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1854.

£11,693,737 | 1866..

VALUE OF WHEAT IMPORTED INTO THE UNITED KINGDOM. force of arms. The insurrection became general in £12,983,090 several counties. Many outrages were committed. 24,985,096 Buildings were burned, the mails were rifled, and gov

1855.

1856..

1857.

1858.

1859.

1860. 1861. 1862.

1863.

1864..

1865.

9,679,578 1867.

12,716,349 1868.

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22,069,353

26,169,185

At one

19,515,758 ernment officers were insulted and abused.
16,264,027 time there were 6000 or 7000 insurgents under arms, and
23,318,883 7000 or 8000 more in reserve. The president of the
28,538,746 United States (Washington) finally called out the mili-
25,236,932 tary force of the country to put down the insurgents,
27,510,469 and was successful. Great leniency was shown to the
23,178,011

33,885,437 offenders, and the excitement died away.

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Whist, a game at cards, became general at the end of the seventeenth century. "Whist,

a poem

Laws by "Cavendish," compiled...

1791

about 1861

Edmund Hoyle, who published his "Short Treatise,"
about 1742, died in 1769, aged 97; lord Peterborough
introduced short whist early in the present century;
the laws were revised in.
1864
James Clay, M. P., an eminent player, died......26 Sept. 1871
White Doves, a South Russian religious sect, said

Wheel, BREAKING ON THE. A barbarous mode of death, of great antiquity, ordered by Francis I. for rob- to be wealthy and superstitious, strongly advocating celbers, about 1535; see Ravaillac.

ibacy; under a chief named Koudrine. Members were tried for moral offences about April, 1876.

White Flag, see Flag.

White Friars, see Carmelites, White.

White Hats, a party in the Low Countries formed about 1377, against Louis, count of Flanders. The struggle lasted till 1384, when it was settled by Philip, duke of Burgundy.

White Hoods, see Catechumens.
White Horse, see Ashdown.

White House (Washington), the residence of the

Wheel-work, see Spinning, Looms, Automaton. Whigs. In the reign of Charles II. the name Whig was a term of reproach given by the court party to their antagonists for holding the principles of the "whigs," or fanatical Covenanters in Scotland; and in return the name Tory was given to the court party, comparing them to the Tories, or popish robbers in Ireland.-Baker. The distinction arose out of the discovery of the Meal-tub plot (which see) in 1678. Upon bringing up the meal plot before parliament, two parties were formed: those who doubted the plot styled those who believed in it Whigs; these styled their adversa-president, gives name to the United States government, ries Tories. In time these names, given as marks of opprobrium, became honored distinctions.-Hume. The Whigs brought about the revolution of 1688-9, and established the Protestant succession. They were chiefly instrumental in obtaining the abolition of the slave-trade and slavery, the repeal of the Test and Corporation act, Catholic emancipation, parliamentary and municipal reform, the repeal of the corn laws, and similar measures. The Whig Club was established by Charles James Fox; one of its original members was the great Francis, duke of Bedford, who died in 1802. For the principal Whig ministries, see Godolphin, Halifax, Walpole, Rocking ham, Grenville, Grey, Melbourne, Russell, Palmerston, and

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The management of the house of commons by bribery is said to have begun with Clifford of the "Cabal ministry, and continued by Whigs and Tories. Mr. Roberts (under Henry Pelham), is said to have paid members suins of 1000Z., 500., etc., to each at the close of a session for their support.-Wrazall.

Whiskey, the spirit distilled from malt and other corn in Scotland and Ireland, of which about eight millions of gallons have been distilled annually in the former, and upwards of nine millions of gallons in the latter. The duty upon this article once produced annually about three millions. The distillation of whiskey is referred to the sixteenth century; but some authors state it to have been earlier; sce Distillation. In 1855 the duties on spirits distilled in Scotland and Ireland were equalized with those distilled in England. Women's Whiskey War, see United States, 1874.

