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Verdun (the ancient Verodunum), a first-class fortress on the Meuse, N.E. France, made a magazine for his legions by Julius Cæsar. It was acquired by the Franks in the sixth century, and formed part of the dominions of Lothaire by the treaty of Verdun, 843, when the empire was divided between the sons of Louis I. It was taken and annexed to the empire by Otho I. about 939. It surrendered to France in 1552, and was formally ceded in 1648. It was taken and held by the Prussians 43 days, Sept.-Oct. 1792. Gen. Beaurepaire, the commandant, committed suicide before the surrender, and 14 ladies were executed on 28 May, 1794, for going to the king of Prussia to solicit his clemency for the town. Verdun surrendered to the Germans 8 Nov. 1870, after a brave defence, two vigorous sallies being made 28 Oct. Above 4000 men were captured, with a large quantity of arms and ammunition. It was the last place held by the Germans, and was given up 15, 16 Sept. 1873, and the troops retired.

other emperors, chiefly bronze, discovered near Verona, Jan. 1877.

Versailles (near Paris) was a small village, in a forest thirty miles in circuit, where Louis XIII. built a hunting-seat about 1632. Louis XIV., between 1661 and 1687, enlarged it into a magnificent palace, which became the usual residence of the kings of France. By the treaty between Great Britain and the revolted colonies of British North America, signed at Paris, the latter power was admitted to be a sovereign and independent state, 3 Sept. 1783. On the same day a treaty was signed at Versailles between Great Britain, France, and Spain, by which Pondicherry and Carical, with other possessions in Bengal, were restored to France, and Trincomalee restored to the Dutch. Here was held the military festival of the royal guards, 1 Oct. 1789, which was followed (on the 5th and 6th) by the attack of the mob, who massacred the guards and brought the king back

to Paris. Versailles became the residence of Louis Phil

Vergara (N. Spain). Here the Carlist general Ma-ippe in 1830. The historical gallery was opened in 1837. roto made a treaty, termed "The Pacification of Vergara," with Espartero, 31 Aug. 1839. The monument to celebrate it was destroyed by the Carlists in Aug. 1873. Vermandois (N. France), a county given by Charlemagne to his second son Pepin, whose family held it till the eleventh century. In 1156 it came by marriage to the counts of Flanders, and in 1185 it was seized by Philip II., and incorporated with the monarchy in 1215.

Vermont, a northern state of the United States, was settled by the French, 1724-31, and ceded to Great Britain in 1763. It was freed from the authority of New York, and admitted as a state of the Union in 1791.

The

Verneuil (N. W. France), the site of a battle fought 17 Aug. 1424, between the Burgundians and English under the regent duke of Bedford, and the French, assisted by the Scots, commanded by the count de Narbonne, the earls of Douglas and Buchan, etc. French at first were successful, but some Lombard auxiliaries who had taken the English camp commenced pillaging. Two thousand English archers came then fresh to the attack, and the French and Scots were totally defeated and their leaders killed.

Vernon Gallery. The inadequate manner in which modern British art was represented in the National Gallery was somewhat remedied in 1847 by the munificent present to the nation by Mr. Robert Vernon of a collection of 157 pictures, all but two being by firstrate British artists. They were first exhibited at Mr. Vernon's house in Pall Mall, next in the vaults beneath the National Gallery, afterwards at Marlborough house, and are now at the South Kensington Museum. In 1857 Mr. John Sheepshanks followed Mr. Vernon's example; see Sheepshanks's Donations.

Verona (N. Italy) was founded by the Gauls or Etruscans; see Campus Raudius. The amphitheatre was built by Titus, A.D. 82. Verona has been the site of many conflicts. It was taken by Constantine, 312; and on 27 Sept. 489, Theodoric defeated Odoacer, king of Italy. Verona was taken by Charlemagne 774. About 1260 Mastino della Scala was elected podestà, and his descendants (the Scaligeri) ruled till subdued by the Visconti, dukes of Milan, 1387. Verona was conquered by the Venetians 1405, and held by them, with some intermissions, till its capture by the French general Massena, 3 June, 1796. Near to it Charles Albert of Sardinia defeated the Austrians, 6 May, 1848. Verona is one of the four strong Austrian fortresses termed the Quadrangle, or Quadrilateral (which see), and here the emperor Francis Joseph, on 12 July, 1859, in an order of the day, announced to his army that he must yield to circumstances unfavorable to his policy, and thanked his people and army for their support. It was surrendered to the Italian government, 16 Oct. 1866; and the king was received by 70,000 persons in the amphitheatre, 18 Nov. 1866, Above 50,000 coins of Gallienus and

Versailles, with the troops there, surrendered to the Germans 19 Sept. 1870, and the crown-prince of Prussia entered the next day; and on 26 Sept. he awarded the iron cross to above 30 soldiers at the foot of the statue of Louis XIV. The palace was converted into a hospital. The royal headquarters were removed here from Ferrières 5 Oct. After the peace Versailles became the seat of the French government (see France), March, 1871.

