down by too many of these tallies being used in heating | mate or illegitimate. If one of the sons died, his son the stoves in the house of lords. did not inherit, but a new division was made by the tanist or chief. Abolished 1604.-Davies. Talmud (from lamad, to teach), the compendium of ancient Jewish oral or unwritten law, as distinguished from the Pentateuch, or written law; its origin is coeval with the return from the Babylonish captivity, 536 B.C. Its compilation in Hebrew was begun by the Scribes, and by their successors the work was carried on till 220 B.C. It is composed in prose and poetry, and contains two elements, legal and legendary. The morality resembles that of the New Testament, and the philosophy is rather Platonic than Aristotelian. The Mischna, comprising the work of the rabbis, termed Thanaïm, was compiled by Jehuda Hanassi, in the middle of the second century A.D., and forms the Jerusalem Talmud, written at Tiberias, in Palestine, about 230. The Babylonian Talmud contains also the Gemera or Ghemara, the work of the rabbis termed Amoraïm, criticisms and comments on the Mischna. The part named Halacha is dogmatic, legal, and doctrinal; the Agaba is illustrative, narrative, and legendary. After being almost universally condemned, and the MSS. often burned, the defence of the Talmud was undertaken by the German reformer Reuchlin, in the sixteenth century, and between 1520 and 1523 the Talmud Babylonicum," in 12 vols. fol., and the Talmud Hierosolytanum," in one vol. fol., were printed at Venice, A discourse on the Talmud was given at the Royal Institution, 15 May, 1868, by Mr. Emanuel Deutsch, whose article in the Quarterly Review, Oct. 1867, had attracted much attention. Tammany Frauds, see New York, 1871. Tammany Society. There was a great chief of the Delaware Indians in Pennsylvania named Tammany, who was buried not far from Doylestown in that state. He is represented as the possessor of many virtues, and politicians, at about the close of the Revolution, called him St. Tanımany, and chose him as the patron saint of the new republic. Tammany societies were formed and Tammany halls were erected by Republicans, and on 1 May, the instituted festival of the saint, meetings of the societies were held. "On that day," says Heckewelder, the Indian missionary, "numerous societies of his votaries walked together in procession through the streets of Philadelphia, their hats decorated with bucks' tails, and proceeded to a handsome rural place out of town, which they called the wigwam, where, after a long talk or Indian speech had been delivered, and the calumet of peace and friendship had been duly smoked, they spent the day in festivity and mirth." The Tammany Society of New York is yet in existence, but has become a purely partisan organization for political purposes. It was through this organization that the Tweed "ring" secured control of the municipal government of New York. Tanagra (Boeotia). Here the Spartans defeated the Athenians 457 B.C., but were defeated by them in 456 and 426, when Agis II. headed the Spartans and Nicias the Athenians. Tancred's Charities. Valuable exhibitions for students at Cambridge are maintained by Christopher Tancred's endowment, 1721; established by chancery, 1757. Tandy Arrest. James Napper Tandy proposed a plan of reform in 1791. In the French expedition against Ireland he acted as a general, Aug. 1798. After its failure he fled to Hamburg and was there delivered up to the English, 24 Nov.; for which Bonaparte declared war upon Hamburg, 15 Oct. 1799. Tandy was liberated after the peace of Amiens in 1802. Tangier (Morocco, N. W. Africa), besieged by prince Ferdinand of Portugal, who was beaten and taken prisoner, 1437. It was conquered by Alfonso V. of Portugal in 1471, and given as a dower to princess Catherine, on her marriage with Charles II. of England, 1662; who in 1683 caused the works to be blown up, and the place abandoned. Tangiers afterwards became a piratical station. Tanistry (in Ireland), the equal division of lands, after the decease of the owner, among his sons, legiti Tanjore (W. India). About 1678, Vencajee, a Mahratta chief, brother of the great Sevajee, made himself rajah. In 1749 a British expedition endeavored to restore a deposed rajah without success; the reigning prince bought them off by the cession of