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Establishment of autonomy for Hungary announced;
res guation of Belcredi, 4 Feb.; Von Beust made presi-
dent of the council..
.7 Feb. 1867
Rescript restoring a separate ministry for Hungary,
count Andrassy president.
.17 Feb.
Death of archduke Stephen (palatine of Hungary in 1848),
Feb.

Commercial treaty with Italy signed... .......23 April,
Reichsrath opened at Vienna.
...20 May,
The Czechs (of Bohemia and Moravia), Croats, Slavoni-
ans, Serbs, Roumans (of Transylvania), and Russinians
(of Galicia), protest against absorption, and demand
national legislative powers
May and July,
Painful death of the archduchess Matilda through burns,
6 June,
The emperor and empress crowned king and queen of
Hungary at Buda

.8 June,
.23 June,
.27 July-1 Aug.
The emperors of Austria and France meet at Salzburg,
18-23 Aug.
Arrangements for dividing the financial affairs of Aus-
tria and Hungary, signed...
....13 Sept.
Changes (respecting marriage and education) in the con-
cordat proposed.
..Sept.
28 bishops demand the maintenance of the concordat,
28 Sept.
Letter from the emperor to cardinal Rauscher, declaring
for complete liberty of conscience in opposition to the
concordat; the concordat almost annulled by the lower
...Oct.

Von Beust made chancellor of the empire.
The sultan visits Vienna

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Great international exhibition at Vienna; opening, 1 May, 1973
Financial crisis through overtrading in 1872; panic in

May, Visits to Vienna: the prince of Wales, 28 April; the czar of Russia, 1 June; the shah of Persia, 30 July; the king of Italy, 17 Sept.; the emperor of Germany,

17 Oct. Elections for the Reichsrath: 228 constitutionalists; 125 federals, 30 Oct.; the Reichsrath opened by the emperor, 5 Nov. ; 25th anniversary of the emperor's accession celebrated throughout the empire; amnesty for political offenders..

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66

.2 Dec. ..13 Feb. 1874

The emperor at St. Petersburg.
Encyclical letter from the pope condemning the new ec-
clesiastical laws, dated..
.7 March,
Protest of the Austrian bishops; adoption by both parties
of Cavour's cry, "A free church in a free state,"
April,
The empress at the Isle of Wight................ ..July-Aug.
Ofenheim, railway financier connected with Messrs.
Brassey, after long trial for fraud, acquitted at Vienna,

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30 May, .28 June, ..29 June,

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C. de Tisza, president of the Hungarian ministry..20 Oct.
Deficiency in the budget for 1876; revenue about
37,800,000l.; expenditure, 40,300,000l...
.Nov.

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Emperor of Austria and king of Prussia meet at Oos, near
Baden-Baden
22 Oct.
Emperor arrives at Paris, 23 Oct.; leaves .....5 Nov.
Dualism accepted by the Reichsrath at Vienna..... Nov.
New Austrian ministry under prince Auersperg consti-
tuted
...30 Dec.
Civil marriages bill (annulling clerical jurisdiction over
them) passed by the upper house, after sharp resistance,
21-23 March; received the emperor's assent..25 May, 1868
German sharp-shooting match held at Vienna... 26 July,
Von Beust justifies the maintenance of an army of 800,-
000, 11 Oct.; is made a count..
Continued opposition of the clergy to the government,
The frigate Radetsky blown up, about 340 lives lost,
The crown-prince of Prussia visits Vienna.
The emperor visits the East; at Jerusalem, 10 Nov.;
present at the opening of the Suez canal......17 Nov.
Successful insurrection against the conscription in Dal-
...Nov.
matia, Oct.; ceased...

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Death of cardinal Rauscher, prince-bishop of Vienna,
24 Nov.
The czar and the emperor meet at Reichstadt; agree to
neutrality in the Servio-Turkish war............ ..8 July, 1876
New treaty of commerce with Great Britain, signed

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5 Dec. Declaration of neutrality in Russo-Turkish war by Aus trian and Hungarian ministers; foreign policy to be for "the interest of the monarchy, to the exclusion of all antipathies and sympathies," M. de Tisza (Hunga rian)... ..26 June, 1877 Dec. Resignation of Austrian ministry, 26 Jan.; withdrawn 5 Feb. 1878 Jan. 1869 Prince Auersperg announces disagreement with the proposed Russian conditions of peace. ......19 Feb. 20 Feb. Death of archduke Francis Charles, the emperor's father, 7 Oct. 8 March, The Sphinx burned at sea, near cape St. Elie, 500 perish, 9 March, Resignation of ministry; withdrawn..........6, 7 July, 66 Count Andrassy at the Berlin conference. 13 June-13 July, Austria to occupy and administer Bosnia and Herzegovina, by treaty of Berlin.... .13 July, The Austrians enter, and war ensues (see Bosnia). . 29 July, Resignation of Auersperg ministry announced to the Reichsrath.

