endow a public library and museum at Stratford-on-Avon. | The catalogue of the library and museum was published, Feb. 1868. The SHAKESPEARE LIBRARY, at Birmingham, was founded in 1864, and formally opened, 23 April, 1868; burned 11 Jan. 1879. SHAKESPEARE FORGERIES, see Ireland. Shamrock. It is said that the shamrock used by Shanghae, or Shanghai (China), captured by the British, 19 June, 1842; by the Taeping rebels, 7 Sept. 1853; retaken by the imperialists, 1855. The rebels were defeated near Shanghae by the English and French, allies of the emperor, 1 March, 1862; see China. Sharpsburg (Maryland), see Antietam. Shawls, of Oriental origin, were introduced into Paris after the return of Napoleon Bonaparte from Egypt, 1801. The manufacture was introduced by Barrow and Watson in 1784, at Norwich. It began at Paisley and Edinburgh about 1805.-Ure. ....11 March, 1864 ........29 April, 52,751. collected for the sufferers by. [Several murders and outrages (including the above) confessed to by Crookes, Hallam, and others, instigated and paid by Wm. Broadhead, secretary to the sawgrinders' union; indemnity granted.] A meeting of workmen expresses abhorrence.....8 July, Great loss of life and property by storm of wind, 16 Dec. 1873 Five board-schools opened by the archbishop of York, Mr. Roebuck, Mr. Forster, and others... Prince and princess of Wales open Firth park, the gift of Mark Firth, the mayor; most enthusiastically re ceived Public museum and hall opened. Eighteenth Church Congress held here lowed. .....16 Aug. 1875 ........6 Sept. ..1-4 Oct. 1878 winter, 1878-9 Daniel Holy; ..24 Sept. 1879 Sheep were exported from England to Spain, and, the breed being thereby improved, produced the fine Spanish wool, which proved detrimental to our woollen manufacture, 1467.-Anderson. Their exportation was Firth College, built by Mr. Mark Firth for 20,000l.; enprohibited on pain of fine and imprisonment, 1522. The dowed by the town; inaugurated by prince Leopold, 20 Oct. number of sheep in the United Kingdom has been va- Death of Mr. Roebuck, M.P. for Sheffield........30 Nov. riously stated-by some at 43,000,000, by others at Shelburne Administration, formed at the 49,000,000, and by more at 60,000,000, in 1840. The death of the marquess of Rockingham, July, 1782; ternumber must have progressively increased to the pres-minated April, 1783; the "Coalition" administration folent time, particularly as the unrestricted importation since 1846 vastly swells the amount. In 1851 there were imported into England 201,859 sheep and lambs; in 1858, 184,482; in 1864, 496,243. In Aug. and Sept. 1862, many sheep in Wiltshire died of small-pox; and on 11 Sept. government declared its intention of enforcing the act for the prevention of contagion. The evil soon abated. In April, 1866, when the disease reappeared, the preventive regulations were reissued. Mortality among sheep through flukes, etc.... .April, 1880 In 1865, 914,170 sheep and lambs were imported; in 1868, 341,155; 1871, 916,799; 1874, 758,915; 1875, 985,652; 1876, 1,041,329; 1877, 874,055; 1878, 892, 125; 1879, 944,888. For number in Great Britain, see under Cattle. Sheepshanks's Donations. On 2 Feb. 1857, Mr. John Sheepshanks, by a deed of gift, presented to the nation his valuable collection of paintings and drawings, valued at 60,000%. In accordance with the donor's directions, the pictures were placed in the South Kensington Museum. The collection is rich in the works of Mulready, Landseer, and Leslie. He died 5 Oct. 1863. -On 2 Dec. 1858, the trustees of his brother, the late rev. Richard Sheepshanks, presented 10,000l. stock to Trinity College, Cambridge, for the promotion of the study of astronomy, meteorology, and magnetism. The earl of Shelburne* (afterwards marquess of Lansdowne), lord Sydney), secretaries. Henry Dundas, Isaac Barré, sir George Yonge, etc. Shells, see Bombs. Sheriff, or shire-rere, governor of a shire or county. London had its sheriffs prior to William I.'s reign, but some say that sheriffs were first nominated for every county in England by William in 1079. According to other historians, Henry Cornhill and Richard Reynere were the first sheriffs of London, 1 Rich. I. 1189. The nomination of sheriffs, according to the present mode, took place in 1461.