territories. Much intervention ensued. In 1799 the company obtained possession of the country, engaging to support the rajah with nominal authority. The last is said to have died in 1855. Tannenberg (E. Prussia). Here Ladislaus V. Jagellon of Poland defeated the Teutonic knights with great slaughter, the grand-master being among the slain, 15 July, 1410. The order never recovered from this calamity. Tanning leather with the bark of trees was early practised. Tan was introduced into Great Britain from Holland by William III. for raising orange-trees about 1689. It was discontinued until about 1719, when bananas were first brought into England. Great improvements have been recently made in tanning by means of chemical knowledge. Tantalum, a rare metal, discovered in an American mineral by Hatchett, in 1801, and named by him columbium; and in a Swedish mineral by Ekeberg, who gave it its present name. Wollaston pointed out the identity of the two metals in 1809; and Berzelius prepared pure metallic tantalum in 1824. In 1846 Rose discovered that tantalum was really a mixture of three metals, which he named tantalum, niobium, and pelopium.-Gmelin. Tapestry. An art of weaving borrowed from the Saracens, and hence its original workers in France were called Sarazinois. The invention of tapestry hangings belongs [the date is not mentioned] to the Netherlands. -Guicciardini. Manufactured in France under Henry IV. by artists invited from Flanders, 1606. The art was brought into England by William Sheldon; and the first manufactory of it was established at Mortlake by sir Francis Crane, 17 James I. 1619.-Salmon. Under Louis XIV. the art of tapestry was much improved in France; see Gobelin Tapestry. Very early instances of making tapestry are mentioned by the ancient poets, and also in Scripture; so that the Saracens' manufacture is a revival of the art. For the tapestry said to have been wrought by Matilda, queen of England, see Bayeux Tapestry. Tapestry manufactory established at Windsor by Mr. Henry, supported by the royal family, and others; exhibition opened in the town-hall, 6 Dec. 1878. Tar. The chemist Becher first proposed to make tar from pit-coal-the earl of Dundonald's patent, 1781. The mineral tar was discovered at Colebrookdale, Shropshire, 1779; and in Scotland, Oct. 1792. Tar-water was first recommended for its medicinal virtues by the good Dr. Berkeley, bishop of Cloyne, about 1744. From benzole, discovered in coal-tar, many brilliant dyes are now pro duced: see Aniline. Tara, a hill in Meath, Ireland, where the early kings of Ireland were inaugurated. Near here, on 26 May, 1798, the royalist troops, 400 strong, defeated the insurgent Irish (4000 men), 500 killed. On 15 Aug. 1843, Daniel O'Connell held a monster meeting here (250,000 persons said to have been assembled). Tarantism, see Dancing. Tarbes (S. France, near the Pyrenees), capital of Bigorre), the property of the English kings in the middle ages. The French, under Soult, were forced from their position at Tarbes, with considerable loss, by the British army commanded by Wellington, 20 March, 1814; see Toulouse. Tarentum (now Taranto, S. Italy), was founded by the Greek Phalantus, B.C. 708. The people of Tarentum, assisted by Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, supported a war which had been undertaken B.C. 281 by the Romans to avenge the insults the Tarentines had offered to their | (1370-1400), and founded the Mogul dynasty in India, ships when near their harbors; it was terminated after which began with Baber in 1525, and formed the most ten years; 300,000 prisoners were taken, and Tarentum splendid court in Asia till the close of the eighteenth became subject to Rome. Except the citadel, Tarentum century; see Golden Horde. The Calmucks, a brauch was captured by the Carthaginians, 212, but recovered of the Tartars, expelled from China, settled on the banks by Fabius, 209 B.C. Tarentum has shared in the revo- of the Volga in 1672, but returned in 1771, and thousands lutions of southern Italy, and only ruins remain. perished on the journey. Targums, or EXPLANATIONS, names given to certain ancient Chaldee paraphrases of the Old Testament. The most remarkable are those of Onkelos, Jonathan-benUzziel, and Joseph the Blind. The Targum of Onkelos is referred by some writers to the first century A.D. Tarifa (S. Spain), the ancient Joza and Julia Traducta, where Muza landed when invading Spain, 712. It was taken from the Moors by Sancho IV. of Castile, 1291 or 1292; and was relieved, when besieged by them, after a great victory over the kings of Morocco and Granada, by Alfonso XI. of Castile and Alfonso IV. of Portugal, 28 or 30 Oct. 1340. The conflict is called the battle of Salado, having been fought on the banks of that river. Tarifa was taken by the French in 1823. Tariff (said to have been derived from Tarifa, where duties were formerly collected), a book of duties charged on goods exported or imported. Our tariff in 1840 comprised 1042 articles; the number was reduced (by sir Robert Peel) in 1845 and 1847. It comprised 439 articles in 1857; this number was greatly reduced in 1860.National taxation in the United States has always been levied chiefly in the form of tariff duties on imports. In 1821 the average rate of duty charged on dutiable goods was 35.6 per cent. In 1840 it was 48.8 per cent. on the value of dutiable goods, and 40 per cent. of the value of all goods imported. The laws were frequently changed in succeeding years, the changes generally tending towards lower duties, until in 1861 the average rate on dutiable goods was 18.14 per cent., being 11.79 per cent. of the value of all imports. The Morrill tariff, passed 2 March, 1861, founded on the principle of protection to domestic manufactures, raised the average rate on dutiable goods to 35.90 per cent., being 23.84 per cent. on all imports. The percentages at various times since then have been as follows: 1868, 48.05 and 44.25; 1870, 46.37 and 41.71; 1875, 41.38 and 28.73; 1879, 45.28 and 29.44. Tarpeian Rock (Rome) owed its name to the tradition that Tarpeia, daughter of the keeper of the Roman citadel, was here crushed to death by the shields cast on her by the Sabines, whom she treacherously admitted, having bargained for the gift of what they wore on their left arms, meaning their bracelets, about 750 B.C. Tarragona (N.E. Spain), occupied as a naval station by the British before their capture of Gibraltar in 1704. It was stormed and sacked by the French under Suchet, 29 Jan. 1811, and the inhabitants put to the sword. Tasimeter, see Micro-tasimeter. Tasmania, the name now given to the British settlement in Van Diemen's Land (which see). Tattersall's, see Races. Taunton (Somerset), was taken by Perkin Warbeck, Sept. 1497; and here he was surrendered to Henry VII. claimed king at Taunton, 20 June, 1685; and it was the 5 Oct. following. The duke of Monmouth was proscene of the "bloody assize" held by Jeffreys upon the rebels in August. Taverns may be traced to the thirteenth century. "In the raigne of king Edward the Third, only three taverns were allowed in London: one in Chepe, one in Walbrok, and the other in Lombard street.”—Spelman. The Boar's Head, in Eastcheap, existed in the reign of Henry IV., and was the rendezvous of prince Henry and his dissolute companions. Shakespeare mentions it as the residence of Mrs. Quickly, and the scene of Falstaff's merriment. - Shakespeare, "Henry IV." The White Hart, Bishopsgate, established in 1480, was rebuilt in 1829. Taverns were licensed in 1752. Taverns were restricted by 7 Edward VI., 1552-3, to 40 in London, 8 in York, 4 in Norwich, 3 in Westminster, 6 in Bristol, 3 in Lincoln, 4 in Hull, 3 in Shrewsbury, 4 in Exeter, 3 in Salisbury, 4 in Gloucester, 4 in Chester, 3 in Hereford, 3 in Worcester, 3 in Southampton, 4 in Canterbury, 3 in Ipswich, 3 in Winchester, 3 in Oxford, 4 in Cambridge, 3 in Colchester, 4 in Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Taxes were levied by Solon, the first Athenian legislator, 540 B.C. The first class of citizens paid an Attic talent of silver, about 55l, of English money. Darius, the son of Hystaspes, levied a land-tax by assessment, which was deemed so odious that his subjects styled him, by way of derision, Darius the Trader, 480 B.C.-D'Eon. Taxes in specie were first introduced into England by William I., 1067, and he raised them arbitrarily; yet subsidies in kind, as in wool, leather, and other products of the country, continued till the accession of Richard II., 1377.