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The Reichsrath opened by the emperor; no deputies from
Bohemia
.17 Sept.
Dissension between the federal and national parties,
29 Sept., Oct.
22 Nov.
The ministry support Great Britain in opposing the Rus-
sian repudiation of the treaty of Paris (see Russia), Nov.
Austrian army, 864,869 regulars; 187,527 landwehr (mili-
Dec. 64
tia)...
The new German empire recognized by the emperor. Jan. 1871
Dismissal of Potocki; count Hohenwart minister.. Feb.
Meeting of the Reichsrath.
.20 Feb. 66
Death of admiral Tegethoff, much lamented.....7 April, (6
First meeting of "Old Catholics" at Vienna.... 26 July,
An international exhibition at Vienna in 1873, proposed
Sept.

Meeting of emperor with emperor William.....6-8 Sept.
Meeting of 17 provincial diets; struggle between the
(Slavonian) conservatives and the (German) constitu-
tionalists renewed..
....14 Sept.
Political crisis: dissension between German and Slavo-
nian parties, Oct.; resignation of the Hohenwart min-
istry..
25 Oct.

A ministry formed under baron Kellersperg......4 Nov.
Resignation of count Beust, the arch-chancellor; much
excitement..

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Silver wedding of the emperor and empress kept, 24 April,
Liberal majority at elections..
..11 July,
Resignation of count Andrassy, the premier; ministry
formed by count Edw. Taafe, 12 Aug.; baron von Hay-
merle foreign minister...
...22 Aug.
Bismarck's visit to Vienna; warmly received, 21-24 Sept.
Reichsrath opened; the Czech deputies attend....8 Oct.
Andrassy formally resigns; succeeded by baron Hay-
merle as foreign minister and president of the council,

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8 Oct. "L Opening of all the diets of the empire.. .8 June, 1880 Marriage of the archduke Rodolph and the princess Stephanie of Belgium.. ..10 May, 1881 See Germany, Hungary, Vienna, etc

MARGRAVES OF AUSTRIA.

Leopold I., 928; Albert I., 1018; Ernest, 1056; Leopold II, 1075; Leopold III., 1996; Albert II., 1136; Leopold IV., 1136; Henry II., 1142 (made a duke, 1156).

1150. Henry II.

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DUKES.

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Count Andrassy appointed minister of the imperial
household and of foreign affairs; Von Beust to be am-
bassador at London; Lonyay, premier of Hungarian
ministry.....
...13-14 Nov. 46
New Austrian ministry formed by prince Auersperg,
about...
...25 Nov.
The Reichsrath opened by the emperor with speech an-
nouncing political and educational reforms... .28 Dec.
New constitutional law promulgated, giving the emperor
power to order new elections of the chambers, 13 March, 1872
Meeting of the emperor with the emperor of Germany
and other sovereigns at Berlin..
..6-12 Sept.
Reform bill passed changing the Reichsrath into a na-
tional representative assembly
.10 March, 1873

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Killed in battle.

Killed in a battle with the

1282. Albert I. and his brother, Rodolph II. Albert becomes
emperor of Germany, 1298.

1303. Frederic I. and Leopold I.
1326. Frederic I.

1330. Albert II. and Otho, his brother.
1339. Albert II.

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1411. The same. The provinces divided into the duchies of Austria and Car.nthia, and the county of Tyrol.

1411. Albert V., duke of Austria; obtains Bohemia and Moravia; elected king of Hungary and emperor, 1437; dies, 1439; succeeded by his posthumous son. 1439. Ladislaus, who dies childless, 1457. 1457. The emperor Frederic III. and Albert VI.

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"Ave Maria!" the salutation of the angel Gabriel to the Virgin (Luke i. 28), was made a formula of devo1493. Maximilian I., son of Frederic III. (archduke), emperor; tion by pope John XXI. about 1326. In the beginning seo Germany. of the fifteenth century Vincentius Ferrerius used it before his discourses.-Bingham.

EMPERORS.

1804. Francis I. (late Francis II. of Germany), styled emperor of Austria only, 11 Aug. 1804; resigned empire of Germany, 6 Aug. 1806; died 2 March, 1835. 1835. Ferdinand, his son, 2 March; abdicated in favor of his nephew (his brother Francis Charles having renounced his rights), 2 Dec. 1848; died 29 June, 1875. 1848. Francis Joseph (son of Francis Charles), born 18 Aug. 1830; succeeded, 2 Dec. 1848; married 24 April, 1854, to Elizabeth of Bavaria; crowned king of Hungary, 8 June, 1867. [Heir: their son, the archduke Rodolph, born 21 Aug. 1858; married to princess Stephanie Clotilde of Belgium, 10 May, 1881.]

