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University of Lund founded....

16 Nov. 1632 1648 ....... 16 June, 1654

Charles XII., "the Madman of the North," begins his

in 1080. Duke Frederick III. became emperor of Ger- | He takes Magdeburg and Munich, 1630; slain at Lutzen, many as Frederick I. (usually styled Barbarossa, red Rugen ceded to Sweden by Denmark.. beard), in 1152. Conradin, his descendant, was defeated Abdication of Christina.. at the battle of Tagliacozzo (which see), in 1268, and be- Charles X. overruns Poland... headed shortly after. The breaking-up of the duchy Arts and sciences begin to flourish. gave rise to many of the small German states; part of Swabia is included in Würtemberg and Switzerland. Swabia was made a circle of the empire in 1387 and 1500. A league, composed of Swabian cities and states, about 1254, was the germ of the great Swabian league, formed for the preservation of the peace of Germany, under the auspices of the emperor Frederick, in 1488.

Swan River Settlement, see Western Australia. Swat, or SVAT, a river in N.W. India. The Ahkond, Abdul Ghafur, originally an austere Mahometan fanatic, about 1822, gradually obtained temporal power over the tribes in the hills near Afghanistan, dying in high reputation about 1878.

Sweaborg, a strong fortress in Finland, the Gibraltar of the north, 33 miles south of Helsingfors; it is situated on seven rocky islands; the fortifications were commenced by the Swedes in 1748, and completed after Finland was united to Russia in 1809. On 6 Aug. 1855, the English and French fleet anchored off Sweaborg, and bombarded it by mortar and gun-boats from the 9th to the 11th, causing the destruction of nearly all the principal buildings, including the dockyard and arsenal. Few casualties and no loss of life ensued in the allied squadron, but this success was not followed up.

Swearing ON THE GOSPELS, first used about 528, and introduced in judicial proceedings about 600.-Rapin. PROFANE SWEARING made punishable by fine; a laborer or servant forfeiting 1s., others 2s., for the first offence; for the second offence, 4s.; the third offence, 6s.; 6 Will. III. 1695, see Oaths.

Sweating Sickness, see Plague.

Sweden (N. Europe). The ancient inhabitants were the Fins, now the modern inhabitants of Finland, who retired to their present territory on the appearance of the Scandinavians or Goths, who have ever since been masters of Sweden; see Scandinavia. The internal state of this kingdom is little known previous to the eleventh century. By the union of Calmar in 1397, Sweden became a province of Denmark, and was not wholly rescued from this subjection till 1521, when Gustavus Vasa recovered the kingdom from the Danish yoke. He became king in 1523, and his descendants ruled till 1809. The government of Sweden is a limited monarchy. The diet consists of four orders, the nobles, the clergy, the peasants, and the burghers, and meets every three years. The king is, as in Britain, the head of the executive. There are two universities, Upsal and Lund; and Sweden can boast among its great men Linnæus, Celsius, Scheele, Bergman, Berzelius, Thorwaldsen, and Andersen. Population (31 Dec. 1880) of Sweden, 4,518,901; of Norway (1875), 1,806,900.

Odin said to arrive in the north, and die.
His son Skiold reigns....

B. C.

70

40

The Skioldungs reign till Olaf the infant is baptized, and
introduces Christianity among his people...about A. D. 1000
Waldemar I. of Denmark subdues Rugen, and destroys
the pagan temples..

1361

1665

1660 1666

reign; he makes himself absolute; abolishes the senate, 1699; and defeats the Russians at Narva..30 Nov. 1700 Battle of Pultowa, where Charles is defeated by the czar of Russia (see Pultowa).. ..8 July, 1709 He escapes to Bender, where, after three years' protection, he is made a prisoner by the Turks...

1713

11 Dec. 1718

1719

Nov.

