sels. 66 meo de Guzmao, who died in 1724. The principles of | Godard's great Montgolfier or fire balloon ascends 28 July and 3 Aug. 1864 1670 1766 1767 Joseph and Stephen Montgolfier ascend and descend Ascents become numerous: Andreani, 25 Feb.; Blanch- 1802 9 Oct. 1812 1825 Madame Blanchard ascended from Tivoli at night; the 25 May, 1869 Professor Wise proposed to cross the Atlantic from New M. and Mad. Duruof (see above, 1870) ascend from Calais Menier's new hot air balloon fails on trial, The use of balloons for postal purposes invented by Mr. M. Duruof conveyed the mail-bags from Paris to Tours Postal balloons from Metz and Paris.. .Sept.-Dec. 1870 | George Grote introduced into the commons a ballot bill six times.... Postal balloon sent up from Crystal Palace, Sydenham (successfully).......... .6 Oct. M. Gambetta escaped from Paris in a balloon, and arrived at Rouen... ....8 Oct. Many balloons despatched from Paris and other places, Oct. 1870-Feb. 1871 Military experiments; ascent of "Univers;" very cold weather; valve burst; several hurt; near Vincennes; no deaths... ..8 Dec. 1875 Military ascents and balloon equipment for military purposes adopted at Woolwich, announced.. ...April, 1879 Captive balloon at the volunteer review, Brighton, 29 March, 1880 EQUESTRIAN ASCENTS. Mr. Green affirmed that he ascended from London, on a horse attached to a balloon... .May, 1828 He did so from Vauxhall Gardens with a very diminutive pony. ....July, 1850 Lieut. Gale, an Englishman, made an ascent with a horse from the Hippodrome of Vincennes, near Bordeaux. On descending and detaching the animal from the balloon, the people who held its ropes, from some misconception, prematurely let them go, and the unfortunate aeronaut was rapidly borne in the air before he was quite ready to resume his voyage. (He was discovered next morning dashed to pieces in a field a mile from where the balloon was found).... .....8 Sept. 1850 The ascent of Madame Poitevin from Cremorne Gardens, near London, as "Europa on a bull" (a feat she had often performed in France), and several ascents on horses, brought the parties concerned before the police-courts on a charge of cruelty to animals, and put an end to experiments that outraged public feeling, M. Poitevin ascended on a horse in the vicinity of Paris, about the time just mentioned; was nearly drowned in the sea, near Malaga, while descending from his balloon (and died soon after).. SCIENTIFIC ASCENTS. Aug. 1852 1858 Gay-Lussac and Biot at Paris, 23 Aug.; Gay-Lussac (to the height of 22,977 feet). .15 Sept. 1804 Bixio and Barral at Paris (to the height of 19,000 feet. They passed through a cloud 9000 feet thick).. 1850 Mr. Welsh ascends, 17, 26 Aug. ; 21 Oct. and 10 Nov..... 1852 Scientific balloon ascents having been recommended by the British Association and funds provided, Mr. James Glaisher commenced his series of ascents, provided with suitable apparatus, in Mr. Coxwell's great balloon, at Wolverhampton: he reached the height of 5 miles, 17 July, 1862 He ascended at the Crystal Palace 18 April, 11, 21 July; at Wolverton, 26 June; at Newcastle, during the meeting of the British Association.. .31 Aug. 1863 He ascended to the height of about 7 miles at Wolverhampton; at 54 miles high he became insensible; Mr. Coxwell lost the use of his hands, but was able to open the valve with his teeth; they thus descended in safety, 64 5 Sept. .9 Oct. Brandon's, 66 .12 Jan. 1864 ..30 Dec. .27 Feb. 1865 in May, 1866 ...Jan. 1871 .22 Sept. 1873 Other ascents. .......2 Oct., 2 Dec. 1865; and BALLOON SOCIETIES. The French Académie d'Acrostation de