066,5434; Scotland, 4,119,735/.; Ireland, 2,220,3831.; total, 38, 819.6634. In 1877, England, 34,750,7471.; Wales, 1,189,2547.; Scotland, 6,026,8027.; Ireland, 2,271,8834.; total, 44,238,6867. tors in savings-banks, and that the aggregate of their | ton-wool from the pod, invented by Eli Whitney, an deposits was $802,490,298. American, in 1793, led to the immense growth of cotton in the southern states of the Union. Powis and James's band-saw was patented in 1858. Savona (a manufacturing town, N. Italy, long held by the Genoese) was captured by the king of Sardinia in 1746; by the French in 1809, and annexed; restored to Sardinia at the peace. Pope Pius VII. was kept here by Napoleon I., 1809-12. Soap is said to have been invented here, and hence its French name, savon. Saxe-Altenburg (formerly Hildburghausen), a duchy in central Germany. Population, 1871, 141,122. The dukes are descended from Ernest the Pious, duke of Saxony. Ernest, the first duke, died in 1715. The present duke, Ernest, born 16 Sept. 1826; succeeded his father, George, 3 Aug. 1853; he entered into alliance with Prussia, 18 Aug. 1866. Heir, his brother, Maurice, born 24 Oct. 1829. Population, 1875, 145,844. Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (central Germany), Population, 1875, 182,599. capitals Gotha and Coburg. The reigning family is descended from John Ernest (son of Ernest the Pious, duke of Saxony), who died in 1729. DUKES. Savoy, the ancient Sapaudia or Sabaudia, formerly a province in N. Italy, east of Piedmont. It became a Roman province about 118 B.C. The Alemanni seized it in A.D. 395, and the Franks in 490. It shared the revolutions of Switzerland till about 1048, when Conrad, emperor of Germany, gave it to Humbert, with the title of count. Count Thomas acquired Piedmont in the thirteenth century. Amadeus, count of Savoy, having entered his dominions, solicited Sigismund to erect them into a duchy, which he did at Cambray, 19 Feb. 1416. 1826. Ernest I., duke of Saxe-Saalfeld-Coburg; born 2 Jan. Victor Amadeus, duke of Savoy, obtained the kingdom of Sicily from Spain by a treaty in 1713, but afterwards exchanged it with the emperor for the island of Sardinia, with the title of king, 1720. The French subdued Savoy in 1792, and made it a department of France, under the name of Mont Blanc, in 1800. It was restored to the king of Sardinia in 1814; but with Nice annexed 1844. to France in 1860, in accordance with a vote by universal suffrage, 23 April, 1860. Savoy was visited by the emperor and empress of the French in Aug. 1860. The annexation was censured in England. Sa Savoy Palace (London) was built by Peter of voy, uncle of Eleanor, queen of Henry III., in 1245, on land granted to him. He gave it to the fraternity of Mountjoy (Monte Jovis), from whom it was purchased by queen Eleanor for her son Edmund, Here resided John, king of France, when a prisoner, 1357 et seq. The Savoy was burned by Wat Tyler and his followers, 1381. It was restored as a hospital of St. John the Baptist by Henry VII., about 1505. The fruitless CONFERENCE of bishops and eminent Puritans for the revision of the liturgy was held at the Savoy, April-July, 1661. The hospital was dissolved in 1702, and the buildings (then used as a military prison) removed for Waterloo Bridge and its approaches, 1817-19. The ancient Chapel (which once possessed the privilege of sanctuary), after several restorations, was destroyed by fire, 7 July, 1864, and was rebuilt at the queen's expense, and reopened 26 Nov. 1865. Saw. Invented by Dædalus.-Pliny. Invented by Talus.-Apollodorus. Talus, it is said, having found the jawbone of a snake, employed it to cut through a piece of wood, and then formed an instrument of iron like it. Saw-mills were erected in Madeira in 1420; at Breslau in 1427. Norway had the first saw-mill in 1530. The bishop of Ely, ambassador from Mary of England to the court of Rome, describes a saw-mill there, 1555. The attempts to introduce saw-mills in England were violently opposed, and one erected by a Dutchman in 1663 was forced to be abandoned. Saw-mills were erected near London about 1770. The excellent saw-machinery in Woolwich dockyard is based upon the invention of the elder Brunel, 1806-13. The saw-gin for separating cot 1784; married Louisa, heiress of Augustus, duke of Saxe-Gotha, and became by convention duke of SaxeCoburg-Gotha, 12 Nov. 1826; died 29 Jan. 1844. [His brother, Leopold, married the princess Charlotte of England, 2 May, 1816; became king of the Belgians, 12 July, 1831; and Ferdinand, the son of his brother Ferdinand, married Maria da Gloria, queen of Portugal, 9 April, 1836.] Ernest II., son (brother of Albert, prince consort of Great Britain); born 21 June, 1818; married Alexandrina, duchess of Baden, 3 May, 1842; no issue. He entered into alliance with Prussia, 18 Aug. 1866. Heir (presumptive): Prince Alfred of England, duke of Edinburgh; born 6 Aug. 1844 (in whose favor the prince of Wales resigned his rights, 19 April, 1863). Saxe-Meiningen (a duchy in central Germany). Population, Dec. 1875, 194,494. The dukes are descended from Ernest the Pious, duke of Saxony. The first duke, Bernard (1680), died in 1706. Bernard (duke, 24 Dec. 1803) abdicated in favor of his son, George II., 20 Sept. 1866, who professed his adhesion to the Prussian policy; he was born 2 April, 1826. Heir, his son, Bernard, born 1 April, 1851. By a fire at Meiningen, about 3000 persons became houseless, 6 Sept. 1874. Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (central Germany). The grand-dukes are descended from John Frederic, the Protestant elector of Saxony, who was deprived by the emperor in 1548; see Saxony. The houses of SaxeCoburg-Gotha, Saxe-Gotha, Hilberghausen, and SaxeMeiningen also sprang from him. They are all termed the senior or Ernestine branch of the old family.-SaxeWeimar became a grand-duchy in 1815. The dukes have greatly favored literature, and their capital, Weimar, has been called the Athens of Germany. Population of the duchy, 1875, 292,933. GRAND-DUKES. 1815. Charles Augustus. Heir: Charles Augustus; born 31 July, 1844. |