1741

He is restored; and after ruinous wars, and fighting nu-
merous battles, is killed at the siege of Frederickshald,
Queen Ulrica abolishes despotism....
Bremen and Verden ceded to Hanover...
Royal Academy founded by Linnæus..
Conspiracy of counts of Brahe and Horne, who are be-
The Hats and Caps (French and Russian parties), 1738–57,
put down by Gustavus III..
Despotism re-established.

headed

1736

1770

1772

Order of the Sword instituted..
Assassination of Gustavus III. by count Ankerstrom at
a ball, 16 March; he expired..
.29 March, 1792

The regicide was scourged with whips of iron thongs

three successive days: his right hand was cut off, then his head, and his body impaled.. ......18 May, Gustavus IV. dethroned, and the government assumed by his uncle the duke of Sudermania (Charles XIII), Representative constitution established.. 13 March, 1809 .7 June, Sweden cedes Finland to Russia.... .17 Sept. Marshal Bernadotte, the prince of Ponte Corvo (one of Bonaparte's generals), chosen the crown prince of Sweden.

Gustavus IV. arrived in London..

Swedish Pomerania seized by Napoleon..
Alliance with England.

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1168

Stockholm founded.

1260

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Death of king Charles XV..

The crown of Sweden, which had been hereditary, is
made elective; and Steenchel Magnus, surnamed
Smæk, or the foolish, king of Norway, is elected...... 1319
Waldemar lays Gothland waste....
Albert of Mecklenburg reigns.

The diet opened by king Oscar II.
The king and queen crowned...
Ministry under baron De Geer.

1363

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1527 1051. Edmund Slemme.
1544 1056. Stenkill.

Gustavus Adolphus heads the Protestant cause in Ger

1066. Halstan.

many...

1628

1090. Ingo I., the Good.

KINGS OF SWEDEN (previously Kings of Upsal). 1001. Olaf Schotkonung, or Olif Schotkonung the Infant, is 1521 styled king, 1015. 1523 1026. Edmund Colbrenner.

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1389. Margaret, queen of Sweden and Norway, now also of Denmark, and Eric XIII.

1397. [Union of Calmar, by which the three kingdoms are united under one sovereign.]

1412. Eric XIII. governs alone; deposed.

1440. Christopher III.

1448. Charles VIII. Canuteson, king of Sweden only. 1471. [Interregnum.] Sten Sture, protector.

1483. John II. (I. of Denmark).

1502. [Interregnum.]

1503. Swante Sture, protector.

1512. Sten Sture, protector.

1520. Christiern, or Christian II., of Denmark, styled the "Nero of the North;" deposed for his cruelties. 1523. Gustavus I., Vasa; by whose valor the Swedes are de livered from the Danish yoke.

1560. Eric XIV., son; dethroned and slain by 1569. John III., brother.

1592. Sigismund III., king of Poland, son; disputes for the succession continued the whole of this reign.

1604. Charles IX., brother of John III.

1611. Gustavus II., Adolphus, the Great, son; fell at the battle of Lutzen, 16 Nov. 1632.

1632. [Interregnum.]
1633. Christina, daughter of Gustavus.

Resigned the crown to her cousin, 16 June, 1654; died at Rome in 1689. 1654. Charles X., Gustavus, son of John Casimir, count palatine of the Rhine.

1660. Charles XI., son; the arts and sciences flourished in this

reign.

1697. Charles XII., son; styled the "Alexander," and the Madman of the North;" killed at Frederickshald,

11 Dec. 1718.

1718. Ulrica Eleanora, sister, and her consort, Frederick I., landgrave of Hesse - Cassel. Ulrica relinquishes the

crown, and in

1741. Frederick reigned alone. 1751. Adolphus Frederick of Holstein Gottorp, descended from the family of Vasa. 1771. Gustavus III., Adolphus, son; assassinated by count Ankerström at a masked ball, 16 March; died 29 March,

1792.

1792. Gustavus IV., Adolphus, son; dethroned, and the govern ment assumed by his uncle, the duke of Sudermania. 1809. Charles XIII. duke of Sudermania.

[Treaty of Kiel (1814), by which Norway falls under the sovereignty of Sweden.] 1818. Charles (John) XIV., Bernadotte, the French prince of Ponte Corvo; died 8 March, 1844.