Avignon, a city (S.E. France) ceded by Philip III. to the pope in 1273. The papal seat was removed by Clement V. to Avignon in 1309. In 1348 Clement VI. purchased the sovereignty from Jane, countess of Provence and queen of Naples. In 1408, the French, wearied of the schism, expelled Benedict XIII., and Avignon ceased to be the seat of the papacy. Here were held nine councils (1080-1457). Avignon was seized and restored several times by the French kings; the last time restored, 1773. It was claimed by the national assembly,

Authors. For the law securing copyright, see Copy-1791, and was confirmed to France by the congress of rights.

Auto da Fé (Act of Faith), the term given to the punishment of a heretic, generally burning alive, inflicted by the Inquisition (which see).

Automaton Figures (or ANDROIDES), made to imitate living actions, are of early invention. Archytas's flying dove was formed about 400 B.C. Friar Bacon is said to have made a brazen head which spoke, A.D. 1264. Albertus Magnus ent thirty years in making another. A coach and two horses, with a footman, a page, a lady inside, were made by Camus for Louis XIV. when a child, 1649; the horses and figures moved naturally, variously, and perfectly. Vaucanson, in 1738, made an artificial duck, which performed many functions of a real one-eating, drinking, and quacking; and he also made a flute-player. The writing automaton, exhibited in 1769, was a pentagraph worked by a confederate out of sight. The automaton chess-player, exhibited the same year, was also worked by a hidden person; so was the "invisible girl," 1800. Maelzel made a trumpeter about 1809. Early in this century an automaton was exhibited in London which pronounced several sentences with tolerable distinctness. The "anthropoglossus," an alleged talking-machine, exhibited at St. James's Hall, London, July, 1864, was proved to be a gross imposition. The exhibition of the talking-machine of professor Faber, of Vienna, in London, began 27 Aug. 1870, at the Palais Royal, Argyll street, W. The automatic chessplayer at the Crystal Palace, 1873. Psycho, an automaton card-player, invented by J. N. Maskelyne and John * Algernon Clarke, exhibited in London, Jan. 1875. automaton hare was hunted at Hendon, near London, 9 Sept. 1876.

An

Autotypography, a process of producing a metal plate from drawings, made known by Mr. Wallis in April, 1863; it resembled Nature-printing (which see).

Auxerre Declaration, see France, May, 1866. Ava in 1822 became the capital of the Burmese empire, it is said, for the third time. A British embassy was received here in Sept. 1855.

Avars, barbarians who ravaged Pannonia, and annoyed the Eastern empire in the sixth and seventh centuries; subdued by Charlemagne about 799, after an eight years' war.

sovereigns in 1815. In Oct. 1791, horrible massacres took place here; see Popes, 1309–94.

Axe, Wedge, Lever, and various tools in common use, are said to have been invented by Dædalus, an artificer of Athens; to whom also is ascribed the invention of masts and sails for ships, 1240 B.C. Many tools are represented on the Egyptian monuments.

Axum, or AuxUME, a town in Abyssinia said to have been the capital of a kingdom whose people were converted to Christianity by Frumentius about 330, and were allies of Justinian, 533.

Ayacucho (Peru). Here the Peruvians finally achieved their independence by defeating the Spaniards, 9 Dec. 1824.

Ayde, or AIDE, the tax paid by the vassal to the chief lord upon urgent occasions. In France and England an aide was due for knighting the king's eldest son. One was demanded by Philip the Fair, 1313. The aide due upon the birth of a prince, ordained by the statute of Westminster (Edward I.), 1285, was not to be levied until he was fifteen years of age, for the ease of the subject. The aide for the marriage of the king's eldest daughter could not be demanded in this country until her seventh year. In feudal tenures there was an aide for ransoming the chief lord; so when our Richard I. was kept a prisoner by the emperor of Germany, an aide of 20s. to redeem him was enforced upon every knight's fec; see Benevolence.

Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, was reduced by the West Saxons in 571. St. O'Syth, beheaded by the pagans in Essex, was buried there, 600. William the Conqueror invested his favorites with some of its lands, under the tenure of providing "straw for his bedchambers; three eels for his use in winter; and in summer, straw, rushes, and two green geese thrice every year." Incorporated by charter in 1554.