-Stow. Anciently sheriffs were hereditary in Scotland, and in some English counties, as Westmoreland. The sheriffs of Dublin (first called bailiffs) were appointed in 1308, and obtained the name of sheriff by an incorporation of Edward VI. 1548. Thirtyfive sheriffs were fined, and eleven excused, in one year, Sheerness (N. Kent), a royal dockyard, planned by rather than serve the office for London, 1734; see BailCharles II. in 1663, was taken by the Dutch, under Defs. The high-sheriffs of the counties of England and Ruyter, 9 June, 1667. Improved since 1815; new fortifications still in progress. Sheffield, on the river Sheaf, West Riding, Yorkshire; renowned for cutlery, plated goods, etc. Sheffield thwytles are mentioned by Chaucer, in the time of Edward III. Sheffield in the time of the Conqueror was obtained by Roger de Buisli, and has since been held the Lovetots, Nevils, Talbots, and Howards. St. Peter's church built temp. Henry I. Hospital and almshouses erected by the earl of Malmesbury... by 1616 1648 Wales, except Middlesex and Lancaster, are nominated Sheriffmuir, see Dumblane. Sherman's March. This designates the bold and important movement of Sherman's army, 60,000 to 70,000 strong, from Atlanta to Savannah, and thence through the Carolinas to Goldsborough, 16 Nov 1864 to 22 March, 1865. When Hood, after the loss of Atlanta, moved against Sherman's communications, the latter followed him with nearly his entire army, to protect the railroad until it should have served his purpose. After the confederate reverse 1726 *William Petty, earl of Shelburne, born 1737; secretary of 1773 state under lord Chatham, July, 1766; premier, 1782-3; cre1832 ated first marquess of Lansdowne, 1784; died 7 May, 1805. Shipka, see Schipka. Ship-money was first levied about 1007, to form a navy to oppose the Danes. This impost, levied by Charles I. in 1634-6, was much opposed, and led to the revolution. He assessed London in seven ships, of 4000 tons, and 1560 men; Yorkshire in two ships of 600 tons, or 12,000l.; Bristol in one ship of 100 tons; Lancashire in one ship of 400 tons. Among others, John Hampden refused to pay the tax; he was tried in the Exchequer in 1636. The judges declared the tax legal, 12 June, 1637. Ship-money was included in the grievances complained of in 1641. The five judges who had given an opinion in its favor were imprisoned. Hampden received a wound in a skirmish with prince Rupert, at Chalgrove, 18 June, and died 24 June, 1643. at Allatoona Pass, Hood evaded a battle, and Sherman were invented by Descharges, a French builder at Brest, gave up the chase, left the department of the Mississippi in the reign of Louis XII., about 1500. Ship-building virtually in Thomas's hands, and, on 16 Nov., having was first treated as a science by Hoste, 1696. A 74-gun destroyed Atlanta and made a wreck of the railroad ship was put upon the stocks at Van Diemen's Land, to back to Dalton, marched eastward for the Atlantic coast. be sheathed with India-rubber, 1829. Iron is now greatHe destroyed the railroad as he moved, threatened both ly used in ship-building; see Navy, Steam, Carrack, Macon and Augusta, thus forcing the confederates to etc. divide their forces, then passed both, and moved down the peninsula between the Ogeechee and Savannah rivers. About the middle of Dec., Sherman stood before Savannah, then held by the confederate general Hardee, almost completely invested the city, and captured Fort M'Allister (13 Dec.), thus gaining access to Dahlgren's fleet. Hardee evacuated Savannah 20 Dec., and the next day Sherman's army entered that city. Over 200 guns were captured with Savannah, and 35,000 bales of cotton were seized as a legitimate prize of war. Sherman transferred the forts and city to gen. Foster (18 Jan. 1865), and began his march through the Carolinas. He threatened at once Augusta and Charleston, and passed both. On 12 Feb., Charleston, evacuated by Hardee, was occupied by the national forces. While Sherman was approaching Goldsborough, Hardee's forces, with the remnants of Hood's old army and detachments from other sources, were gathered together in