1844. Oscar I., son; born 4 July, 1799; died 8 July, 1859. 1859. Charles XV., son; born 3 May, 1826; died 18 Sept. 1872; a poet; brave and impulsive; much beloved. 1872. Oscar II., brother; born 21 Jan. 1829; married princess Sophia of Nassau, 6 June, 1857.

Heir: Gustavus, son, born 16 June, 1858. Swedenborgians, or New Jerusalem Church, are those who adopt the theological teachings of Emanuel Swedenborg (born at Stockholm, 29 Jan. 1688; died in London, 29 March, 1772).

He claimed to have had his spiritual sight opened, and to have been introduced into heaven and hell by the Lord that he might disclose their true nature and the science of correspondences by which the internal sense of Scripture, which is the Word as it exists in the heavens, may be known to men: this he did in the Arcana Calestia and other works. His disciples first meet as an organized body in London in 1788.

There were 70 churches in Great Britain in 1879. Their belief is that the sole deity is centred in Jesus Christ, in whom is a trinity of essentials; that salvation is effected by faith and works combined; that, as man's soul is a spiritual body, he will never resume the material body; that the Last Judgment was effected in the spiritual world during Swedenborg's lifetime; and that the Lord's Second Coming has taken place through the revelation of a new system of truth from the inner sense of Scripture.

The Swedenborg Society instituted, 1810.

The Missionary and Tract Society of the New Church, 1821.

Sweetbay, Lauris nobilis, was brought to these realms from Italy before 1548. Laurus indica, or Royal Bay, was brought from Madeira in 1665. The Sweetfern bush, Comptonia asplenifolia, came from America, 1714. Laurus aggregata, or the Glaucous Laurel, came from China in 1806.

Swimming. Leander is said to have swum across the Hellespont, between Sestos and Abydos, about one mile; and Lord Byron and lieut. Ekenhead did the same, 3 May, 1810. On 24 Aug., 1872, Mr. Johnson, styled the "hero of London bridge," and swimming champion of the world, attempted to swim from Dover to Calais, but was prevented by cold. He was said to have swum seven miles in about sixty-five minutes. Capt. Webb swam from Blackwall to Gravesend, 20 miles, Public swimming-bath on the Thames, opened...6 July, 1875 in 4 hours 53 minutes, 3 July; and from Dover to Calais (224 miles) in 234 hours..

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.24, 25 Aug," Agues Beckwith, aged 14, swam from London bridge to Greenwich, 5 miles, in 1 h. 8 min.... .1 Sept. Emily Parker, aged 15, swam from London bridge to Blackwall, 7 miles, in 1 h. 35 min.. .4 Sept. Mr. Cavill swam from Dover to Calais in 12 hours, 20, 21 Aug. 1877 Miss Beckwith swam 30 continuous hours.....7, 8 May, 1880 (Boyton's apparatus, see under Life-boat.) Swing. Between 1830 and 1833 many haystacks and barns were fired in the rural districts of England, and attributed to an imaginary person named "Swing." Many persons were caught and punished. The probable cause was disputes between the farmers and their deluded laborers.

Swiss Guards, Royal, in France, formed in 1616; massacred while defending the Tuileries, 10 Oct. 1792; reorganized Sept. 1815; defeated during the insurrection, 28 July, 1830; dismissed by Charles X., Aug. 1830.

Swithin's Day, St., 15 July. St. Swithin lived in the ninth century; and, having been the preceptor to and died 2 July, 862. The tradition states that it rained king Ethelwulf, was made bishop of Winchester in 852, forty days in consequence of the proposed removal of his remains from the churchyard to the cathedral.

Switzerland, the ancient Helvetia, was conquered the Burgundians, Germans, and Franks. The canton of by the Romans, 15 B.C.; and was successively subject to Schweitz was peopled by the Cimbrians, who, leaving their original habitation in Scandinavia, invaded Italy, fled into Helvetia, about 100 B.C. This canton has given and were defeated by the Roman general Marius; and name to the whole confederacy. The present national council is elected every third year, at the rate of one member for 2000 persons. The revised federal constitution was voted 19 April, 1874.-l'opulation, Dec. 1860, 2,507,170; 1870, 2,669,147; 1879 (July), 2,808,493.