Météorologique, authorized... ...20 Sept. 1872 BALLOON SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN was formed 21 July, 1880, by some members of the Aeronautical, Geographical, Astronomical, Chemical, and Meteorological societies, and other scientific bodies, to promote aeronautics and record and utilize observations made during ascents. Silver medals were awarded for ascents made, 4 Sept. 1880 Ballot (French ballotte, a little ball). Secret voting was practised by the ancient Greeks and Romans, and the modern Venetians, and is now employed in France, in the United States of North America, and, since 1872, in Great Britain and colonies; see Scrutin. A ballot box used in the election of aldermen of London, 1526 Its use by the company of merchant adventurers, in electing an agent, prohibited by Charles I......17 Dec. 1637 The ballot-box used by the "Rota," a political club at Miles's coffee-house, Westminster.. 1659 1833-39 The ballot an open question in Whig governments.... 1835-72 The house of commons rejected the ballot-257 being against, and 189 for it.. ..30 June, 1851 Secret voting existed in the chamber of deputies `n France from 1840 to 1845. It has been employed since the coup d'état in.. The ballot adopted in Victoria, Australia... 1856 .......Dec. A test- ballot was adopted at Manchester, and Ernest Jones was thus chosen as a candidate for representing the city in parliament. He died the next day. 22,23 Jan. 1869 For many years it was annually proposed by Mr. Henry Berkeley; it was rejected (by 161 to 112, 12 July, 1867). He died... .10 March, 1870 Mr. E. Leatham introduced a ballot bill into parliament, March; and Mr. Gladstone spoke in favor of the ballot; bill withdrawn.. ..27 July, The ballot was employed in electing the London school board in 9 districts... .29 Nov. The ballot recommended in the queen's speech, 9 Feb.; a bill for it introduced, passed by the commons; rejected by the lords (97 to 43).... 10 Aug. 1871 Bill to amend the law relating to procedure at parlia mentary and municipal elections, including the ballot, read in the commons, 2d time, 109-51, 15 Feb.; passed the commons, 271-216, 30 May; read second time in the lords (86-56); important amendments carried in committee, making secret voting optional (162-91); read a third time, and passed, 25 June; lords' amendments mostly rejected by the commons; the optional clause given up by the lords, 8 July; royal assent (to continue in force till 31 Dec. 1880). 13 July, 1872 The first election by ballot was at Pontefract, when Mr. H. E. Childers was re-elected very peacefully..15 Aug. Ball's Bluff, Virginia, on the banks of the Potomac, North America. On 21 Oct. 1861, by direction of the Federal gen. C. P. Stone the heroic col. Baker crossed the river to reconnoitre. He attacked the Confederate camp at Leesburg, and was defeated with the loss of nearly 1000 men (Lossing) in killed, wounded, and missing. The Confederates lost 153 killed, but the number of their wounded is unknown. The disaster was attributed to mismanagement, and in Feb. 1862, gen. Stone was arrested on suspicion of treason. Ballynahinch (Ireland), where a sanguinary engagement took place between a large body of the insurgent Irish and the British troops, under gen. Nugent, 13 June, 1798. A large part of the town was destroyed, and the royal army suffered very severely. Balmoral Castle, Deeside, Aberdeenshire; visited by her majesty in 1848, 1849, 1850. The estate was purchased for 32,000l. by prince Albert in 1852. In 1853 the present building, in the Scotch baronial style, was commenced, from designs by Mr. W. Smith of Aberdeen. Baltic Sea,* OSTSEE, or EASTERN SEA, separates Sweden and the Danish isles from Russia, Prussia, and Germany. Declared neutral for commerce by treaty between Russia and Sweden, 1759, and Denmark, 1760. It is often partially frozen. Charles X. of Sweden, with an army, crossed the Belts in 1658, and the Russians passed from Finland to Sweden on the ice in 1809. BALTIC EXPEDITIONS. Against Denmark; see Armed Neutrality. 