Verse, see Poetry, Hexameter, Elegy, Iambic, etc. Surrey's translation of part of Virgil's "Eneid" into blank verse is the first English composition of the kind, omitting tragedy, extant in the English language (published in 1547). The verse previously used in our grave compositions was the stanza of eight lines, the ottava rima (as adopted, with the addition of one line, by Spenfrom Ariosto and Tasso). Boccaccio introduced it into ser in his "Faërie Queene," who probably borrowed it French chansons. Trissino is said to have been the first Italy in his "Teseide," having copied it from the old introducer of blank verse among the moderns, about

1508.-Vossius.

Verulam, see Alban's, St.

Vervins (N. France). Here was concluded the peace between Philip II. of Spain and Henry IV. of France, with mutual concessions, 2 May, 1598.

Veseronce (S.E. France), near Vienne. Here Gondemar, king of the Burgundians, defeated and killed Clodomir, king of Orleans, and revenged the murder of his brother Sigismond and his family, 524. This conflict is called also the battle of Voiron.

Vespers, see Sicilian Vespers. In the house of the French ambassador at Blackfriars, in London, a Jesuit was preaching to upwards of three hundred persons in an upper room, the floor of which gave way with the weight, when the whole congregation was precipitated to the street, and the preacher and more than a hundred of his auditory, chiefly persons of rank, were killed. This catastrophe, termed the Fatal Vespers, occurred 26 Oct. 1623.-Stow.

Vesta. The planet Vesta (the ninth) was discovered by Dr. Olbers of Bremen on 29 March, 1807. She appears like a star of the sixth magnitude.

Vestals, virgin priestesses, took care of the perpetual fire consecrated to Vesta. The mother of Romulus was a vestal. Numa is said to have appointed four, 710 B.C., and Tarquin added two. Minutia was buried alive for breaking her virgin vow, 337 B.C.; Sextilia, 273 B.C.; and Cornelia Maximiliana, A.D. 92; see Chastity. The order was abolished by Theodosius, 389.

"Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation," a work which upholds the doctrine of progressive development as an hypothetic history of organic creation, ascribed to Robert Chambers and other persons, first appeared in 1844, and occasioned much controversy; see Origin of Species.

Vesuvius. By an eruption of Mount Vesuvius, the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum (which see) were overwhelmed, 24 Aug. A.D. 79, and more than 200,000 persons perished, among them Pliny the naturalist. Numerous other disastrous eruptions have occurred. Torre del Greco, with 4000 persons, was destroyed, 17 Dec. 1631. There was a dreadful eruption took place suddenly, 24 Nov. 1759, and another 8 Aug. 1767. The violent burst in 1767 was the 34th from the time of Titus. One in June, 1794, was most destructive: the lava flowed over 5000 acres of rich vineyards and cultivated land, and Torre del Greco was a second time burned; the top of the mountain fell in, and the crater is now nearly two miles in circumference. A great eruption in Oct. 1822, and others in May, 1855, May and June, 1858, caused great destruction. A series of violent eruptions, causing much damage, occurred in Dec. 1861. and in Feb. 1865. Torre del Greco was again destroyed in Dec. 1861. Another eruption began 12 Nov. 1867, and continued increasing in grandeur and danger, March, 1868. The phenomena were observed by professors Tyndall and Miller, sir John Lubbock, and other scientific men, in April, 1868. A great eruption began 8 Oct. 1868, and continued, causing much destruction, 19, 20 Nov. A severe eruption began 23 April and ended about 3 May, 1872; above 60 lives were lost. The mountain was disturbed in 1876, and another eruption began about 20 Sept. 1878; lava was spouted to the height of 300 feet. An eruption began 11 June, 1879. Prof. John Phillips's "Vesuvius" was published 1869.

Veterinary College (London), was established at Camden-town, 1791; and Albert Veterinary College was opened in 1865. Veterinary College of New York, incorporated 1857.

Vice, or VISE, an instrument of which Archytas of Tarentum, disciple of Pythagoras, is said to have been the inventor, along with the pulley and other implements, 420 B.C.

Vice, SOCIETY FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF, established 1802.

Vice-admiralty Courts Act, 1863, was extended and amended in 1867.