Aylesford (Kent). Here, it is said, the Britons were victorious over the Saxon invaders, 455, and Horsa was killed.

Ayr, capital of Ayrshire (S.W. Scotland); chartered and endowed by William the Lion, twelfth century; fortified by Oliver Cromwell.-By a sudden fire at Templeton's carpet-works, 29 persons perished, 16 June, 1876. Azincour, see Agincourt.

Azof, SEA OF, the Palus Mæotis of the ancients, communicates by the strait of Yenikalé (the Bosporus Cimmerius) with the Black Sea, and is entirely surrounded by Russian territory, Taganrog and Kertch be

Avebury, or ABURY (Wiltshire). Here are the remains of the largest so-called Druidical work in this country. They have been surveyed by Aubrey, 1648; Dr. Stukeley, 1720; and sir R. C. Hoare in 1812, and by others. Much information may be obtained from Stuke-ing the principal places. An expedition, composed of ley's "Abury" (1743), and Hoare's "Ancient Wiltshire" (1812-21). Many theories have been put forth, but the object of these remains is still unknown. They are considered to have been set up during the "stone age," i. e. when weapons and implements were mainly formed of

that material.

British, French, and Turkish troops, commanded by sir G. Brown, arrived at Kertch, 24 May, 1855, when the Russians retired, after blowing up the fortifications. On the 25th the allies marched upon Yenikalé, which also offered no resistance. On the same evening the allied fleet entered the Sea of Azof, and in a few days com

pleted their occupation of it, after capturing a large number of merchant vessels, etc. An immense amount of stores was destroyed by the Russians to prevent them falling into the hands of the allies.

Azores, or WESTERN ISLES (N. Atlantic), belonging to Portugal, the supposed site of the ancient Atlantis, are said to have been discovered in the 15th century by Vanderberg of Bruges, who was driven on their coasts by the weather. Cabral, sent by the Portuguese court, fell in with St. Mary's in 1432, and in 1457 they were all discovered and named Azores from the number of goshawks found on them. They were given by Alfonso V. to the duchess of Burgundy in 1466, and colonized by Flemings. They were subject to Spain 1580-1640. The isle of Terceira, during the usurpation of dom Miguel, declared for donna Maria, 1829, and a govern

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B.

Baal (Lord), the male deity of the Phoenician na- | tions, frequently worshipped by the Israelites, especially by Ahab, 918 B.C. His priests and votaries were massacred by Jehu, and his temple defiled, 884 B.C.

Baalbec, HELIOPOLIS (both meaning "City of the Sun"), an ancient city of Syria, of which magnificent ruins remain, visited by Wood (in 1751), and others. Its origin is lost in antiquity. Here Septimius Severus built a temple to the sun, 200. The city was sacked by the Moslems, 748, and by Timour Beg, 1400.

Baba Wali. See Afghanistan, 1 Sept. 1880; and Mazra.

Babbage, see Calculating Machines.

Babel, TOWER OF, built by Noah's posterity, 2247 B.C. (Genesis xi.). The magnificent temple of Belus, asserted to have been originally this tower, is said to have had lofty spires, and many statues of gold, one of them forty feet high. In the upper part of this temple was the tomb of the founder, Belus (the Nimrod of the sacred scriptures), who was deified after death.—Blair. The Birs Nimroud, examined by Rich, Layard, and others, is considered by some persons to be the remains of the tower of Babel.

Babeuf's Conspiracy, see Agrarian Law.
Baby-Farming, see Infanticide.

Babylonia,* an Asiatic empire (see Assyria), found

Lenglet.† Ninus of Assyria seized on Babylon, and es-
tablished what was properly the Assyrian empire, by
uniting the two sovereignties, 2059 B.C.; 2233 Cl. The
second empire of Babylon commenced about 747 B.C.
Earliest astronomical observations at Babylon,
Nabonassar governs....

2234 B.C. [2230, H.; 2233, Cl.]

Merodach Baladan king, 721; his embassy to Hezekiah of Judah about..

Nebuchadnezzar invades Syria, 606; Judea, 605; defeats
Pharaoh Necho, and annihilates the Egyptian power
in Asia.

He returns to Babylon with the spoils of Jerusalem.-
Blair; Lenglet...

Daniel interprets the king's dream of the golden-headed
image. Dan. ii....

Nebuchadnezzar goes a third time against Jerusalem. takes it and destroys the temple.-Blair; Usher, 589 to 587; captures Tyre...

The golden image set up, and Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-nego thrown into the furnace for refusing to worship it. Dan. iii.