North Carolina and placed under gen. Johnston. A portion of this force, under Hardee, contested Sherman's approach to Goldsborough (16 March) at Averysborough, and was defeated. Johnston's entire army was encountered at Bentonville (18 March), but Slocum held his ground until the right wing came to his support, and Johnston retreated on the 22d. Terry and Schofield in the meantime joined Sherman. After Lee's surrender (9 April), Johnston and Sherman entered into negotiations for surrender, which were disapproved by the government. Johnston's army was surrendered on 26 April. This was followed by the surrender of Richard Taylor (4-9 May), and of Kirby Smith (26 May). Jefferson Davis was captured 10 May. Shetland Isles, see Orkneys. the sail, steam, and total tonnage of the United States in Shipping, AMERICAN. The following table shows the several years named: Year. Sail, Tons. 201,562 Steam, Tons. .... Total, Tons. 1789 1800 972,492 201,562 972,492 1810 1,424,783 1,424,783 1820 Shipping, BRITISH. Shipping was first registered in the river Thames in 1786; and throughout the empire in 1787. In the middle of the eighteenth century, Shibboleth, the word by which the followers of the shipping of England was but half a million of tons Jephthah tested their opponents the Ephraimites, on-less than London now. In 1830, the number of ships passing the Jordan, about 1143 B.C. (Judg. xii.). The in the British empire was 22,785. The merchant shipterm is now applied to any party watchword or dogma. ping act of 1854 was amended in 1867; see Navy and Shiites, the Mahometan sect predominating in Per-Navigation Acts. sia; see Mahometanism. Shilling. The value of the ancient Saxon coin of this name was fivepence, but it was reduced to fourpence about a century before the Conquest. After the Conquest the French solidus of twelve pence, in use among the Normans, was called shilling. The true English shilling was first coined, some say, in small numbers, by Henry VII., 1504.-Ruding. A peculiar shilling, value nine pence, but to be current at twelve, was struck in Ireland, 1560; and a large but very base coinage in England for the service of Ireland, 1598. Milled shillings were coined 13 Chas. II. 1662; see Coins. 1879. Sailing vessels, 16,449; steamers, 3580; total tonnage, 6,249,833; men employed, 193,548. Shiloh, see Pittsburgh. Ship-building. The first ship (probably a galley) was brought from Egypt to Greece by Danaus, 1485 B.C. -Blair. The first double-decked ship was built by the Tyrians, 786 B.C.-Lenglet. The first double-decked one built in England was of 1000 tons burden, by order of Henry VII.; was called the Great Harry, and cost 14,000l. Stow. Port-holes and other improvements Shirts are said to have been first generally worn in the west of Europe early in the eighth century.-Du Fresnoy. Woollen shirts were commonly worn in England until about 1253, when linen, but of a coarse kind (fine coming at this period from abroad), was first manufactured in England by Flemish artisans.--Stow. Shoddy, a kind of soft woollen goods, manufactured hand gave the victory to the king.-Hume. Shrewsfrom old woollen rags, or the refuse, to which new wool bury grammar-school was founded by Edward VI. in is added, is stated to have been first manufactured about 1551, endowed by Elizabeth, and opened 1562. Its ar1813, at Batley, near Dewsbury, Yorkshire. rangements were modified by the Public-school act, 1868. Shoeblack Society Brigades (Blue, Red, and Yellow) were established at various times, especially in 1851, by the Ragged-school Union (which see), founded 1844. In 1855, 108 boys had cleaned 544,800 pairs of boots and shoes, and thus earned 22707.; of which 12357. had been paid to the boys, 519. to their bank, and 5167. to the society. The brigades earned 4548/. in 1859; 11,0317. in 1871; 10,9397. (in nine districts) in 1875. Shoeburyness (Essex). Some ground here, purchased in 1842 and 1855, by an act of parliament in 1862, was set apart as "ranges for the use and practice of artillery," and a school for gunnery was established; see Cannon, note. Experiments with Mr. Whitworth's projectiles, on 12 Nov. 1862, showed their great improvement in form and material. Shells