-Camden. See Revenue and Income-tax. "TAXES ON KNOWLEDGE" (see Advertisement Duty, Newspaper Stamp, and Paper Duty). For his exertions in repealing these, a testimonial was presented to Mr. T. Milner Gibson in 1861. The assessed taxes now include land tax, house duty, and property and income tax. The Taxes Management act, 43 & 44 Vict. c. 19, passed 6 Aug. 1880 (see below). 1800... 1805. 1810.. Tartan, or HIGHLAND PLAID, the dress of the Scottish Highlanders, said to have been derived from the 1815. ancient Gauls, or Celtæ, the Galli non Braccati. Assessed Taxes. £3,468,131 1800.. 4,508,752 1805.. 6,233,161 1810... 6,524,766 1815... 1820. 6,311,346 1820.. 1825. 5,176,722 1825.. 5,013,405 1830.. 3,733,997 1835.. 1830. 1835.. 1840. Land Tax. 3,866,467 1840.. Assessed Taxes.-Gross Amount. Tartaric Acid is said to have been the first discovery of the eminent chemist Scheele, who procured it in a separate state by boiling tar with lime, and in decomposing the tartrate of lime thus formed by means of sulphuric acid, about 1770. In 1859, baron Liebig 1855 (year end March 31) formed tartaric acid from other sources. 1851 (to Jan. 5)... .£1,307,941 1,596,481 1,418,337 1,084,251 1,192,257 1,288,393 1,189,214 1,203,579 1,298,622 .£4,365,033 3,160,641 3,232,000 3,292,000 3,350,000 1868 3,468,000 3,509,000 3,494,000 66 Land tax and house duty only; see 4,500,000 2,725,000 Licenses. 2,330,000 2,337,000 2,324,000 2,440,000 2,496,000 2,532,000 2,670,000 2,720,000 2,670,000 1869 1870 Tartary (Asia). The Tatars, or Tartars, or Mongols, or Moguls, were known in antiquity as Scythians. During the decline of the Roman empire, these tribes began to seek more fertile regions; and the first who reached the frontier of Italy were the Huns, the ances- 1871 tors of the modern Mongols. The first acknowledged 1872 sovereign of this vast country was the famous Genghis Khan. His empire, by the conquest of China, Persia, and all Central Asia (1206-27), became one of the most 1876.. formidable ever established; but it was split into 1850 govt. retns. 1856. 1864. Tay Bridge, at Dundee, above two miles across | 1845...... The bridge was partly destroyed by a gale while a N. After the Board of Trade inquiry, Mr. H. C. Rothery, in Sir Thomas Bouch died.. 3 July, ..30 Oct. Mr. Barlow's plans for a new bridge approved....... .May, 1881 Tchernaya, a river in the Crimea. On 16 Aug. 1855, the lines of the allied army at this place were attacked by 50,000 Russians under prince Gortschakoff, who were repulsed with the loss of 3329 slain, 1658 wounded, and 600 prisoners. The brunt of the attack was borne by two French regiments under gen. D'Herbillon. The loss of the allies was about 1200; 200 of these were from the Sardinian contingent, which behaved with great gallantry, under the command of gen. La Marmora. The Russian general Read and the Sardinian general Montevecchio were killed. The object of the attack was the relief of Sebastopol, then closely besieged by the English and French. Tea was brought to Europe by the Dutch, 1610. It The East India Company first import it. 1669 1715 Price of black tea per lb., 13s. to 20s.; of green, 12s. to 30s. 1728 The tea-plant brought to England. 1818 1868. 1869. .lbs. 44,193,433 | 1870. 75,432,535 1873.. lbs. 141,020,767 169,898,303 184,927,128 163,765,269 162,782,810 197,505,316 185,536,371 187,515,284 204,872,899 184,076,472 Te Deum, a song of praise used by the Romish and English churches, beginning "Te Deum Laudamus' "We praise thee, O God"-supposed to be the composition of Augustin and Ambrose, about 390. fermented liquors, originated with Richard Turner, an Teetotaler, a term applied to an abstainer from all artisan of Preston, who, contending for the principle at a temperance meeting, about Sept. 1833, asserted "that nothing but te-te-total will do." The word was immediately adopted. He died 27 Oct. 1846. These facts are taken from the Staunch Teetotaler, edited by Joseph Livesey, of Preston (an originator of the movement in August, 1832), Jan. 1867; see Encratites, Good Templars, Temperance, and United Kingdom. Teflis, see Tiflis. Tegyra (Boeotia). Here Pelopidas defeated the Spartans, 375 B.C. Teheran became capital of Persia about 1795. Telegraphs (from the Greek, 77λŋ, afar, and ypápw, I write). Eschylus, in his Agamemnon (B.C. 500), describes the communication of intelligence by burning torches as signals. Polybius, the Greek historian (who died about 122 B.C.), calls the different instruments used by the ancients for communicating