1. Under lord Nelson and admiral Parker, Copenhagen was bombarded, and twenty-eight sail of the Danish fleet taken or destroyed..... ..2 April, 1801 20 March, 64 2. Under admiral Gambier and lord Cathcart, eighteen sail of the line, fifteen frigates, and thirty-one brigs and gunboats surrendered to the British......26 July, 1807 Against Russia.-1. The British fleet, commanded by sir Charles Napier, sailed from Spithead in presence of the queen, who led it out to sea in her yacht, the Fairy, It arrived in Wingo Sound, 15 March; and in the Baltic, 11 March, 1854 The gulf of Finland blockaded.. 12 April, 10,000 French troops embarked at Calais for the Baltic in English ships of war, in presence of the emperor, 15 July, Capture of Bomarsund, one of the Aland islands, and surrender of the garrison (see Bomarsund)....... 16 Aug. English and French fleets begin to return homeward to winter... 15 Oct. 2. Expedition sailed. .20 March-4 April, 1855 It consisted of 85 English ships (2098 guns), commanded Baltimore, a maritime city in Maryland, U. S., founded in 1729. Population in 1880, 332,190. On 12 Sept. 1814, the British army under col. Ross advanced against this place. He was killed in a skirmish; and the command was assumed by col. Brooke, who attacked the American army. A severe conflict followed. At evening both armies went into bivouac, and during the night the British fleet bombarded Fort McHenry. It was during this bombardment, which lasted from the morning of 12 Sept. to the morning of 13 Sept., that the national song "The Star-spangled Banner" was written. At 3 o'clock A.M. 14 Sept., the British abandoned the attack by sea and land, and withdrew their forces. The loss of the Americans was 213 men; that of the British 289; see United States, 1861. Bamberg (Bavaria), said to have been founded by Saxons, in 804, and endowed with a church by Charlemagne. It was made a bishopric in 1007, and the bishop was a prince of the empire till the treaty of Luneville, 1801, when Bamberg was secularized. It was incorporated with Bavaria in 1803. The noble cathedral, rebuilt in 1110, has been recently repaired. Bamberg was taken and pillaged by the Prussians in 1759. Bamborough, or BAMBURG, Northumberland, according to the "Saxon Chronicle," was built by king Ida about 547, and named Bebbanburgh. The castle and estate, the property of the Forsters, and forfeited to the crown, through their taking part in the rebellion in 1715, were purchased by Nathaniel lord Crewe, bishop of Durham, and bequeathed by him for various charitable purposes. The valuable library was founded by the trustees in 1778. The books are lent to persons residing within 20 miles of the castle. Bampton Lectures (Theological), delivered at Oxford annually, began in 1780, with a lecture by James Bandinel, D.D. The lecturer is paid out of the proceeds of an estate bequeathed for the purpose by the rev. John Bampton (died 1751), and the lectures are published. Among the more remarkable lectures were those by White (1784), Heber (1815), Whately (1822), Milman (1827), Hampden (1832), and Mansel (1858). Banbury, Oxfordshire, a Saxon town. The castle, erected by Alexander de Blois, bishop