were sent through 5 inch plate and the wood-work behind it. It was objected that they might not do this with ships in motion. The National Volunteer Artillery Association began their annual meetings here in July, 1865. Shoes among the Jews were made of leather, linen, rush, or wood. Moons were worn as ornaments in their shoes by Jewish women (Isa. iii. 18). Pythagoras would have his disciples wear shoes made of the bark of trees; probably that they might not wear what were made of the skins of animals, as they refrained from the use of everything that had life. The Romans wore an ivory crescent on their shoes; and Caligula enriched his with precious stones. In England, about 1462, the people wore the beaks or points of their shoes so long that they encumbered themselves in walking, and were forced to tie them up to their knees; the fine gentlemen fastened theirs with chains of silver or silver gilt, and others with laces. This was prohibited, on the forfeiture of 20s. and on pain of being cursed by the clergy, 7 Edw. IV. 1467; see Dress. Shoes, as at present worn, were introduced The buckle was not used till 1668.-Stow; Mortimer. The buckle-makers petitioned against the use of shoestrings in 1791. about 1633. Shooting-stars, see Meteorites. Shop-tax enacted in 1785; caused so great a commotion, particularly in London, that it was deemed expedient to repeal it in 1789. The statute whereby shoplifting was made a felony, without benefit of clergy, was passed 10 & 11 Will. III. 1699. This statute has been some time repealed. Short-hand, see Stenography. "Short-lived" Administration-that of William Pulteney, earl of Bath, lord Carlisle, lord Winchelsea, and lord Granville-existed from 10 Feb. to 12 Feb. 1746. Shot. In early times various missiles were shot from cannon. Bolts are mentioned in 1413; and in 1418 Henry V. ordered his clerk of the ordnance to get 7000 stone shot made at the quarries at Maidstone. Since then chain, grape, and canister shot have been invented, as well as shells; all of which are described in Scoffern's work on "Projectile Weapons of War and Explosive Compounds," 1858; see Bombs and Cannon. Shrewsbury (Shropshire) arose after the ruin of the Roman town Uriconium (see Wroxeter), and became one of the chief cities of the kingdom, having a mint till the reign of Henry III. Here Richard II. held a parliament in 1397.-On 23 July, 1403, was fought a sanguinary battle at Hately field, near Shrewsbury, between the army of Henry IV. and that of the nobles, led by Percy (surnamed Hotspur), son of the earl of Northumberland, who had conspired to dethrone Henry. Henry was seen in the thickest of the fight, with his son, afterwards Henry V. The death of Hotspur by an unknown Shrewsbury Administration. Charles, duke of Shrewsbury, was made lord-treasurer 29 July, 1714, two days before the death of queen Anne. His patent was revoked soon after the accession of George I., 29 Oct. following, when the earl of Halifax became first lord of the treasury; see Halifax. The office of lord-treasurer has been executed by commissioners ever since. were completely subjugated, and Caractacus, the reShropshire, BATTLE OF, in which the Britons nowned king of the Silures, became, through the treachery of the queen of the Brigantes, a prisoner to the Romans, 50. Shrove Tuesday, the day before Ash-Wednesday, the first day of the Lent fast; see Carnival. Siam, a kingdom in India, bordering on the Burmese empire. Siam was rediscovered by the Portuguese in 1511, and a trade established, in which the Dutch joined about 1604. A British ship arrived about 1613. became foreign minister of Siam, and opened a commuIn 1683 a Cephalonian Greek, Constantine Phaulcon, nication with France; Louis XIV. sent an embassy in 1685 with a view of converting the king, without effect. After several ineffectual attempts, sir John Bowring succeeded in obtaining a treaty of friendship and commerce between England and Siam, which was signed 30 April, 1855, and ratified 5 April, 1856. Two ambassadors from Siam arrived in Oct. 1857, and had an audience with the which they delivered crawling, on 16 Nov. They visqueen; they brought with them magnificent presents, ited Paris in June, 