747

712

604

G02

585

570

569

Daniel interprets the king's second dream, and Nebu-
chadnezzar is driven from among men. Dan. iv..
The king recovers his reason and his throne, 562; dies.. 561
Labynetus, 556; Nabonadius, 551; Belshazzar king..
Evil Merodach, 561; Neriglissar, king.
Babylon taken by the Medes and Persians, under Cyrus,

and Belshazzar slain...

Dan. vi...

559

539

538

537

518

323

Daniel thrown into the lions' den.
Babylon revolts, and is taken by Darius..
Taken by Alexander, 331; he dies here..
Seleucus Nicator, who died 280 B. C., transfers the seat of
government to Seleucia, and Babylon is deserted.
Babyngton's Conspiracy, to assassinate queen
Elizabeth, and make Mary of Scotland queen, was de-

ed by Belus, supposed to be the Nimrod of the Holy vised by John Savage, a soldier of Philip of Spain, and Writ, the son of Chus, and grandson of Ham, 2245 B.C.-approved by Wm. Gifford and John Ballard, catholic

*The city of Babylon was at one time the most magnificent in the world. The Hanging Gardens are described as having been of a square form, and in terraces one above another until they rose as high as the walls of the city, the as

priests. Anthony Babyngton and others joined in the scheme. They were betrayed by Pooley Aspy, and fourteen were executed, 20, 21 Sept. 1586.

He

cent being from terrace to terrace by steps. The whole pile by Mirza Ali Mahomed, an enthusiast, at Shiraz. Babysm, a new sect in Persia, founded in 1843 was sustained by vast arches raised on other arches; and on the top were flat stones closely cemented together with plas- termed himself the "Bab," or "gate," of knowledge, and, ter of bitumen, and that covered with sheets of lead, upon giving a new exposition of the Koran, claimed to be the which lay the mould of the garden, where there were large incarnate Holy Spirit. The destruction of himself and trees, shrubs, and flowers, with various sorts of vegetables. There were five of these gardens, each containing about four the greater number of his followers was due to Hossein, English acres, and disposed in the form of an amphitheatre. one of his disciples, combining political and warlike -Strabo; Diodorus. Pliny said that in his time it was but principles with their spiritual dogmas. The sect was a desolate wilderness. Mr. Rich visited the ruins in 1811, and sir R. Ker Porter in 1818. The laborious researches of Mr. tolerated by the shah Mahomet, but nearly extermiLayard, sir H. Rawlinson, M. Botta, and others, and the in-nated by his successor in 1848-9. The Bab himself was teresting relics excavated and brought to this country between executed 15 July, 1849. The present head of the sect, the years 1849 and 1855, have caused very much attention to be given to the history of Babylon. Many of the inscriptions still numerous, Beheyah Allah, imprisoned in a Turkish in the cuneiform or wedge-like character have been translated, fortress, is said to be well conversant with the Bible, principally by col. (now sir Henry) Rawlinson, and published and to propound a doctrine based on it, termed "Bâb el in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. In the spring of 1855 he returned to England, bringing with him many valu- Huk," gate of truth.

able relics, drawings, etc., which are now in the British Museum. He gave discourses on the subject at the Royal Institution, London, in 1851, 1855, and 1865. The Rev. A. Sayce lectured on Babylonian literature at the same place in 1877.

According to the earliest existing history the country was divided between two races, the Sumir (Turanian), the probable inventors of cuneiform writing; and the Accad (Semitic). which became predominant.

Bacchanalia (games in honor of Bacchus) arose in Egypt, and were brought into Greece by Melampos, and called Dionysia, about 1415 B.C.-. Diodorus. In Rome the Bacchanalia were suppressed, 186 B.C. The priests of Bacchus were called Bacchanals.

Baccon or Bacon, see Orleans.

Bach Society, instituted in London in 1849, for the collection of the works of J. S. Bach, and the promotion of their public performance. The original committee included W. Sterndale Bennett, sir G. Smart, J. Hullah, C. Potter, and other eminent musicians. The society was dissolved 21 March, 1870, and the music given up to the Royal Academy of Music.

Bachelors. The Roman censors frequently imposed fines on unmarried men, and men of full age were obliged to marry. The Spartan women at certain games laid hold of old bachelors, dragged them round their altars, and inflicted on them various marks of infamy and disgrace.-Vossius. A tax laid upon bachelors in England, twenty-five years of age (varying from 12. 10s. for a duke to 1s. for a common person), lasted from 1695 to 1706. Bachelors (Romanist priests excepted) were subjected to an extra tax on their male and female servants in 1785. A grand ball given by 84 bachelors at Kensington House, the prince and princess of Wales present, 22 July, 1880.