Vice-chancellor of England, an equity judge, appointed by parliament, first took his seat 5 May, 1813. A new court was erected for him about 1816 contiguous

to Lincoln's-inn hall. Two additional vice-chancellors were appointed under act 5 Vict., Oct. 1841. The office of vice-chancellor of England ceased in August, 1850, and a third vice-chancellor was appointed in 1851, when two more equity judges, styled lords justices, were appointed.

VICE-CHANCELLORS OF ENGLAND.

1813. Sir Thomas Plumer, 13 April. 1818. Sir John Leach, 13 Jan.

1827. Sir Anthony Hart, 4 May.

1827-50. Sir Lancelot Shadwell, 1 Nov.

THE LAST.

VICE-CHANCELLORS.

1852. Sir John Stuart, sat last, 27 March, 1871.

Vice-president of the United States. The vice-president of the United States is president of the senate, and in the event of the death, resignation, or disability of the president the vice-president succeeds him. Four vice-presidents have in this way become presidents, as follows: John Tyler, succeeding William Henry Harrison, who died 4 April, 1841; Millard Fillmore, succeeding Zachary Taylor, who died 9 July, 1850; Andrew Johnson, succeeding Abraham Lincoln who died 15 April, 1865; and Chester A. Arthur, succeeding James A. Garfield, who died 19 Oct. 1881.

Vicksburg (Miss.), CAMPAIGN FOR THE POSSESSION OF, 18 May, 1862-4 July, 1863. Vicksburg lies on the east bank of the Mississippi, 400 miles above New Orleans, and about the same distance from Cairo. It is connected with Jackson, the state capital, by railroad; and from De Soto, on the opposite bank, a railroad running to Monroe drains the land-commerce of northern Louisiana. It was the most important and the most defensible military position on the Mississippi. The town, before the war, had a population of about 5000; it is situated on the shelving declivity of high hills, and, with its dwellings scattered in groups on the terraces, presents a very picturesque appearance. The high bluffs upon which the town stands extend southward along the river to Warrenton, and northward till they touch the Yazoo, about 15 miles from Haines's Bluff. fortified by the confederates and the Yazoo is a low Between these bluffs-which were in time strongly country, full of swamps, lagoons, sloughs, and bayous. It was in this sort of country that Sherman landed his troops (Dec. 1862), and sustained a repulse. The country in the rear of Vicksburg is very rough, and broken by abrupt ravines. The following are the remarkable incidents of the Vicksburg campaign in their chronological order: S. P. Lee, commanding the advanced naval division of Farragut's squadron, demanded the surrender of Vicksburg, and was refused. M. L. Smith at this time com manded the military defences of Vicksburg with 10,000 ....18 May, 1862 Gen. Thomas Williams, with four regiments and eight guns, occupies the peninsula opposite Vicksburg, 24 June, Farragut runs the Vicksburg blockade to join Davis, and bombards Vicksburg.... 28 June, 28 July, Van Dorn takes command at Vicksburg.. Expedition up the Yazoo to destroy the ram Arkansas,

men....

Williams's canal, begun upon his arrival on sula, proves a failure...

meets the ram coming down, and retires; the ram passes out into the Mississippi, and takes refuge under the guns of Vicksburg. .15 July, Ellet and W. D. Porter, with the Queen of the West and Essex, attack the ram, are repulsed, and with difficulty escape... .22 July, the penin.22 July, ...24 July, Breckinridge's

Williams's force leaves for Baton Rouge. Destruction of the ram Arkansas, after defeat at Baton Rouge...

6 Aug.

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Vicksburg defences strengthened, and a line of works
thrown up on the bluffs south of the Yazoo, Aug.-Dec.
Gen. J. C. Pemberton supersedes Van Dorn... .Oct.
Grant, moving upon Jackson and the rear of Vicksburg,
is compelled to retreat by the surrender of Holly
Springs...
64
.....20 Dec.

1853. Sir William Page Wood, made a justice of appeal, 1868; Sherman embarks from Memphis with 30.000 men 20

lord chancellor, Dec. 1868.

1868. Sir George Markham Giffard, died 1870.

1869. Sir William M. James, Jan.; made a lord justice of ap peal, June, 1870.

1871. Sir John Wickens, April; died 23 Oct. 1873.
1866. Sir Richard Malins, resigned 1881.
1870. Sir James Bacon.
1873. Sir Charles Hall, Nov.

division.