1861. By a treaty with France, the French protectorate over Cambodia was recognized; signed 15 July, ratified 24 Oct. 1867. The king, Khoulalonkorn, born 21 Sept. 1853, has reigned since 1 Oct. 1868; the king was entertained at Calcutta, 7-12 Jan. 1872; a political constitution was decreed, 8 May, 1874. Queen Victoria received the order of the White Elephant from the Siamese minister at Windsor, 2 July, 1880. Population of Siam (1871) about 6,300,000. King: Khoulalonkorn (born 21 Sept. 1853); succeeded his father, Mongkout, 1 Oct. 1868. Various changes and political reforms were begun by the king, 16 Nov. 1873. On 9 Oct. 1874, he invited astronomers to Bangkok to view the eclipse of 5 April, 1875. SIAMESE TWINS. Two persons born about 1811, enjoying all the faculties and powers usually possessed by separate and distinct individuals, although united together by a short cartilaginous band at the pit of the stomach. They were named Chang and Eng, and were first discovered on the banks of the Siam river by an American, Mr. Robert Hunter, by whom they were taken to New York, where they were exhibited. Capt. Coffin brought them to England. After having been exhibited for several years in Britain, they went to America, where they settled on a farm, and married two sisters. In 1865 they were in North Carolina in declining health. Their exhibition in London began again. 8 Feb. 1869. Their deaths in America, within two hours of each other, took place 16, 17 Jan. 1874. Siberia (N. Asia). In 1580 the conquest was begun by the Cossacks under Jermak Timofejew. In 1710 Peter the Great began to send prisoners thither. insurrection broke out among the Poles in Siberia in June, 1866, and was soon suppressed. An Sibyls, Sibyllæ, women believed to be inspired, who flourished in different parts of the world. Plato speaks of one, others of two, Pliny of three, Ælian of four, and Varro of ten. An Erythrean sibyl is said to have offered to Tarquin II. nine books containing the Roman destinies, demanding for them 300 pieces of gold. Ho denied her, whereupon the sibyl threw three of them into the fire, and asked the same price for the other six, which being still denied, she burned three more, and again demanded the same sum for those that remained; when Tarquin, conferring with the pontiffs, was advised to buy them. Two magistrates were created to consult them on all occasions, 531 B.C.; see Quindecemvirs. Sicilian Vespers, the term given to the massacre | New constitution granted, under British auspices..... of the French (who had conquered Sicily, 1266), comThe French expelled; kingdom of Two Sicilies re-established; Ferdinand returns to Naples; abolishes the menced at Palermo, 30 March, 1282. constitution.. On Easter Monday conspirators assembled at Palermo, and while the French were engaged in festivities a Sicilian bride passed by with her train. One Drochet, a Frenchman, used her rudely, under pretence of searching for arms. A young Sicilian stabbed him with his own sword; and, a tumult ensuing, 200 French were instantly murdered. The populace ran through the city, crying out, "Let the French die!" and, without distinction of rank, age, or sex. slaughtered all of that nation they could find, to the number of about 8000. Even the churches proved no sanctuary, and the massacre became general throughout the island. Sicily (anciently Trinacria, three-cornered). The early inhabitants were the Sicani, or Siculi, a people of Spain, and Etruscans, who came from Italy about 1294 B.C. A second colony, under Siculus, arrived 80 years before the destruction of Troy, 1284 B.C. The Phoenicians and Greeks settled some colonies here (735-582). It is supposed that Sicily was separated from Italy by an earthquake, and that the straits of the Charybdis were thus formed. Its government has frequently been united with and separated from that of Naples (which see); the two now form part of the kingdom of Italy. Population of Sicily in 1856, 2,231,020; 1871, 2,565,323; 1875, 2,698,672. 