of Lincoln, 1125, has been frequently besieged. In 1646 it was taken by the parliamentarians and demolished. At Edgecot or Danesmore, near Banbury, during an insurrection, the army of Edward IV., under the earl of Pembroke, was defeated 26 July, 1469; their leader and his brother Banwere soon after taken prisoners and executed. bury cakes were renowned in the time of Ben Jonson, and Banbury Cross was destroyed by the Puritans. Cakes were presented to the queen at Banbury 30 Nov. was incorporated with Brazil, while another part became independent, as the republic of Uruguay. Bangalore (S. India) was besieged by the British under lord Cornwallis, 6 March, and taken by storm, 21 March, 1791. Bangalore was restored to Tippoo in 1792, when he destroyed the strong fort, deemed the bulwark of Mysore. Bangor (Banchor Iskoed, or Monachorum), Flintshire, the site of an ancient monastery, very populous, if it be true that 1200 monks were slain by Ethelfrid, king of the Angles, for praying for the Welsh in their conflict with him in 607.-Tanner. Bangor (Maine), an important city and lumber The market, which has chiefly grown up since 1836. British held the place for a brief time, 1814. Bangor (N. Caernarvonshire). The church is dedicated to St. Daniel, who was a bishop, 516. Owen Glendower greatly defaced the cathedral; and the bishop Bulkeley alienated many of the lands, and even sold the bells of the church, 1553. The see is valued in the king's books at 131/. 16s. 4d. An order in council, directing that the sees of Bangor and St. Asaph be united on the next vacancy in either, was issued in 1838; but rescinded in 1847. Present income, 42001. BISHOPS OF BANGOR. 1800. William Cleaver, translated to St. Asaph, 1806. Bangorian Controversy was occasioned by Dr. Benjamin Hoadley, bishop of Bangor, preaching a sermon before George I., 31 March, 1717, upon the text, "My kingdom is not of this world" (John xviii. 36), in which he demonstrated the spiritual nature of the church and kingdom of Christ. He thereby drew upon himself the indignation of almost all the clergy, who published hundreds of pamphlets. Banishment, an ancient punishment. By 39 Eliz. c. 4 (1597) dangerous rogues were to be banished out of the realm, and to be liable to death if they returned; see Transportation. Bank. The name is derived from bunco, a bench, erected in the market-place for the exchange of money. The first was established in Italy, 808, by the Lombard Jews, of whom some settled in Lombard street, London, where many bankers still reside. The Mint in the Tower of London was anciently the depository for merchants' cash, until Charles I. seized the money as a loan, and in 1640 the traders lodged their money with the goldsmiths in Lombard street; see Bank of England; Bankers' Books; Drafts; Savings-banks. he died.. about B.C. Egibe's bank at Babylon, mentioned... 700 Barcelona bank (earliest existing bank) founded...about 1401 Samuel Lamb, a London banker, recommended the Protector Cromwell to establish a public bank....1656 and 1658 Francis Child, a goldsmith, established a bank about 1663; ...4 Oct. 1713 Run on the London bankers (said to be the first)........ 1667 Band of Gentlemen Pensioners, see Gentle- Charles II. arbitrarily suspends all payments to bankers out of the exchequer of moneys deposited there by them; they lost ultimately 3,321,313... .2 Jan. 1672 Hoare's bank began about.. 