Dec.; is re-enforced by 12.000 men at Helena; convoyed
up the Yazoo by Porter's fleet 26 Dec.; lands near
Chickasaw Bayou 27 Dec.; advances against the
northern defences of Vicksburg 28 Dec.; assaults and
is repulsed with a loss of 2000 men.
.29 Dec. 44
2 Jan. 1863

now included in the chancery Withdrawal of Sherman's expedition from the Yazoo,
Grant meets Sherman, M'Clernand. and Porter at the
mouth of White River, and consults with them as to
further operations against Vicksburg..

Vicenza (the ancient Vicentia, N. Italy) was the seat of a republic in the twelfth century. It greatly suffered by the ravages of Alaric, 401, and Attila, 452. Having joined the Lombard league, it was sacked by Frederic II. 1236. After many changes it was subjected to Venice, and with it fell under the French domination, 1796; and was given to Austria in 1814. Having revolted, it was retaken by Radetzky, 11 June, 1848. It was annexed to the kingdom of Italy, Oct. 1866.

Vice-president of the Board of Trade. This office was abolished in 1867, and a secretary with a seat in parliament substituted.

18 Jan.

Occupation of Young's Point, 9 miles above Vicksburg,

on the opposite bank..

confederates

.21 Jan.

The Queen of the West captured in the Red River by the 13 Feb. Confederates destroy the Indianola below Vicksburg. 24 Feb. Porter sends his "Dummy" past Vicksburg; in the panic which follows the confederates destroy the Queen of the West, and annihilate the Indianola, which they had raised... .24 Feb,

Grant arrives at Young's Point, 2 Feb; reopens the work on Williams's canal; the levee breaks, and the project is abandoned... 8 March, The Lake Providence route (for getting below Vicksburg

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on the west bank) opened, but immediately abandoned, 16 March, 1863 The Yazoo Pass route (for obtaining a foothold on the high land above Haines's Bluff) abandoned..23 March, The Steele's Bayou route (for turning Fort Pemberton by way of Cypress Bayou, Steele's Bayou, Big Sunflower River, and Deer Creek, thus reaching the rear . Feb. of Vicksburg) tried and abandoned... After the failure of these experiments, Grant advances to New Carthage, 29 March, and sends transports past the Vicksburg batteries.. 16-22 April, Grierson's raid from Le Grange, Tennessee, to Baton Rouge, Louisiana.. .17 April-2 May, Porter attacks Grand Gulf, but the troops fail to make a landing.. .29 April, M'Clernand lands at Bruinsburg, below Vicksburg, 30 April, followed by M'Pherson, and defeats two confederate brigades under Bowen at Port Gibson....2 May, Confederate evacuation of Grand Gulf.. ....3 May, Sherman reaches Hard Times, and joins Grant's army, 6-8 May, Battle of Raymond; M'Pherson defeats Gregg and WalkNational loss, 410; confederate, 823......12 May, Capture of Jackson, after a brief conflict, by Sherman and M Pherson. National loss, 265; confederate, 845, Battle of Champion's Hill, or Baker's Creek. ton crossed the Big Black, and took position on Baker's Creek, about 25 miles west of Jackson; here he was defeated by Grant... 16 May, Battle of the Big Black; on the banks of this river Pemberton made a brief stand, and was defeated by M'Clernand... .17 May, Pemberton enters the fortifications of Vicksburg. 17 May, Grant invests Vicksburg; Sherman establishes himself on the Yazoo; Porter opens communications for Grant's army by the Yazoo...

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14 May, Pember

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18 May, ..19 May, .22 May,

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First assault on Vicksburg repulsed...
Second assault on Vicksburg repulsed.
Grant's army re-enforced to nearly 70,000 men....June,
Surrender of Vicksburg, with 27,000 men, 128 pieces of
artillery, and 80 siege guns..

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4 July, [In the battles around Vicksburg before its surrender, the confederate loss in killed, wounded, and captured was about 10,000; Grant estimates his loss as 8575. After the capture of Vicksburg, Sherman, with the bulk of Grant's army, advanced against Johnston, and compelled the latter to evacuate Jackson, 16 July, 1863. Johnston, after the first battle of Jackson (14 May), had in vain endeavored to induce Pemberton to join him and fight a decisive battle outside of Vicksburg.]

Victoria, formerly PORT PHILLIP (Australia), situ

ated between New South Wales and South Australia. In 1798, Bass, in his whale-boat expedition, visited Western Port, one of its harbors; and in 1802 Flinders sailed into Port Phillip Bay.

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The colonists (450 in number) possess 140,000 sheep, 2500 cattle, and 150 horses; sir R. Bourke, governor of New South Wales, visits the colony, determines the sites of towns, and causes the land to be surveyed and resold, setting aside many contending claims; he ap points capt. Lonsdale chief magistrate (see Melbourne), 1537 The colony named Victoria.