Whiskey Insurrection, a popular outbreak in Western Pennsylvania, in the summer of 1794, on account of the imposition of duties on domestic distilled spirits. The people of Western Pennsylvania, where large quantities of whiskey were manufactured, resisted the collection of the revenue by excise officers with

as St. James's palace does to that of Great Britain. The corner-stone was laid 1792; building first occupied, by president Adams, 1800; burned by the British, 1814; restoration completed, 1818.

White League, formed in Louisiana and other southern states of North America, to resist the aggressions of the emancipated negroes and their friends, termed "carpet-baggers;" see New Orleans, 1874.

White Plains (New York state, U. S.), where a battle was fought 28 Oct. 1776, between the revolted Americans

and the British forces under sir William Howe. It ter-
minated in the defeat of the Americans, both sides suf-
fering considerable loss in killed, wounded, and prisoners.

who conquered Persia about 1468, and persecuted the
White Sheep, a name given to the Turcomans
Shiites, but were expelled by Ismail, who founded the
Sophi dynasty in 1501.

White Tower, the keep or citadel in the Tower of London, a large, square, irregular building, erected in 1070 by abbot Gundulph, afterwards bishop of Rochester. It measures 116 feet by 96, and is 92 feet in height: the walls, which are 11 feet thick, having a winding staircase continued along two of the sides, like that in Dover Castle. It contains an extensive armory. Within this tower is the ancient chapel of St. John, originally used by the English monarchs. The turret at the northeast angle, the highest of the four by which the White Tower is surmounted, was used for astronomical purposes by Flamsteed previous to the erection of the royal observatory at Greenwich.

Whitebait Dinner, when the cabinet ministers met at the end of each session, is said to have begun at the end of the last century, through sir Robert Preston and Mr. George Rose inviting Mr. Pitt and his colleagues to dine at Dagenham, and afterwards at Greenwich. Another account dates its origin in 1721. The annual whitebait dinner, stopped by the Gladstone ministry, was revived by the Disraeli ministry, 1 Aug. 1874, and continued by the Gladstone, 1 Sept. 1880. The whitebait (clupea alba) is a subject of controversy. Albert Günther, of the British Museum, in his "Catalogue of Fishes," says the whitebait is a purely nominal spe

cies," and that all the examples which he has examined were young herrings (1868).

Whitsuntide, a festival appointed to commemorate the descent of the Holy Ghost upon the apostles: At the inquiry in June, 1878, James Henry Cannon, fisherman, the newly baptized persons, or catechumens, are said to claimed the discovery of the fish for his grandfather, Rich-have worn white garments on Whit-Sunday. This feast ard, who named it 1780. It was mentioned in a letter in is movable, being always exactly seven weeks after the life of lord Malmesbury, 2 July, 1763. Easter. Rogation week (which see) is the week before Whit-Sunday. Whit-Sunday, 1881, 5 June; 1882, 28 May; 1883, 13 May; 1884, 1 June; 1885, 24 May. Whitsuntide, a Scotch quarter-day, is always on 15 May, as settled by an act of 1693, but local usage varies.

Whiteboys, a body of ruffians in Ireland, so called on account of their wearing linen frocks over their coats. They committed dreadful outrages in 1761, but were suppressed by a military force, and their ringleaders executed in 1762. They rose and were again suppressed in 1786-7. The Insurrection act was passed on their account in 1822.

Whitechapel, a parish in East London, was part of Stepney till 1329. The church, built in 1673, was replaced by one consecrated 2 Feb. 1877, which was burned 26 Aug. 1880.

Whitechapel Murder. Henry Wainwright, a brushmaker, murdered Harriet Lane, his mistress, on his premises, 215 Whitechapel road, and buried the body, Sept. 1874.