Backgammon. Palamedes of Greece is the reputed inventor of this game, about 1224 B.C. It is said to have been invented in Wales before its conquest. Henry.

Baconian Philosophy, propounded by Francis Bacon specially in his "Novum Organon," published in 1620. Its principles are utility and progress, and its objects the alleviation of the sufferings and promotion of the comforts of mankind.-Macaulay, 1837.

Bacon's Rebellion. A movement made by a Virginian, Nathaniel Bacon, and a strong party, against Berkeley, the tyrannical royalist governor, in 1676. Bacon was successful for a time, drove Berkeley out of Jamestown, burned it (Sept. 9), but died of a fever in Oct. The rebellion came to nothing, being put down during the beginning of 1677, and several persons were hanged, fined, etc., for being concerned in it. It is worthy of note that this first serious revolt against the abuse of British authority in America occurred precisely 100 years before the Declaration of Independence was signed. Bactriana, a province in Asia, was subjugated by Cyrus and formed part of the Persian empire, when conquered by Alexander, 330 B.C. About 254 B.C., Theodotus or Diodotus, a Greek, threw off the yoke of the Seleucidæ, and became king. Eucratides I. reigned prosperously about 181 B.C., and Menander about 126

B.C.

The Greek kingdom appears to have been broken up by the irruption of the Scythians shortly after.

Badajoz (S.W. Spain), an important barrier fortress, surrendered to the French, under Soult, 11 March, 1811; invested by the British, under lord Wellington, on 16 March, 1812, and stormed and taken on 6 April following. The French retreated in haste.

Baddesdown Hill, or Mount Badon, near Bath, where Bede says the Britons defeated the Saxons in 493; others say in 511 or 520.

Baden (S.W. Germany). The house of Baden is descended from Hermann, regarded as the first margrave (1052), son of Berthold I., duke of Zähringen; but Hermann II. assumed the title, Feb. 1130. From Christopher, who died 1527, proceeded the branches BadenBaden and Baden-Dourlach, united in 1771. Baden is a hereditary constitutional monarchy by charter, 26 May, 1818; it joined the German empire by treaty, 15 Nov. 1870. Population, 1 Dec. 1871, 1,461,562; Dec. 1875, 1,507,179.

Louis William, margrave of Baden-Baden, a great gen-
eral, born 1665; sallied out from Vienna and defeated
the Turks, 1683...
.died 1707

Charles William, margrave of Baden-Dourlach, born 1679,
Charles Frederic, born 1728; margrave of Baden-Dour-
died 1746; succeeded by his son.
lach, 1738; acquired Baden-Baden, 1771; made grand-
duke by Napoleon, 1806.

Treaty of Baden: Landau ceded to France.......7 Sept. 1714
Baden made a grand-duchy, with enlarged territories... 1803
A representative constitution granted by charter. 18 Aug. 1818
Insurrection; joined by the free city Rastatt; the grand
Republican agitation.
..during 1848

duke flees..

.May, 1849

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The Prussians enter Baden, 15 June; defeat the insur-
gents commanded by Mierolawski; Rastatt surrenders,
23 July; the grand-duke re-enters Carlsruhe..18 Aug.
Arrests for political offences.
..9 July, 1857
Concordat with the pope signed.
.28 June, 1859
Greatly opposed by the chambers; annulled by the grand-
duke by a manifesto, securing autonomy to the Cath-
olic and Protestant churches; signed. ......7 April, 1860
Interview at Baden-Baden of the emperor Napoleon III.,
the prince-regent of Prussia, and the German kings
and princes...
16 June,

16 Oct.

The new ecclesiastical law (adopted by the chambers) Opposition of the archbishop of Friburg and the clerical promulgated...

party...

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.1860-65

Disputes in the German diet; the grand-duke vainly endeavors to obtain a reconciliation; and remains neutral......

Baden joins the Zollverein (which see).

..June, 1866
July, 1867

Meeting of the chambers; liberal measures promised, 24
Sept.; universal suffrage adopted by the second cham-
Civil marriage made obligatory.

ber..

.29 Oct. 1869 .17 Nov. Baden joins Prussia in the war with France, about 20 July, 1870 Gambling-houses suppressed; finally closed......31 Oct. 1372 1806. Charles Frederic; dies 1811; succeeded by his

1811.

1818.

1830.

1852.

grandson,

GRAND-DUKES,

Charles Louis Frederic, who died without issue in
Louis Wiliam, died without issue in 1830, suc-
1818; succeeded by his uncle,
ceeded by bis brother,

Leopold, died in 1852; succeeded by his second son (the first being imbecile),

Frederic (born 9 Sept. 1826), regent 24 April, 1852; declared grand-duke, 5 Sept. 1856.