information, pyrsiæ, because the signals were always made by fire. In 1663, a plan was suggested by the marquess of Worcester, and a telegraph was suggested by Dr. Hooke, 1684. M. Amontons is also said to have been the inventor of telegraphs about this period. James II., while duke of York, originated a set of navy signals, which were systematized by Kempenfeldt in 1780; and a dictionary was compiled by sir Home Popham. M. Chappe then invented the telegraph first used by the French in 1792, and two were erected over the Admiralty Office, London, 1796. The semaphore was erected there, 1816. The naval signals by telegraph enabled 400 previously concerted sentences to be transmitted from ship to ship, by varying the combinations of two revolving crosses. Acts relating to telegraphs were passed in 1863 and 1866. The Telegraph act, passed 31 July, 1868, enabled the postmaster-general to purchase existing electric telegraphs. Mr. Scudamore was appointed director, Jan. 1872. The Society of Telegraph Engineers held first 1877-8 general meeting, 28 Feb. 1872; Chas. Wm. Siemens, president; see Electric Telegraph under Electricity, and Telegraphs under Post-office. The Telegraphic Journal began 15 Nov. 1873. 1830 1836 The first tea sale in London on the abolition of the ex- or metal. It was used for dockyards and large establishments. It was described by Mr. Francis Whishaw at the meeting of the British Association at Swansea, August, 1848. Now extensively used and generally of tin, as speaking-tubes. A telescope made in London for the observatory of Ma- Telephone (from Greek 7ñλŋ, afar, and pwvý, voice, sound), a name now given to apparatus for transmitting articulate and musical sounds by means of wire, vibrating rods, threads, or magneto-electricity; see Electro-The earl of Rosse erected at Parsonstown, in Ireland, a telphone, in articles Electricity, Phonograph, Microphone. Robert Hook conveyed sounds to a distance by distended wire... Wheatstone conveyed the sounds of a musical box from a cellar to upper rooms by means of a deal rod (termed "Enchanted Lyre").... Page produced galvanic musical tones by magnetizing and demagnetizing an iron bar.. The principle advanced by De la Rive.. Prof. Pepper lectured on Wheatstone's telephone before the queen at the Polytechnic.. 1667 1821 ..12 Feb. 1877 22 Jan. 66 .summer 1837 1843 10 May, 1855 Philip Reis exhibited a partially articulate electric telephone at Frankfort... .25 April, 1861 Elisha Gray improved Reis's telephone, and is said to have anticipated prof. Bell's discovery. 1873 Cromwell Varley produced a musical one, 1870; played on at the Queen's theatre, Long Acre Prof. A. Graham Bell's articulating telephone produced (he employs a thin disk of iron vibrating in front of a permanent magnet, surrounded by a coil of insulated copper wire; the sound or voice causes the vibration of the disk, thereby generating a current of electricity, which, sent round a similar coil on a distant magnet, sets vibrating another disk, and thus the sound is reproduced; sound is converted into electricity and electricity reconverted into sound); experiments at Boston and Salem, United States (18 miles apart); speech, music, singing, laughing, etc., distinctly heard....12 Feb. This telephone exhibited by Mr. W. H. Preece before the British Association, Plymouth, 23 Aug. 1877; before the queen at Osborne, Isle of Wight.... 14, 15 Jan. 1878 Debates in the house of commous reported by it for Daily News (unsuccessful).. Telephone company established.. Edison's carbon "loud speaking" telephone; conversation heard between London and Norwich, 115 miles of wire 11 Nov. Mr. Frederick Allen Gower improves Bell's telephone; shown at Royal Institution, London... 20. 21 March, 1879 Telephone Exchange (Edison's system), Lombard street; ten offices connected; private conversation between two persons in either a loud or low tone carried on; successfully tried..... .6 Sept. The Bell and Edison companies become the United Telephone Company; announced 26 July, 1880 The telephone tried by lord Elphinstone in his coalmines near Carberry, Scotland... ..Sept. Telephone communication established between Liverpool and Manchester; exchange of messages between the mayors... ...9 Nov. 20,000 Gower-Bell telephones said to have been ordered by the post-office.... .Dec. The attorney-general applies for injunction against the Telephone company and the Edison telephone company; case deferred; the companies directed to keep accounts, 20 Jan. 1880; decision that the Telephone company is an infraction of the electric telegraph monopoly bought by the act of 1868, 20 Dec. 1880; legal arrangements with the company.. 