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...July, ..3 May, 1861

The government forbid the Swiss to enlist in foreign service without permission.. .30 July, 1860 Proposed European congress to preserve Swiss neutrality, put off... Glarus destroyed by fire. French troops occupy Vallée des Dappes, 28 Oct.; the Swiss announce the violation of their territory. 5 Nov. Treaty of France settles the question of the Vallée des Dappes by mutual cession of territory; no military works to be constructed on territory ceded; signed, Serious election riots at Geneva, with bloodshed, 22 Aug. ; federal troops arrive.... Federal troops quit Geneva.. International Social Science Congress meets at Berne, 28 Aug. Revision of the constitution; deliberations begin 23 Oct. Nearly all the revised articles of the federal constitution rejected by the vote of the Swiss burgesses....14 Jan. 1866 J. J. Stehlen elected president.... ...1 July, 1867

8 Dec. 1862 ..23 Aug. 1864 ..11 Jan. 1865

64 64

1499

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Workmen's international congress at Lausanne. 2-7 Sept.
Meeting of the federal assembly.
Queen Victoria visits Lucerne..

.6-25 July, 1868 Aug. -Sept.

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The Reformation adopted by some cantons; battle of Cappel, Zwingli killed and reformers defeated.. 12 Oct. 1531 The Grison leagues join the Swiss Confederacy as allies. 1544 Appenzel joins the other cantons.. 1597 Charles Emanuel of Savoy attempts Geneva by surprise, scales the walls, and penetrates the town, but in the end is defeated.

[This circumstance gave rise to an annual festival commemorative of their escape from tyranny.] Independence of Switzerland recognized by the treaty of Westphalia (see Westphalia),

Peace of Aargau, end of religious war..

1602

1648 .Aug. 1712

[From this period until the French revolution the cantons enjoyed tranquillity, disturbed only by the changes arising out of their various constitutions.] Alliance with France..

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.6 Nov. 66

International peace and liberty congress, at Geneva, 9-12 Sept. 1867; at Berne, 22-26 Sept.. Neutrality in the Franco-Prussian war proclaimed, July, New constitution adopted by Zurich. .18 April, 1869 The French army under Clinchant (84,000), crosses the frontiers and is disarmed. 1 Feb. 1871 The French soldiers interned at Zurich, and oppose German demonstrations.. .9-12 March, Extraordinary session of the federal assembly to revise the constitution.. Plébiscite respecting a new constitution, reorganizing the army, and promoting uniform education, etc., rejected by majority of 4967 out of 509,921.....12 May, 1872 M. Favre engaged to construct a tunnel through St. Gothard in 8 years, for 2,000,000/....... .8 Aug. The papal nuncio, Mermillod, expelled.. .16 Jan. 1873 Revised federal constitution voted (321,870 for, 177,800 against)... .19 April, 1874 Swiss national Catholic church constituted..about June, 19 Catholic priests deprived for refusal to take constitutional oath. .5 Sept. International postal congress at Berne, 15 Sept.; protocol .9 Oct. signed (see postal convention).... Civil marriage law and registration adopted by universal suffrage (212,854-204,700).. ..23 May, 1875 President of the national council for three years; J. Philippin elected

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...25 May, 1777 Strife in Geneva, between the aristocratic and democratic parties; France interferes.