While conveying the mutilated remains to be concealed in his cellars in Southwark, Wainwright and Alice Day were apprehended, through the courage and activity of Alfred Philip Stokes, 11 Sept. Day was discharged; Henry and his brother Thomas were committed for trial,

13 Oct. 1875

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Whitefieldites. George Whitefield, the founder of the "Calvinistic Methodists," born 1714, was the son of an innkeeper at Gloucester, where he received his first education. He was admitted a servitor at Oxford in 1732, became a companion of the Wesleys there, and aided them in establishing Methodism. He parted from them in 1741, on account of their rejection of the doctrine of election. He was the most eloquent preacher of his day. His first sermon was preached in 1736, and he commenced field-preaching in 1739. He is said to have delivered 18,000 sermons during his career of 34 years. He visited America in 1737, 1739, and 1744. His followers are termed "the countess of Huntingdon's connection," from his having become her chaplain in 1748, and from her energetic support of the sect by establishing a college at Trevecca, 1767. There were 109 chapels of this connection in 1851; but many of his followers have joined the Independents. He died 30 Sept. 1770,

and the countess died 17 June, 1791; see Tabernacle.

Whitehall (London), built by Hubert de Burgh, earl of Kent, before the middle of the thirteenth century. It afterwards devolved, by bequest, to the Black Friars of Holborn, who sold it to the archbishop of York, whence it received the name of York place, and continued to be the town residence of the archbishops till taken by Henry VIII. from cardinal Wolsey, in 1530. period it became the residence of the court. Queen Elizabeth, who died at Richmond in 1603, was brought from thence to Whitehall, by water, in a grand procession. It was on this occasion, Camden informs us, that the following quaint panegyric on her majesty was written:

At this

"The queen was brought by water to Whitehall, At every stroke the oars did tears let fall. More clung about the barge: fish under water Wept out their eyes of pearl, and swam blind after. I think the bargemen might, with easier thighs, Have rowed her thither in her people's eyes; For howsoe'er thus much my thoughts have scann'd, She had come by water, had she come by land." Whitehall was partly burned, 9-10 April, 1691; totally destroyed by fire, 4 Jan. 1697-8, except the banquetinghouse, which had been added to the palace of Whitehall by James I., according to a design of Inigo Jones, in 1619. In the front of Whitehall Charles I. was beheaded, 30 Jan. 1649. George I. converted the hall into a chapel, 1723-4. The exterior of this edifice underwent repair between 1829 and 1833.

Whittington's Charities. Sir Richard Whittington, a citizen and mercer of London, served the office of lord mayor three times, the last in 1419. Many false stories are connected with his name, and his munificent charities are little known. He founded his college, dedicated to the Holy Ghost and the Virgin Mary, in 1424; and his almshouses in 1429; the latter, originally built in London, now stand on Highgate hill (built 1808) near the supposed site of the supposed famous stone which commemorated the legend of his return to London, after leaving it in despair.

Whitworth Foundations. Mr. (afterwards sir) Joseph Whitworth, the eminent engineer, in a letter to the first lord of the treasury, dated 18 March, 1868, offered to found 30 scholarships of the annual value of 100%. each, to be applied for the further instruction of young men, natives of the United Kingdom, selected by open competition for their intelligence and proficiency in the theory and practice of mechanics and its cognate sciences, with a view to the promotion of engineering and mechanical industry in this country; and he expressed hopes that means might be found for bringing science and industry into closer relation with each other than at present obtains here. This offer was accepted by the lords of the committee of the privy council, 28 March, 1868. In 1875, sir Joseph assigned an estate to support these scholarships.

Who? Who? Administration, Derby's, earl of, Feb. 1852 (which see).

"Whole Duty of Man" (the authorship doubtfully attributed to archbishops Sancroft, Frewen, and Sterne; to bishops Fell and Chapel; to Dorothy, lady Packington, and others); first published, 1659.-Lowndes. It is attributed by some to John Ischam.