66 44 .11 April, 1881 The postmaster-general now grants licenses.. Telephotography, a process for transmitting to a distance images of objects by the agency of electricity and selenium, was invented by Mr. Shelford Bidwell early in 1881. Telescopes. Their principle was described by Roger Bacon about 1250, and Leonard Digges (who died about 1573) is said to have arranged glasses so that he could see very distant objects. Telescopes constructed by John Lipperhey and Zacharias ...about 1608 1822 M. Foucault exhibits at Paris a reflecting telescope, the mirror 31 inches in diameter; the focal length 174 feet, 1862 Mr. Newall's telescope (with object-glass 25 inches diameter; tube nearly 30 feet) set up at Gateshead by Cookes of York. 1870 One at United States Observatory, Washington; objectglass 26 inches diameter, 33 feet length. Mr. A. Ainslie Common's reflecting telescope: speculum 37 inches diameter; length, 20 feet; said to be the most powerful in existence; Ealing, Middlesex; completed.. .Sept. 1879 The largest refracting telescope yet made, by Howard Grubb at Dublin (for Vienna); approved by the commissioners....... ......16 March, 1881 Tell, William. The popular stories respecting him were demonstrated to be mythical by prof. Kopp of Lucerne, 1872. Tellers, see under Exchequer. Tellurium, a rare metal, in its natural state containing small quantities of iron and gold, was discovered by Müller of Reichenstein in 1782, and named by Klaproth. Telodynamic Transmitter, invented by M. Hirn, is an arrangement of water-wheels, endless wires, and pulleys for conveying and using the power of waterfalls at a distance, and has been much used since 1850. The apparatus was shown at Paris in 1862. Temeswar (Hungary), capital of the Banat, often besieged by the Turks. On 10 Aug. 1849, Haynau totally defeated the Hungarians besieging this town, and virtually ended the war. Temnograph, an instrument designed to plot to any accurate scale a section of the ground over which it travels. It works by frictional motion governed by two pendulous weights. Invented by A. M. Rymer-Jones in 1879. Temperance Societies originated with. Mr. Calhoun, who, while he was secretary of war in America, in order to counteract the habitual use of ardent spirits among the people, prohibited them altogether in the United States army, 1818; see Teetotaler and Permissive The United Kingdom Alliance for the legislative suppression of the sale of intoxicating liquors.. ...1 June, 1853 Mr. J. B. Gough lectures in London, etc.. Father Mathew arrived in America in July, 1849; was not so successful there; he died, aged 66.......8 Dec. 1856 The National Union for suppression of intemperance by means of few houses, shorter hours, and better provisions," established end of..... Church of England Temperance Society inaugurated by the archbishop of Canterbury and others at Lambeth, 18 Feb. 1873 A temperance hospital, where no alcoholic drinks are to be given for disease, was opened........... .6 Oct. British Women's Temperance Association inaugurated at Newcastle-on-Tyne...... April, 1876 Mr. J. B. Gough lectures in London......Sept. 1878; Oct 1879 London Temperance Hospital, Hampstead road, London, building (21,000l. out of 30,0007. subscribed)..... Sept. 1879 Tempered Glass, see Glass. into parliament by Mr. Sharman Crawford, 1835; sir Joseph Napier, 1852; Mr. Cardwell, 1860; Mr. Chichester Fortescue, 1866; lord Naas, 1867. The Irish Land bill settling the question passed 8 July, 1870; see Ulster. Tenasserim (N.E. India), ceded by Burmah to the British, 24 Feb. 1826. Templars. The military order of "Soldiers of the Temple," to protect pilgrims, was founded about 1118 by Baldwin II., king of Jerusalem; confirmed by pope Honorius II., 1128. The Templars were numerous in Teneriffe (Canaries, N.W. coast of Africa). The several countries, and came to England before 1185. peak of Teneriffe, 15,396 feet above the level of the sea, Their wealth having excited the cupidity of the French was ascended in 1856 by prof. C. Piazzi