1866. men-at-Arms. Banda Isles (ten), Eastern Archipelago, visited by the Portuguese in 1511, who settled on them, 1521, but were expelled by the Dutch about 1600. Rohun island was ceded to the English in 1616. The Bandas were taken by the latter in 1796; restored in 1801; retaken in 1811; and restored in Aug. 1816. Banda Oriental (South America), a portion of the viceroyalty of Buenos Ayres, one part of which, in 1828, *These were cones of galvan zed iron, 16 inches in diame. ter, and 20 inches long. Each contained 9 or 10 lbs. of pow der, with apparatus for firing by sulphuric acid. Little damage was done by them They were said to be the invention of the philosopher Jacobi. Bank of England established (see next article).. tablished.. 1680 1694 1716 1765 Forgeries of Henry Fauntleroy, banker; executed, 30 Nov. 1824 Rowland Stephenson, M. P., banker and treasurer of St. 1826 27 Dec. 1828 1834 ...24 Nov. 1844 Failure of Strahan, Paul, & Bates (securities unlawfully used); private banking much injured.... .11 June, 1855 Cheque Bank (which see), opened in Pall Mall....23 July, 1873 Banks in 1855. Bank of England... English private banks.. 1 196 English joint-stock banks (see Banks, Joint-stock).... 67 Banks in Scotland... 18 Banks in Ireland.. 8 290 Bank of Venice formed.. Geneva.. Barcelona. Genoa.. Amsterdam.. Hamburg... Rotterdam Stockholm England.. Scotland... Copenhagen.... Berlin... Caisse d'Escompte, France. Ireland... St. Petersburg.. In the East Indies.. In North America.. Italy.. 1826 1827 1830 1833 Notes allowed By the advice of the government, branch banks opened Number. to be issued. at Gloucester, 19 July; Manchester, 21 Sept.; Swansea, 23 Oct. 14,000,000 4,999,444 And at Birmingham, 1 Jan.; Liverpool, 2 July; Bristol, 12 July; Leeds, 23 Aug.; Exeter, 17 Dec.. 3,418,277 The bank loses 360,000l. by Fauntleroy's forgeries; esti3,087,209 mated in... 6,354,494 Statements of the bank affairs published quarterly.. Peel's bank charter act (7 & 8 Vict. c. 32); renews charter 31,859,424 till 1 Aug. 1855, and longer, if the debt due from the public to the bank (11,015,100.), with interest, etc., be not paid after due notice; establishes the issue department; requires weekly returns to be published; limited the issue of notes to 14,000,000l., etc.........19 July, 1844 Commercial panic; lord John Russell authorizes relaxa. tion of restriction of issuing notes (not acted on); bank discount 8 per cent... 1157 1345 1401 1407 1607 1619 1635 1688 1694 1695 1736 1765 1776 1783 1786 1787 1791 1803 1865 Imperial Bank of Germany (formerly of Prussia)..1 Jan. 1876 Bank OF ENGLAND was projected by William Paterson, a Scotch merchant (see Darien), to meet the difficulty experienced by William III. in raising the supplies for the war against France. By the influence of Paterson and Michael Godfrey, 40 merchants subscribed 500,000l. towards the sum of 1,200,000l. to be lent to the government at 8 per cent., in consideration of the subscribers being incorporated as a bank. The scheme was violently opposed in parliament, but the bill obtained the royal assent 25 April, 1694, and the charter was granted 27 July following, appointing sir John Houblon the first governor, and Michael Godfrey the first deputy-governor. The bank commenced active operations on 1 Jan. 1695, at Grocers' Hall, Poultry,† issuing notes for 20l. and upwards, and discounting bills for 4 to 6 per cent. The charter was renewed in 1697, 1708, 1713, 1716, 1721, 1724, 1746, 1749, 1764, 1781, 1800, 1808, 1816, 1833, 1844.Lawson. 1780 1793 26 Feb. 1797 . March, Bank Restriction Act passed... 3 May, " Voluntary contribution of 200,000l. to the government.. 1798 Loss by Aslett's frauds (see Exchequer), 342,6971.. 1803 Resignation of Abraham Newland, 50 years cashier, 18 Sept. 1807 Bramah's machine for numbering notes adopted.... 