1781

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Dispute about the convents of Aargau, 1844; to put edu-
cation into the hands of the Jesuits, etc.; opposition
of the Protestant cantons...
Lucerne, Uri, Schweitz, Unterwalden, Fribourg. Zug, and
Valais (Roman Catholic cantons), form a separate league
(Sonderbund) to support education by the Jesuits, etc.,
Insurrection at Geneva against Jesuit teaching; a tem-
porary provisional government established.....7 Oct.
The diet declares the Sonderbund illegal, and dissolves
it, 20 July; the seven cantons protest, 22 July; the
diet orders the expulsion of the Jesuits, 3 Sept.; com-
munal assemblies held to resist it, 26 Sept., 3, 10 Oct. ;
appeal to arms...
.21 Oct. 1847
The diet prepares to repress the Sonderbund, 4 Nov.; Fri-
bourg surrenders, 14 Nov.; civil war; the Sonderbund
defeated by gen. H. Dufour, near Lucerne, 23 Nov.; end
of the Sonderbund; it submits to the expulsion of the
Jesuits, and the secularization of monastic property,
29 Nov.
12 Sept. 1848

New federal constitution.
Dispute about Neufchâtel (which see)..
Declaration of neutrality in the coming Italian war,

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Swords were formed of iron taken from a mountain by the Chinese, 1879 B.C.-Univ. Hist. The Roman swords were from 20 to 30 inches long. The broadsword and scimitar are of modern adoption. The sword of state carried at an English king's coronation by a king of Scotland, 1194. Damascus steel swords were most prized; the next the sword of Ferrara steel. The Scotch Highlanders, from the artificer Andrea di Ferrara, called their swords Andrew Ferraras. The large sword shown at Dumbarton castle as Wallace's is asserted to be one of Edward IV.'s (1872). The broadsword was forbidden to be worn in Edinburgh in 1724.

Sybaris, a Greek colony in S. Italy, founded about 720 B.C.; destroyed by the Crotonians about 510 B.C. The people were greatly addicted to luxury, hence the term Sybarite.

Sycamore-tree, called the Egyptian fig-tree. In Mrs. Jameson's "Memoirs of Female Sovereigns" we are told that Mary queen of Scots brought over from France a little sycamore-tree, which she planted in the garden at Holyrood, and that from this have sprung all the beautiful groves of sycamore now to be seen in Scotland.

Sydney, capital of New South Wales; founded by gov. Philip on a cove on Port Jackson, 26 Jan. 1788, as a British settlement for the colony of convicts originally intended for Botany Bay. It was named after lord Sydney, secretary for the colonies; see Australia, New South Wales, Convicts, Population, etc.

A legislative council first held.... .13 July, 1829 Sydney erected into a bishopric (afterwards an archbish opric)

1836 Lit with gas; the first place so lit in Australia.....May, 1841 University founded.. 1852

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28 March, 1869 A conference of delegates from the Australian colonies met here for customs, postal and railway purposes, without effect.....

...Jan. 1873

Exhibitions opened here. . . . . . . . April, 1873, and 11 April, 1874 Captain Cook's statue uncovered ..2 Feb. 1878 International exhibition opened by the governor, lord A. Loftus. 17 Sept. 1879 Syllabus of Errors in modern times. 80 paragraphs divided into 10 chapters, issued by pope Pius IX., with an encyclical letter, 8 Dec. 1864. It condemned heresy, modern philosophy, and liberalism in politics; was forbidden to be read in French churches, and was generally opposed, but was adopted by the council at Rome, 1870.

Sympiesometer, a species of barometer invented by Adie of Edinburgh in 1819.

Synagogue (literally an assembly), a congregation of the Jews, and the place where such assembly is held for religious purposes. When these meetings were first held is uncertain; some refer them to the times after the Babylonish captivity. In Jerusalem were 480 synagogues. In 1851 there were in London 10 synagogues; in England and Wales, 53. A magnificent synagogue was consecrated at Berlin, 5 Sept. 1866; see Jews.

Synod. The first general synods were called by emperors, and afterwards by Christian princes; but the pope ultimately usurped this power, one of his legates usually presiding; see Councils. The first national synod held in England was at Hertford, 673; the last was held by cardinal Pole in 1555. Made unlawful to hold synods but by royal authority, 25 Henry VIII. 1533; see Dort and Thurles.