Mr. C. J. Latrobe appointed lieutenant-governor under sir G. Gipps..

Its prosperity brings great numbers to it, and induces much speculation and consequent embarrassment and insolvency..

1839

.1841-2

The province declared independent of New South Wales; a reward of 2001. offered for the discovery of gold in Victoria, which was soon after found near Melbourne, and was profitably worked.. Aug. 1851 7000 persons were at Ballarat, Oct.; 10,000 round Mount Alexander.. .Nov. 46 From 30 Sept. to 31 Dec. 1851, 30,311 ounces of gold were obtained from Ballarat; and from 29 Oct. to 31 Dec, 94,524 ounces from Mount Alexander-total 124,835

ounces.

Immense immigration to Melbourne (see Melbourne)... 1852 Sir Charles Hotham, governor. ..June, 1854

Vote of 20,000l. to lady Darling rejected by legislative council..

Ministerial crisis; dispute continues between the assem. bly and the council..

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Duke of Edinburgh arrives; great rejoicings....23 Nov. An address presented to him by Mr. Edward Henty, the first settler, and others... Parliament dissolved.. .30 Dec. New parliament; ministry resigned because the governor objected to insertion of the Darling grant in the appropriation bill.... .12 March, 1868 First woollen and paper manufactories established. May, The M'Culloch ministry arrange the Darling affair, July, The M'Pherson ministry announced..

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.Oct. 1869

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Sir George Ferguson Bowen succeeds viscount Canterbury. Feb. 1873

Ministerial crises: Mr. Kerford premier; Mr. Service's budget; expenditure, 4,500,000l.; deficit, about 340,0001; he proposes a moderate free-trade policy; reduction of taxation and a loan; rejected by the parliament; Mr. Kerford resigns, as sir William Stowell, the acting governor, would not dissolve..........Aug. 1875 Mr. Graham Berry, premier; would continue protection and tax the richer colonists heavily (a financial coup d'état); defeated; resigns...

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Oct. Sir James M'Culloch forms a coalition ministry, Oct. ; proposing tax on income, land, and realized property," Nov. Passes his income-tax bill with a majority of three, announced June, 1876 Dispute of government with Messrs. Stevensons, respecting their alleged undervaluing goods for payment of ..March-June, duties; their letters opened.. Elections; triumph of protectionists; sir James M Culloch resigns; Mr. Berry again premier, May; a landtax enacted... .Oct. 1877

66

Legislative council rejects Mr. Berry's appropriations, defence, and exhibition bills. ..end of Oct. 1877 County court and other judges dismissed by the council; sir G. Bowen, the governor, supports the ministry, Jan. 1878 The lower house overrules the council; orders public creditors to be paid on its sole vote......about 13 Feb. 66 Berry ministry and the lower house predominant,

March-Aug.

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The marquess of Normanby appointed governor.... Feb. 1879 Mr. Berry's fruitless visit to England... Feb. He introduces a reform bill, Sept.; which is withdrawn, Dec. 44 Parliament dissolved about 9 Feb.; elections give majority against Mr. Berry, 28 Feb.; his cabinet resign, 2 March; new ministry under Mr. James Service, 3 March, 1880 Mr. Service's Reform bill rejected, 24 June; dissolution of the assembly, 29 June; the ministry resigns, 14 July, Mr. Berry forms a cabinet. 28 July, Ned Kelly and some of his gang of bush-rangers after committing many murders and robberies (since autumn of 1878) captured and sent to Melbourne..27, 28 June, International exhibition at Melbourne, opened....1 Oct. Kelly hanged..... ..11 Nov. Population of the colony in 1836, 224; in 1841, 11,738; in 1846, 32,879; in 1851, 77,345; 31 Dec. 1852, about 200,000; in March, 1857, there were 258,116 males and

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145,403 females; in all 403,519. In 1859, in all 517,366; in 1861, 540,322; Dec. 1865, 626,639; in 1871, 729,654; 1877, 849,021. Chinese immigrants are now virtually excluded.

Public-houses allowed to be opened on Sundays from
1 o'clock till 3, and from 5 till 11 P.M...
England, 59,335; Scotland, 15,081; Ireland, 14,080; total,
88,496 in.

The prescribed time enlarged..

Victoria, see Hong-Kony, Vancouver's Island, Docks, 127,352 licenses were issued for the sale of beer, cider, Thames 1870, Wrecks 1852.

Victoria Cross, a new order of merit, instituted to reward the gallantry of persons of all ranks in the army and navy, 5 Feb. 1856. It is a Maltese cross made of Russian cannon from Sebastopol: The queen conferred the honor on 62 persons (of both services) on Friday, 26 June, 1857; and on many of the Indian army, 2 Aug. 1858.