1809 The bank issues silver tokens for 38. and 18. 6d...9 July, 1811 Peel's act for the gradual resumption of cash payments, July, 1819 Cash payments for notes to be in bullion at the mint price, 1 May, 1821; in the current coin of the realm..1 May, 1823 Great commercial panic-many 1. notes (accidentally found in a box) issued with most beneficial effects.. Dec. 1825 The act for the establishment of joint-stock banks breaks up the monopoly.... 1826 * Instituted by laws passed 14 April, 1803, and 22 April, 1806. The statutes were approved 16 Jan. 1808. In 1810 Napoleon said that its duty was to provide money at all times at 4 per cent. interest. The foundation of the building in Threadneedle street was laid 1 Aug. 1732, by sir Edward Bellamy, governor, and the bank removed there 5 June, 1734; it was erected by G. Sampson, architect. Great additions have been made from time to time by successive architects: sir Robert Taylor, sir John Soane, and Mr. C. R. Cockerell. It now occupies the site of the church, and nearly all the parish of St. Christopher-le-Stocks. The churchyard is now termed "the garden." Committee on the bank acts appointed............. .12 May, 1857 Bank discount 9 per cent.; lord Palmerston authorizes addition to issue of notes [to the amount of 2,000,000l. were issued].... 12 Nov. Committee on the bank acts reappointed, 8 Feb.; report recommending continuance of present state of things, Much alarm through the announcement of the bank solicitor that a quantity of bank paper had been stolen from the makers (forged notes soon appeared). 16 Aug. 1862 The culprits, soon detected, were tried and convicted (see Trials)... .7-12 Jan. 1863 (See Bills, 1873.) 1858, 3 per cent. Feb. 1. BANK DISCOUNT. 1 July, 1858 1860, (demand for gold in France), 6, Nov. 15. 1861, 7, Jan. 7; 8 (demand for money in France, India, United States, etc.), Feb. 14; 3, Nov. 7. 1862, 24, Jan.; 3, April; 24, July 2; July 24; 3, Oct.-Dec. 1863, raised to 4 per cent., Jan. 16; to 5, Jan. 28; reduced to 4, Feb.; to 3 and 3, April; raised to 4, May; raised to 5, 6, in Nov.; to 7 and 8, and reduced to 7, in Dec. 1864, raised to 8, Jan. 20; reduced to 7, Feb. 12; to 6, Feb. 25; raised to 7, April 16; to 8, May 2; to 9, May 5; reduced to 8, May 19; to 7, May 26; to 6, June 16; raised to 7, July 25; to 8, Aug. 4; to 9, Sept. 5; reduced to 8, Nov. 10; to 7, Nov. 24. 1865, reduced to 54, Jan. 12; to 5, Jan. 20; raised to 54, March 2; reduced to 4, March 30; raised to 44, May 4; reduced to 34, June 1; to 3, June 15; raised to 3, July 27; to 4, Aug. 3; to 4, Sept. 28; to 5, Oct. 2; to 6, Oct. 5; to 7, Oct. 7 (three times in one week); reduced to 6, Nov. 23; raised to 7, Dec. 28. 1866, raised to 8, Jan. 4; reduced to 7, Feb. 22; to 6, March 15; raised to 7, May 3; to 8, May 8; to 9, May 11 (panic-suspension of Bank Act authorized by government); to 10, May 12; reduced to 8, Aug. 16; to 7, Aug. 23; to 6, Aug. 30; to 5, Sept. 6; to 4, Sept. 27; to 4, Nov. 8; to 3 Dec. 20. 1867, reduced to 3, Feb. 7; to 24, May 30; to 2, July 25. 1868, raised to 2 per cent. Nov. 19; to 3, Dec. 3. 1869, raised to 4, April 1; to 44, May 6; reduced to 4, June 10; to 3, June 24; to 3, July 15; to 2, Aug. 19; raised to 3, Nov. 4. 1870, raised to 34, July 21; to 4, July 23; to 5 (Franco-Prussian war), July 28; to 6, Aug. 4; reduced to 5, Aug. 11; to 41, Aug. 18; to 4, Aug. 25; to 34, Sept. 1; to 3, Sept. 15; to 21, Sept. 29. 1871, raised to 3, March 2; reduced to 24, April 13; to 24, June 15; to 2, July 13; raised to 3, Sept. 21; to 4, Sept. 28; to 5, Oct. 7; reduced to 4, Nov. 16; to 34, Nov. 30; to 3, Dec. 14. 