Synonym, a word having the same or nearly the same meaning as another; as valor, courage. Books of Greek and Latin synonyms were early compiled. G. Crabbe's dictionary appeared, 1816; Dr. P. M. Roget's excellent "Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases," 1852.

Syphilis, a disease said to have been introduced into Europe at the siege of Naples, 1495; but was probably known to the ancients.

Syracuse (S.E. Sicily), founded by Archias, 734 B.C.; 732 B.C. Eusebius; 749 B.C. Univ. Hist.; see Sicily.

B. C. 485 478 467

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Syria subjugated by Tiglath-pileser, king of Assyria.... Syria conquered by Cyrus..

And by Alexander..

Seleucus Nicator enters Babylon.
Era of the Seleucida (which see)..

Great battle of Ipsus; death of Antigonus, defeated by
Ptolemy, Seleucus, and Lysimachus.
The city of Antioch founded..

Antiochus, son of Seleucus, falling in love with his fa-
ther's queen, Stratonice, he pines away nearly to
death; but the secret being discovered, she is divorced
by the father, and married by the son..
Battle of Cyropedium; Lysimachus slain by Seleucus
Seleucus foully assassinated by Ceraunus; Antiochus I.
king.

Antiochus I. (Soter, or Saviour) defeats the Gauls.. Antiochus II., surnamed by the Milesians Theos (God) king

Poisoned by Laodice..

Seleucus II. (king, 246) makes a treaty of alliance with

Smyrna and Magnesia..

Antiochus III. the Great (king, 222) conquers Palestine, but is totally defeated at Raphia. Again conquers Palestine, 198, but gives it to Ptolemy. Enters Greece, 192; defeated by the Romans at Thermopylæ. 191; and at Magnesia... Makes peace with the Romans, giving up to them Asia

Seleucus III. (Ceraunus) (or Thunder), king.

Minor....

Seleucus Philopator, king.

Antiochus IV., king, who assumes the title of TheosEpiphanes, or the illustrious God.

He sends Apollonius into Judæa; Jerusalem is taken; the temple pillaged; 40,000 inhabitants destroyed, and 40,000 more sold as slaves Antiochus V. (Eupator) (king, 164), murdered by Deme

trius Soter, who seizes the throne Demetrius is defeated and slain by his successor Alexander Bala, 150; who is also defeated and slain by Demetrius Nicator..

Antiochus VI. (Sidetes) (son of Demetrius Soter) rules during the captivity of his brother Demetrius Nicator (after slaying the usurper Trypho)... Antiochus grants peace to the Jews, and placates the Romans, 133; invades Parthia, 129; and is defeated and slain

Demetrius Nicator restored.

Cleopatra, the queen, murders her son Seleucus with her

own hand..

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280 275

261 246

243 226

217 193

190

188 187

175

168

162

146

137

128

124

123

111

95

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plicated in the massacres at Damascus very severely; 167 of all ranks, including the governor, executed, 20 Aug. et seq. 18€0 4000 French soldiers, under gen. Hautpoul, land at Beyrout...... .....22 Aug. Lord Dufferin, the British commissioner in Syria, arrives at Damascus. ..6 Sept.

The French and Turks advance against Lebanon; 14
emirs surrendered.

Pacification of the country effected.
The French occupation ceases..
Prince of Wales visits Syria..

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Oct. .Nov. ....5 June, 1861

.. April, 1862

Insurrection of Joseph Karam, Maronite, in Lebanon; suppressed..

March, 1866 Another suppressed; Karam flies to Algeria.....31 Jan. 1867 Midhat Pacha appointed governor-general to inaugurate reforms, Nov. 1878; experiences great difficulty, Oct.; resigns, but continues.. ..Oct. 1879-June, 1880 Hamed Pacha, governor of Smyrna, and Midhat Pacha change places.. ...Aug. Midhat Pacha, charged with complicity in the murder of the sultan Abdul Aziz, surrenders (see Turkey, 1881), about 17 May, 1881

Szegedin (Hungary), on the Theiss at its junction with the Maros, the seat of revolutionary government, 1849; see Inundations, 1879.