Victoria Institute, or PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN, established 22 June, 1865; its primary object being the attempt to reconcile apparent discrepancies between Christianity and science.

Victoria Park (E. London) was originated by an act passed in 1841, which enabled her majesty's commissioners of woods and forests to purchase certain lands for a royal park, with the sum of 72,000l. raised by the same act, by the sale of York house to the duke of Sutherland. The act described the land to be so purchased, containing 290 acres, situate in the parishes of St. John, Hackney; St. Matthew, Bethnal-green; and St. Mary, Stratford-le-Bow. The park was completed and opened to the public in 1845. Lady (then Miss) Burdett-Coutts presented a handsome drinking-fountain, and was present at its inauguration, 28 June, 1862. The park was visited by the queen, 2 April, 1873; and, in memory of her reception, she presented a clock and peal of bells to St. Mark's church; recognition service, 21 May, 1874.

Victoria Railway Bridge (tubular), over the St. Lawrence, Montreal, erected by Mr. James Hodges, under the superintendence of Mr. Robert Stephenson and Mr. A. M. Ross, engineers, was begun 24 May, 1854, and formally opened by the prince of Wales, 25 Aug. 1860. It forms part of the Grand Trunk railway, which connects Canada and the seaboard states of North America. The length is about sixty yards less than two English miles, and about 74 times longer than Waterloo bridge, and ten times longer than new Chelsea bridge; the height sixty feet between the summer level of the river and the under surface of the central tube. It is supported by 24 piers. The cost was 1,700,000l. On 5 Jan. 1855, while constructing, the bridge was much injured by floating ice, but the stonework remained firm.

Victoria Regia, the magnificent water-lily brought to this country from Guiana by sir Robert Schomburgk, in 1838, and named after the queen. Fine specimens are at the Botanic Gardens at Kew, Regent's Park, etc. It was grown in the open air in 1855, by Messrs. Weeks, of

Chelsea.

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Victoria University constituted; is to consist of Owen's College, Manchester, and others; the charter was granted in April; the first council met, 14 July, 1880.

Victory, MAN-OF-WAR, of 100 guns, the finest firstrate ship in the navy of England, was lost in a violent tempest near the Race of Alderney, and its admiral, sir John Balchen, and 100 gentlemen's sons, and the whole crew, consisting of 1000 men, perished, 8 Oct. 1744.-The Victory, the flag-ship of Nelson at the battle of Trafalgar, 21 Oct. 1805, is kept in fine preservation at Portsmouth.

and perry in the united kingdom, producing a revenue of 304,6881.; and 93,936 licenses for the sale of spirits; revenue, 560,5571..

1828

1850

1855

1858

Between 100,000,000l. and 150,000,000l. said to be invested
in the liquor trade. The licensed victuallers actively
opposed Mr. Bruce's licensing bill, which was with-
Licensed victuallers in the United Kingdom, 99,465.
drawn..
summer of 1871
.... 1872
New licensing act, regulating hours of opening and shut-
ting, etc., passed and came into execution.....10 Aug. 1872
[It caused much irritation, and was said to have con-
duced to the fall of the Gladstone ministry, 1974.]
Public-houses in Ireland closed on Sundays, by act passed,
16 Aug. 1878
Payment for licenses raised..
...June, 1880
Victualling Office (London), for managing the
victualling of the royal navy, was instituted Dec. 1663.
The number of commissioners was five, afterwards seven,
and then reduced to six. The various departments on
Tower hill, St. Katherine's, and Rotherhithe, were re-
moved to Deptford in Aug. 1785, and the office to Som-
erset house, 1783. In 1832 the office of commissioners
was abolished, and the victualling office made one of five
departments under the lords of the admiralty.

margraviate of Austria, 984; virtual capital of the Ger-
Vienna (the Roman Vindobona), was capital of the
dominions only. Population in 1857, 476,222; 1872,
man empire, 1273; since 1806, capital of the Austrian
901,000; see Austria.

Vienna made an imperial city...
Walled and enlarged with the ransom paid for Richard I.
of England, 40,000l..

1136

1194

Besieged by the Turks under Solyman the Magnificent,
with an army of 300,000 men; but he was forced to
raise the siege with the loss of 70,000 of his best troops, 1529
Besieged by the Turks...
..July, 1683

The siege raised by John Sobieski, king of Poland, who
Vienna taken by the French under prince Murat, 14 Nov.
defeats the Turkish army of 100,000.
12 Sept.