1812 1815 1820 66 The great towns in Sicily rise and demand the constitu- He defeats the royal troops at Calatafimi, 15 May; storms 66 46 66 549 Citadel of Messina blockaded, 28 Feb.; 21 Oct. .....1 Dec. surrenders to 66 66 .13 March, 1861 289 Revival of brigandage and murder Martial law established in some places.. Aliano, a brigand, tried at Potenza for numerous murders, and other crimes.. Nov. Capraro, great brigand, killed during capture, about 2 Oct. 1875 Mr. Forester Rose carried off by brigands, 3 Nov.; ransomed for about 40001.. Nov. 1876 Leone and other brigands surrounded and shot..1 June, 1877 Five chief brigands surrender; abatement of brigandage announced.. about 6 Nov. " Successful visit of the king and queen; arrive at Palermo... .....4 Jan. 1880 Sick Children, HOSPITAL FOR, Great Ormond street, London; established 1851. The princess of Wales laid the foundation of new buildings, 11 July, 1872. Α 36 branch has been set up at Highgate. .Aug. 1872 ......Sept. 1874 .135, 134, 132 Sicyon, an ancient Grecian kingdom in the Peloponnesus, founded, it is said, about 2080 B.C. Its people took part in the wars in Greece, usually supporting Sparta. In 252 it became a republic and joined the Achæan league formed by Aratus. It was the country of the sculptors Polycietes (436) and Lysippus (328 B.C.). Siderostat (from sidus, Latin for a star), an apparatus constructed by M. Leon Foucault, shortly before his death, 11 Feb. 1868, for observing the light of the stars in precisely the same way in which the light of the sun may be studied in the camera-obscura. It consists of a mirror moved by clockwork, and a fixed objective glass for concentrating the rays into a focus. Sidon, or ZIDON (Syria), a city of Phoenicia, to the north of Tyre. It was conquered by Cyrus about 537 B.C., and surrendered to Alexander, 332 B.C.; see Phanicia. The town was taken from the pacha of Egypt by the troops of the sultan and of his allies, assisted by some ships of the British squadron, under commodore Charles Napier, 27 Sept. 1840; see Syria and Turkey. Sign Manual Royal, a stamp, imitating the royal signature, employed when the sovereign was so ill as to be unable to write: in the case of Henry VIII., 1547; James I., 1625; and George IV., 29 May, 1830.-Rosse. Signals are alluded to by Polybius. Elizabeth had instructions drawn up for the admiral and general of the expedition to Cadiz, to be announced to the fleet in a certain latitude; this is said to have been the first set Pampeluna, 1813. Drogheda, 1649. Paris, 1420, 1594, 1870, 1871. Pavia, 1524, 1655. Frederickshald: Charles XII. killed, Perpignan, 1542, 1642. 1718. Gaeta, 1435, 1734, 1860-1. Gerona, 1809. Ghent, 1708. Gibraltar, 1734, 1779, 1782-3. Glätz, 1742, 1807. Göttingen, 1760. Graves, 1674. Belgrade, 1439, 1456, 1521, 1688, 1717, Grenada, 1491, 1492. 1739, 1789. Groningen, 1594. Haerlem, 1572, 1573. Humaitá, 1868. Ismail, 1790. Kars, 1855. Bommel: the invention of the covered way, Kehl, 1733, 1796. Landau, 1702 et seq., 1792. Leipsic, 1757 et seq., 1813. Liege, 1408, 1688, 1702. Limerick, 1651, 1691. Maestricht, 1579, 1673; Vauban first came Madgeburg, 1631, 1806. Malta, 1565, 1798, 1800. Menin, 1706. Mentz, 1689, 1793. Messina, 1282, 1719, 1848, 1861. Metz, 1552-3, 1870. Mons, 1691, 1709, 1792. Montauban, 1621. Mothe: the French, taught by a Mr. Mul- Namur, 1692, 1746, 1794. Naples, 1435, 1504, 1557, 1792, 1799, 1806. Nieuport, 1600, Olivenza, 1801, 1811. Olmutz, 1758. Orleans, 1428, 1563. Sienna (formerly Sena Julia, Italy), in the middle ages a powerful republic rivalling Florence and Pisa, weakened through intestine quarrels, was subjugated by the emperor Charles V., and given to his son in 1555, who ceded it to Cosmo of Tuscany, 1557. It was incorporated with France, 1808-14. In Sierra Leone (W. Africa), discovered in 1460. 1786, London swarmed with free negroes living in idleness and want; and 400 of them, with sixty whites, mostly women of bad character and in ill-health, were sent out to Sierra Leone at the charge of government to form a settlement, 9 Dec. 1786. The settlement was attacked by the French, Sept. 1794; by the natives, Feb. 1802. Sir Charles Macarthy, governor of the colony, was defeated and killed by the Ashantee chief, 21 Jan. 1824. 16 & 17 Vict. c. 16, relates to the government, etc., of this colony. It was made a bishopric in 1852; see Ashantees and West Africa. |