Smyth for astrokings, the order was suppressed by the council of Vi-nomical observations. An earthquake in this island deenne, and part of its revenues was bestowed upon other stroyed several towns and many thousands of people in orders about 1312. Numbers of the order were tried, 1704; see Santa Cruz. condemned, and burned alive, or hanged, in 1308-10, and it suffered much persecution throughout Europe: 68 knights were burned at Paris, 1310. Pope Clement V. abolished the order, April, 1312. The grand-master Molay was burned alive at Paris, 18 March, 1314. Their property in England was given to the Hospitallers, and the head of the order in England died in the Tower; see Good Templars. Temple (London), the dwelling of the Knights Templars, 1185, at the suppression of the order was purchased by the professors of the common law and converted into inns, 1311, afterwards called the Inner and Middle Temple. Essex house, also a part of the house of the Templars, was called the Outer Temple, because it was situated without Temple bar. The Temple hall was built in 1572 1828 The new Middle Temple library was opened by the prince of Wales.. .31 Oct. 1861 14 May, 1870 New Inner Temple hall opened by princess Louise, 1868 TEMPLE BAR, erected outside the gates; ordered to be re- Temples originated in the sepulchres built for the dead.-Eusebius. The Egyptians were the first who erected temples to the gods. Herodotus. The first erected in Greece is ascribed to Deucalion.—A pollonius. The temple of Jerusalem built by Solomon, 1012 B.C.; consecrated, 1004; pillaged by Shishak, 971; repaired by Joash, 856; profaned by Ahaz, 740; restored by Hezekiah, 726; pillaged and fired by Nebuchadnezzar, 588, 587; rebuilt, 536; pillaged by Antiochus, 170; rebuilt by Herod, 18; de stroyed by Titus, A. D. 70. The temple of Apollo, at Delphi, first a cottage with boughs, Temple of Diana at Ephesus, built seven times; planned by The temple of Piety was built by Acilius on the spot where once a woman had fed with her milk her aged father, whom the senate had imprisoned and excluded from all aliments. -Val. Max. Temple of Theseus, built 480 B.C., is at this day the most per- Most of the heathen temples were destroyed throughout the The City Temple," a dissenters' chapel (minister, Dr. Parker), Ten Minutes' Bill, see Reform. Tenant, see Rent. Bills to amend the position of Tennessee, a southern state of North America, was settled about 1760, and admitted into the Union 1 June, 1796. An ordinance of secession from the Union was passed on 6 May, 1861. On 23 Feb. 1862, the federal general Nelson entered Nashville, and in March Andrew Johnson (afterwards the president of the United States) was made military governor over a large part of Tennessee. In Sept. 1863, Rosecrans expelled the confederate government. The representatives of Tennessee were readmitted to congress, July, 1866. Tennis. fashionable in England in the reign of Charles II. 1660This game, brought from France, became 85; see Jeu de Paume. "Lawn Tennis" became fashionable in 1877, replacing croquet. Julian Marshall's "Annals of Tennis" published June, 1878. Tenterden's Act, LORD, 2 & 3 Will. IV. c. 71, for shortening the time of prescription in certain cases (such as rights of way, and use of light), passed 1 Aug. 1832. Tenths, see Tithes. Tenures, the mode in which land is held. Military tenures in England were abolished in 1660. Lyttelton's book on Tenures is dated 1481. Terbium, a metal sometimes found with yttrium (which see). instituted in England from the Norman usage, the long Ternova, see Tirnova. Terra del Fuego, see Missions. Territorial Waters Jurisdiction Act, passed 16 Aug. 1878. It regulates the law relating to the trial of offences committed on the sea within a certain distance of the coasts of her majesty's dominions. Terror, see Reign of. Test Act, directing all officers, civil and military, under government, to receive the sacrament according to the forms of the Church of England, and to take the oaths against transubstantiation, etc.; enacted 29 March, 1673. The Test and Corporation acts were repealed, 9 May, 1828; see University Tests. Testament, see Bibles and Wills. Tester, testone, a silver coin struck in France by Louis XII., 1513; and also in Scotland in the time of Francis II. and of Mary, queen of Scots, 1559. It was so called |