1805; evacuated... Captured by Napoleon I..

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.12 Jan. 1806 .13 May, 1809 ..14 Oct. Nov. 1814 1846

Restored on the conclusion of peace.....
Imperial Academy of Sciences founded.
Congress of sovereigns at Vienna.
The revolt in Hungary induces an insurrection in Vienna,
A second insurrection: Count Latour, the war minister,
The emperor retires, 17 May; returns..

is murdered...

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13 March, 1848 ..Aug.. ..6 Oct. 7 Oct. .30 Oct.

The emperor again takes flight...
Vienna is bombarded by Windischgrätz and Jellachich,
28 Oct.; its capitulation..
Conferences respecting the Russo-Turkish war held at
The fortifications demolished, and the city enlarged and

Vienna *.

beautified..

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.......1853-5

..1857-8

The imperial parliament (Reichsrath) assembles here,
The Prussians encamp near Vienna; state of siege pro

claimed.......

31 May, 18C0 ....July, 1866 27 July, 1867 about 18 Sept. 1868

Visited by the sultan.....
New palace of the fine arts founded by the emperor,
The great international exhibition opened by the emper-
or; the prince of Wales and many dignitaries present,

1 May, 1873

Austria, and Prussia, was held 24 July, when a note was * A conference of the four great powers, England, France, agreed on and transmitted for acceptance to St. Petersburg and Constantinople, 31 July. This note was accepted by the czar, 10 Aug., but the sultan required modifications, which contained four points: 1. The promptest possible evacuation were rejected by Russia, 7 Sept. The sultan's note (31 Dec.) of the principalities. 2. Revision of the treaties. 3. Maintenance of religious privileges to the communities of all confessions. 4. A definite settlement of the convention respecting the holy places. It was approved by the four powers, and the conferences closed on 16 Jan. 1854. A new conference of plenipotentiaries, from Great Britain (lord John Russell), France (M. Drouyn de l'Huys), Austria (count Buol), Turkey (Arif Effendi), and Russia (count Gortschakoff), took place, March, 1854. Two points, the protectorate of the principalities and the free navigation of the Danube, were agreed to; but the proposals of the powers as to the reduction of the Russian 1621 power in the Black Sea were rejected by the czar, and the conference closed, 5 June, 1854. The English and French 1790 envoy's assent to the Austrian propositions was not approved of by their governments, and they both resigned their official

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[The enormous building with annexes was designed by Mr. Scott Russell, most ably supported by the Austrian engineers; the grand central rotunda, 312 feet in diameter, with lofty dome, is an exaggerated Pantheon, suspended on iron girders in place of masonry, and dwarfs St. Peter's at Rome.]

French cavalry under marshal Soult, 11 April, 1812.—
VILLAFRANCA, a small port on the Mediterranean,
near Genoa, was bought for a steam-packet station by a
Russian company, about Aug. 1858, which caused some

Great financial failures; affect all Europe........9 May, 1873 political excitement.-At VILLAFRANCA, in Lombardy,
Visit of the czar, 1-7 June; of the shah of Persia.30 July,
Prizes to exhibitors presented by the archduke Albert,

18 Aug. Visit of Victor Emmanuel, king of Italy, 17-22 Sept.; of the emperor of Germany.. .17-23 Oct. Water-works inaugurated by the emperor........24 Oct. The exhibition closed..

2 Nov.

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New bed of the Danube inaugurated.. ......30 May, 1876
Ring Theatre burned; 580 lives lost..
...8 Dec. 1881
International art exhibition to be opened...............1 April, 1882

TREATIES OF VIENNA.

1. The treaty between the emperor of Germany and the king of Spain, by which they confirmed to each other such parts of the Spanish dominions as they were respectively possessed of; and by a private treaty the emperor engaged to employ a force to procure the restoration of Gibraltar to Spain, and to use means for placing the Pretender on the throne of Great Britain. Spain guaranteed the Pragmatic Sanction. 30 April, 1725.

2. Treaty of alliance between the emperor of Germany, Charles VI., George II., king of Great Britain, and the states of Holland, by which the Pragmatic Sanction was guaranteed, and the disputes as to the Spanish succession terminated. (Spain acceded to the treaty on the 22d of July.) Signed 16 March,

1731

3. Treaty of peace between the emperor Charles VI. of Germany and the king of France, Louis XV., by which the latter power agreed to guarantee the Pragmatic Sanction, and Lorraine was ceded to France. Signed 18 Nov. 1738; see Pragmatic Sanction.