1872, raised to 34, April 4; to 4, April 11; to 5, May 9; reduced to 4, May 30; to 34, June 13; to 3, June 20; raised to 31, July 18; to 4, Sept. 18; to 44, Sept. 26; to 5, Oct. 2; to 6, Oct. 10; to 7, Nov. 9; reduced to 6, Nov. 28; to 5, Dec. 12. 1873, reduced to 41, Jan. 9; to 4, Jan. 23; to 34, Jan. 30; raised to 4, March 26; to 41, May 7; to 5, May 10; to 6, May 17; to 7, June 4; reduced to 6, June 12; to 5, July 10; to 4, July 17; to 4, July 24; to 34, July 31; to 3, Aug. 21; raised to 4, Sept. 25; to 5 (panic in New York), Sept. 29; to 6, Oct. 14; to 7, Oct. 18; to 8, Nov. 1; to 9, Nov. 7; reduced to 8, Nov. 20; to 6, Nov. 27; to 5, Dec. 4; to 44, Dec. 11. 1874, reduced to 4, Jan. 8; to 31, Jan. 15; raised to 4, April 30; reduced to 34, May 28; to 3, June 4; to 24, June 18; raised to 3, July 30; to 4, Aug. 6; reduced to 34, Aug. 20; to 3, Aug. 27; raised to 4, Oct. 15; to 5, Nov. 16; to 6, Nov. 30. 1875, reduced to 5, Jan. 7; to 4, Jan. 14; to 3, Jan. 27; raised to 31, Feb. 18; to 3, July 8; reduced to 24, July 29; to 2, Aug. 12; raised to 21, Oct. 7; to 34, Oct. 14; to 4, Oct. 21; reduced to 3, Nov. 18; raised to 4, Dec. 30. 1876, raised to 5, Jan. 6; reduced to 4, Jan. 27; to 3, March 23; to 3, April 6; to 2, April 20. 1877, raised to 3, May 3; reduced to 24, July 5; to 2, July 12; raised to 3, Aug. 28; to 4, Oct. 4; to 5, Oct. 11; reduced to 4, Nov. 29. 1878, reduced to 3, Jan. 10; to 2, Jan. 31; raised to 3, March 28; reduced to 24, May 30; [minimum omitted in Bank notices, June]; raised to 3, June 27; to 34, July 4; to 4, Aug. 1; to 5, Aug. 12; to 6, Oct. 14; reduced to 5, Nov. 21. 1825 Bank Holidays Act, passed 25 May, 1871, chief- | Lord Eldon's Act appointing commissioners. New Bankruptcy Court erected by 2 Will. IV. c. 56 (Lord BANK HOLIDAYS, U. S.-Christmas and New Year's day, 22 Bank OF IRELAND. On 9 Dec. 1721, the Irish house of commons rejected a bill for establishing a national bank. Important failures in Irish banks occurred in 1727, 1733, and 1758; this led gradually to the establishment of the Bank of Ireland at St. Mary's abbey, Dublin, 1 June, 1783. The business was removed to the late parliament house, in College Green, in May, 1808. Branch banks of this establishment have been formed in most of the provincial towns in Ireland, all since 1828. Irish Banking Act passed, 21 July, 1845. Bank OF SAVINGS, see Savings-banks. Bankers' Institute, meeting to establish it, 29 May, 1878; sir John Lubbock elected president, 11 March, 1879; first general meeting, 23 May, 1879. (1300 members.) 1859, 1860 Bill by the lord chancellor Westbury (formerly sir R. Bethell), 24 & 25 Vict. c. 134, passed (1861); great changes made; the court for relief of insolvent debtors abolished, and increased powers given to the commissioners in bankruptcy, etc.; the new orders issued, 1869. 12 Oct. 1861 By Lord Hatherley's Bankruptcy Act, passed 9 Aug. amended in.. .... Irish bankruptcy laws consolidated in 1836, and further amended in. 1837 New Bankruptcy Act for Ireland, passed.........6 Aug. 1872 .1876-80 Bankruptcies have diminished through great number of liquidations by arranged compositions; many said to be fraudulent; 3651 of these in 1870; 11,976 in 1879; about 20,000,000!, wasted. Bankrupt (signifying either bank or bench broken), New bankruptcy bill brought in by Mr. Chamberlain, a trader declared to be unable to pay his just debts. The laws on the subject (1543, 1571 et seq.) were consolidated and amended in 1825, 1849, 1852, 1854, 1861, 1868, and 1869; see Debtors. 8 April, 1881 NUMBER OF BANKRUPTS IN GREAT BRITAIN. 1700.. 38 1800.. 1339 |