Heir: his son Frederic William, born 9 July, 1857.

Badge of Military Merit, established Aug. 1781, by Washington. It was conferred upon non-commissioned officers and soldiers for three years' good conduct, or for specially meritorious service, and entitled the person receiving it "to pass and repass all guards and military posts as fully and amply as any commissioned officer whatever."

Baffin's Bay (N. America), discovered by William Baffin, an Englishman, 1616. The extent of this discovery was much doubted, until the expeditions of Ross and Parry proved that Baffin was substantially accurate in his statement. Parry entered Lancaster Sound, and discovered the islands known by his name, 1818; see Northwest Passage.

Bagdad, in Asiatic Turkey, built by Al Mansour, and made the seat of the Saracen empire, about 762. Taken by the Tartars, and a period put to the Saracen rule, 1258. Often taken by the Persians, and retaken by the Turks, with great slaughter: the latter have held it since 1638.

Bagpipe, an ancient Greek and Roman instrument. On a piece of ancient Grecian sculpture, now in Rome, a bagpiper is represented dressed like a modern HighlandNero is said to have played upon a bagpipe, 51. Our Highland regiments retain their pipers.

er.

Bahama Isles (N. America) were the first points of discovery by Columbus. San Salvador was seen by him on the night of 11 Oct. 1492. New Providence was settled by the English in 1629. They were expelled by the Spaniards, 1641; returned, 1666; again expelled in 1703. In 1776, commodore Hopkins, of the U. S. Navy, stripped New Providence of its artillery and stores, and took the governor and other persons as prisoners. The isles were formally ceded to the English in 1783. Population in 1861, 35,287; in 1867, about 38,000; in 1871, 39,162. The Bahamas profited by blockade-running during the American Civil War, 1862-5. Governors: William Rawson, 1864; sir James Walker, 1868; John

Pope Hennessy, 1871; William Robinson, 1874; Thomas
F. Callaghan, 1879.

Bahar (N. India), a province (conquered by Baber in 1530), with Bengal and Orissa, a princely dominion, became subject to the English East India Company in 1765 by the treaty of Allahabad for a quit-rent of about 300,000Z

Bail. By ancient common-law, before and since the conquest, all felonies were bailable, till murder was excepted by statute; and by the 3 Edw. I. (1275), the power of bailing in treason, and in divers instances of felony, was taken away. Bail was further regulated in later reigns. It is now accepted in all cases, except felony; and where a magistrate refuses bail, it may be granted by a judge. Acts respecting bail passed 1826 and 1852. Excessive bail is forbidden by the constitution of the United States, and also by the organic laws of most of the states.

Bailiff, or SHERIFF, said to be of Saxon origin. London had its shire-reve prior to the conquest, and this officer was generally appointed for counties in England in 1079. Henry Cornehill and Richard Reynere were appointed bailiffs or sheriffs in London in 1189.-Stow. Sheriff's were appointed in Dublin under the name of bailiffs in 1308, and the name was changed to sheriff in 1548. There are still places where the chief magistrate is called bailiff, as the high-bailiff of Westminster. Bumbailiff is a corruption of bound-bailiff, every bailiff being obliged to enter into bonds of security for his good behavior.-Blackstone.

Bairam, or BEIRAM, Mahometan festivals. In 1865 the Little Bairam, following the fast of Ramadan (which see), fell on 28 Feb., 1 and 2 March; in 1868, on 26, 27, 28 Jan.; the Great Bairam in 1865, began on 10 May; in 1868, on 10 April.

BAL

Balance of POWER to assure the independency and integrity of states and control the ambition of sovereigns, a principle said to have been first laid down by the Italian politicians of the fifteenth century on the invasion of Charles VIII. of France, 1494.—Robertson. It was recognized by the treaty of Münster, 24 Oct. 1648. The arrangements for the balance of power in Europe made in 1815, without the consent of the people of the countries concerned, have been nearly all set aside since 1830.

Balawat, see Nineveh.

rium (which see), a canopy placed over the altar in some
Baldachin, or BALDACHINO, more properly cibo
ancient churches; the practice, beginning about 1130,
erect one in St. Barnabas Church, Pimlico, was opposed
was introduced into England, 1279. The proposal to
in the consistory court, Aug. 1873. The trial took place
of the baldachin, 15 Dec. 1873.
23, 24 Oct. Dr. Tristram decided against the erection

the Greeks Balearides and by the Romans Baleares, from
Balearic Islands, in the Mediterranean, called by
the dexterity of the inhabitants at slinging: they include
Majorca, Minorca, Iviça, Formentera, Cabrera, Conejera,
and other islets. They were conquered by the Romans,
123 B.C.; by the Vandals, about A.D. 426; and formed
part of Charlemagne's empire in 799. Conquered by the
Moors about 1005, and held by them till about 1286, when
they were annexed by Aragon; see Majorca and Mi-

norca.