4. Treaty between Napoleon I. of France and Francis (II. of Germany) I. of Austria, by which Austria ceded to France the Tyrol, Dalmatia, and other territories, which were shortly afterwards declared to be united to France under the title of the Illyrian Provinces, and engaged to adhere to the prohibitory system adopted towards England

by France and Russia. 14 Oct. 1809.

1815.

5. Treaty between Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia, confirming the principles on which they had acted by the treaty of Chaumont, 1 March, 1814. Signed 23 March, 6. Treaty between the king of the Netherlands on the one part, and Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia on the other, agreeing to the enlargement of the Dutch territories, and vesting the sovereignty in the house of Orange. 31 May, 7. Treaty by which Denmark ceded Swedish Pomerania and Rugen to Prussia, in exchange for Lauenburg, 4 June,

1815.

1815.

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Vigo (N.W. Spain) was attacked and burned by the English, under Drake and Norris, in 1589. Sir George Rooke, with the combined English and Dutch fleets, attacked the French fleet and the Spanish galleons in the port of Vigo, when several men-of-war and galleons were taken, and many destroyed, and abundance of plate and other valuable effects fell into the hands of the conquerors, 12 Oct. 1702. Vigo was taken by lord Cobham in 1719, but relinquished after raising contributions. It was again taken by the British, 27 March, 1809.

the emperors of France and Austria met, on 11 July, 1859 (after the battle of Solferino), and on 12 July signed the preliminaries of peace, the basis of the treaty of Zurich (which see).

Villa Viciosa. 1. In Portugal. Here the Portuguese, under the French general Schomberg, defeated the Spaniards, 1665.-2. In Castile, Spain. Here the struggle for the Spanish crown was decided in favor of Philip V. by Vendôme's victory over Staremberg and the Austrians, 10 Dec. 1710.

Villain, or VILLEIN, see Slavery in England.

Ville de Havre, French Atlantic mail steamer, 5100 tons, sailed from New York for Havre, 15 Nov. 1873; was run into by a Glasgow clipper, Lochearn, about 2 A.M., 22 Nov., and sank in twelve minutes; 226 out of 313 persons perished.

The crew of the Lochearn rescued 87, who were conveyed
to Cardiff by the American vessel Trimountain, capt.
Urquhart, arriving there......
.1 Dec. 1873

The Lochearn, beginning to sink, 28 Nov., was abandoned
by her crew, who were rescued by the British Queen,
On judicial examination, the Lochearn was exonerated in
and brought to Plymouth
...7 Dec. 66
England, but censured in France

..Jan. 1874

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Vimiera (in Portugal), where the British and Spanish forces, under sir Arthur Wellesley, defeated the French, under marshal Junot, duke of Abrantes, 21 Aug. 1808. The attack, made with great bravery, was gallantly repulsed; it was repeated by Kellermann at the head of the French reserve, which was also repulsed. The French, charged with the bayonet, withdrew on all points in confusion, leaving many prisoners.

Vincennes, a strong castle near Paris; a residence of the French kings from the twelfth to the fourteenth century. Henry V. of England died at the Bois de Louis duc d'Enghien was shot by order of Napoleon, Vincennes, 31 Aug. 1422. At the fosse of the castle, after a hasty trial, early on the morning of 22 March,

1804.

Vincent, CAPE ST. (S.W. Portugal); see Cape St. Vincent and Rodney's Victories.

It

Vincent de Paul, St., CHARITABLE SOCIETY, founded in 1833, in France, by twelve young men. extends its extremely beneficial operations into Britain. Its power excited the jealousy of the French government, which suppressed its central committee of Paris in Oct. 1861. St. Vincent de Paul was born 1576; established the congregation of Lazarists, or Vincentines, 1625; Sisters of Charity, 1634; a foundling hospital, 1648. He died 1660.

but at the peace of 1763 the French agreed that the Vincent, Sr. (West Indies), long a neutral island; right to it should be vested in the English. The latter soon after engaged in a war against the Caribs, on the windward side of the island, who were obliged to consent to a peace, by which they ceded a large tract of land to the British crown. In 1779 the Caribs greatly Vikings. Scandinavian chiefs, Swedes, Danes, and contributed to the reduction of this island by the French, Norsemen, who in the fourth century migrated-east-who, however, restored it in 1783. In 1795 the French ward, to the countries beyond the Baltic; westward and southward, chiefly to the British Isles.

Villafranca. Near here, and Llerena, Spain, the British cavalry, under sir Stapleton Cotton, defeated the

landed some troops, and again instigated the Caribs to an insurrection, which was not subdued for several months. lapse of nearly a century, occurred in 1812. Population The great eruption of the Souffriere mountain, after the in 1861, 31,755.

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