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Tabernacle, the Holy Place of the Israelites, till the erection of Solomon's temple, was constructed by Divine direction, 1491 B.C. The tabernacle set up at Shiloh by Joshua 1444 B.C. was replaced by the temple erected by Solomon, 1004 B.C. The chapel erected for George Whitefield in Moorfields in 1741, being of a temporary nature, received the name of Tabernacle, which was afterwards given to their chapels by the Calvinistic Methodists. Whitefield's Tabernacle in Tottenham-court road was erected in 1756, and enlarged in 1760. His lease expired in 1828; and the chapel was opened by the Independents in 1830. A large metropolitan tabernacle, erected for the ministrations of Mr. C. H. Spurgeon, a Baptist, near the "Elephant and Castle," Kennington road, Surrey, was opened on 31 March,

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"Tablet," Roman Catholic weekly paper, established 1840.

Tabor, in Bohemia, was founded by Ziska in 1420, and became a chief seat of the Hussites; see Hussites. Tadmor, see Palmyra.

Taepings, see China, 1851, note.

Taffety, an early species of silken manufacture, more prized formerly than now, woven very smooth and glossy. It was worn by our elder queens, and was first made in England by John Tyce, of Shoreditch, London, 41 Eliz. 1598.-Stow's Chron.

Tagliacozzo, in the Abruzzi mountains, S. Italy, where, on 23 Aug. 1268, Charles of Anjou, the usurping king of Naples, defeated and made prisoner the rightful monarch, young Conradin (the last of the Hohenstaufens, and grandson of the emperor Frederick II.), who had been invited into Italy by the Ghibelline or imperial party; their opponents, the Guelfs, or papal party, supporting Charles. Conradin was beheaded, 29 Oct. following.

Tagliamento, a river in Lombardy, N. Italy, near which the Austrians, under the archduke Charles, were defeated by Bonaparte, 16 March, 1797. Taherites, a dynasty of Persia, 813-872.

Tahiti. The French abbreviated name for Otaheite; see Otaheite.

Taillebourg (W. France). Near here Henry III. of England was defeated and nearly captured by Louis IX. of France, 20 July, 1242.

Taku Forts, China, taken by the allies, 21 Ang. 1860.

Talavera de la Reyna (central Spain), was taken from the Mahometans by Ordoño, king of Leon, 913. Here a battle was fought, 27, 28 July, 1809, between the united British and Spanish armies under sir Arthur Wellesley, and the French army commanded by marshals Victor and Sebastiani. After a conflict on the 27th, both armies remained on the field during the night, and the French at break of day renewed the attack, and were again repulsed by the British with great slaughter. At noon Victor charged the whole British line, was repulsed at all points, and retreated with a heavy loss. As Soult, Ney, and Mortier were in the rear, the British retired after the victory.

Talbotype, see Photography.

"Talisman" affair, see Peru, 1874-6. Talking-machine, see Automatons.

Talladega, BATTLE AT, near the Coosa river, in Alabama, between more than 2000 Americans, under gen. Jackson, and 1000 Creek Indians, on 9 Nov. 1813. The Indians left 290 dead on the field, and it was supposed they had as many more wounded. The Americans lost 15 killed and 86 wounded.

Tallusahatchee, BATTLE AT, near the Coosa river, between the Creek Indians and 900 mounted men, under gen. Coffee, on 3 Nov. 1813. The Indians lost 200 killed and 84 prisoners. The Americans lost 5 killed and 41 wounded.

Tally Office in the Exchequer took its name from the French word tailler, to cut. A tally is a piece of wood written upon both sides, containing an acquittance for money received; which, being cloven asunder by an officer of the exchequer, one part, called the stock, was delivered to the person who paid, or lent, money to the government; and the other part, called the counter-stock, or counter-foil, remained in the office, to be kept till called for, and joined with the stock. This manner of striking tallies is very ancient.-Beatson. The practice was ordered to be discontinued in 1782; see Exchequer, On 16 Oct. 1834, the houses of parliament were burned

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