Balham Mystery, see Bravo.
Balize, see Honduras.

extending from the Adriatic to the Euxine. The pasBalkans, the ancient Hæmus, a range of mountains sage, deemed impracticable, was completed by the RusBaize, a species of coarse woollen manufacture, was sians under Diebitsch, during the Russian and Turkish brought into England by some Flemish or Dutch emi-war, 26 July, 1829. An armistice was the consequence; grants who settled at Colchester, in Essex, and had priv- and a treaty of peace was signed at Adrianople, 14 Sept. ileges granted them by parliament in 1660. The trade following. The Balkans were crossed by the Russians, was under the control of a corporation called the govern-II. By the treaty of Berlin, 13 July, 1878, the Balkans ors of the Dutch baize-hall, who examined the cloth pre- became the frontiers of the sultan's European dominions. under Gourko, 13 July, 1877; see Russo-Turkish War

vious to sale.-Anderson.

Baker AND BAKEHOUSES, see Bread. Ballads may be traced in the British history to the Bakerian Lectures, Royal Society, originated in mentioned as the first who introduced ballads into EngAnglo-Saxons. - Turner. Adhelme, who died 709, is a bequest of 100%, by Henry Baker, F.R.S., the interest of which was to be given to one of the fellows for a who could."-Bede. Alfred sung ballads.— Malmesbury. land. "The harp was sent round, and those might sing scientific discourse to be delivered annually. Peter Canute composed one.-Turner. Minstrels were protectWoulfe gave the first lecture in 1765. Latterly it has ed by a charter of Edward IV.; but by a statute of Elizbeen the custom to nominate as the lecture a paper writ-abeth they were made punishable among rogues and ten by one of the fellows. Davy, Faraday, Tyndall, and other eminent men have given the lecture.

Balaklava, a small town in the Crimea, with a fine harbor, 10 miles S.E. from Sebastopol. After the battle of the Alma, the allies advanced upon this place, 26 Sept. 1854.

Battle of Balaklava: About 12,000 Russians, commanded
by gen Liprandi, attacked and took some redoubts in
the vicinity, which had been intrusted to about 250
Turks. They next assaulted the English, by whom
they were compelled to retire, mainly through the
charge of the heavy cavalry, led by brigadier Scarlett,
under the orders of lord Lucan. After this, from an
unfortunate misconception of lord Raglan's order, lord
Lucan ordered lord Cardigan, with the light cavalry, to
charge the Russian army, which had reformed on its
own ground with its artillery in front. The order was
most gallantly obeyed, and great havoc was made on
the enemy: but, of 670 British horsemen, only 198 re-
turned. (Termed by Tennyson The Charge of the
Six Hundred.") The infantry engaged were termed a
"thin red line".
25 Oct. 1854

A banquet was given to the survivors at the Alexandra
Palace..
A sortie from the garrison of Sebastopol led to a desper-
.25 Oct. 1875
ate engagement here, in which the Russians were v g
orously repulsed, with the loss of 2000 men killed and
wounded; the allies losing about 600..
The electric telegraph between London and Balaklava
22 March, 1855
completed..
..April,

A railway between Balaklava and the trenches com-
pleted..

....June,

vagabonds and sturdy beggars.-Viner. "Give me the Fletcher of Saltoun. The sea-ballads of Dibdin were writing of the ballads, and you may make the laws."very popular in the French war; he died 20 Jan. 1833. Mr. John Boosey's "Ballad Concerts," St. James's Hall, began 1866.

Ballarat, see Australia, 1851.

Ballets began through the meretricious taste of the Italian courts. One performed at the interview between our Henry VIII. and Francis I. of France in the Field of the Cloth of Gold, at Ardres, 1520.-Guicciardini. Ballets became popular in France, and Louis XIV. bore a part in one, 1664. They were introduced here with operas early in the eighteenth century.

Ballinamuck (Longford). Here, on 8 Sept. 1798, the Irish rebels and their French auxiliaries were defeated and captured.

Balloons.* A just idea of the principle of the construction of balloons was formed by Albert of Saxony, an Augustine monk in the 14th century, and adopted by a Portuguese Jesuit, Francesco Mendoza, who died at Lyons in 1626. The idea is also attributed to Bartolo

"Astra Castra; Experiments and Adventures in the Atmosphere; by Hatton Turnor," a copious work, appeared in

1865.

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