Wickliffites, the followers of John Wickliffe (born 1324), a professor of divinity in the university of Oxford and rector of Lutterworth in Leicestershire. He was a forerunner of the reformation of the English church from of the pope, transubstantiation, the celibacy of the clergy, popery, being among the first who opposed the authority etc. Wickliffe, protected by John of Gaunt, Edward's son and Richard's uncle, was virulently persecuted by the church, and only saved from martyrdom by a paralytic attack, which caused his death, 31 Dec. 1384, in his 60th year. The Council of Constance, in 1414, decreed his bones to be disinterred and burned, which was done

by the bishop of Lincoln, and his dust was cast into the river Swift, 1415. Wickliffe's English version of the Bible was commenced in 1380; a noble edition of it was printed at Oxford in 1850; see Lollards.

Widows. The Jewish law required a man's brother to marry his widow (1490 B.C.). For the burning of widows in India, see Suttees. Among the numerous associations in London for the relief of widows are, one for the widows of musicians, instituted in 1738; for widows of naval men, founded in 1739; for widows of medical men, 1788: a law society, for widows of professional gentlemen, 1817; and a society for artist's widows, 1827.WIDOWERS were taxed in England as follows: a duke, 127. 10s.; lower peers, smaller sums; a common person, 1s.; 7 Will. III. 1695.

Wien, see Vienna.
Wife, see Wives.
Wig, see Peruke.

Wigan (Lancashire). The king's troops, command

ed by the earl of Derby, were defeated and driven out of the town in 1643 by the parliamentary forces under sir John Smeaton. The earl was again defeated by col. Ashton, who razed the fortifications of Wigan to the ground, same year; and once more, by a greatly superior force commanded by col. Lilburne, 1651. In this last engagement, sir Thomas Tildesley, an ardent royalist, was slain; a pillar was erected to his memory in 1679. The colliers in the neighborhood struck, and acting riotously 17, 18 April, 1868, were quelled by the military. Arrangements were soon after made with the employers. The prince and princess of Wales at their visit, 4 June, 1873, opened a new hospital, etc., and received a hearty welcome; see Railway Accidents, 2 Aug. 1873.

Wight, ISLE OF, the Roman Vecta, or Victis, was conquered by Vespasian in the reign of Claudius. It was conquered by the Saxons under Cerdic about 530; by the Danes, 787, and in 1001, when they held it for several years. It was invaded by the French, July, 1377, and has several times suffered from invasion by them. In 1442, Henry VI. alienated the isle to Henry de Beauchamp, first premier earl of England and then duke of Warwick, and afterwards crowned him king of the Isle of Wight, with his own hands; but dying without heirs male, his regal title died with him, and the lordship of the isle returned to the crown. Charles I., after his flight from Hampton court, was a prisoner in Carisbrooke castle, in 1647. In the time of Charles II. timber was very plentiful. In this isle is the queen's marine residence, Osborne house.

Wild Birds' Protection Acts, passed 10 Aug. 1872, 24 July, 1876, and 7 Sept. 1880.

Wilderness Battles, see United States, May, 1864, and Grant's Campaign in Virginia. Wilhelmshafen, at Hippens, bay of Jahde, Oldenburg, the first German military port, was inaugurated by William, king of Prussia, 17 June, 1869. Since 1871, it has become the Chatham of Germany. By explosion of a gun on the Mars, eight men killed and twenty injured, 27 April, 1881.

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from Doctors' Commons to Somerset House, was opened 24 Oct. 1874. The will of Peter the Great, described in the "Mémoires de la Chevalière d'Eon" as a "plan for compassing European supremacy." left for his successors, and deposited in the archives of the palaces of Peterhoff near St. Petersburg. It advocated "approach as near as possible to Constantinople, and towards the Indies; wars with Turkey and Persia; possession of the shores of the Black Sea, and the Baltic;" etc. The existence of the will (denied by the czars), was first announced by M. Lesur in his " Progrès de la Puissance Russe," published at Paris in 1812. In 1863, Dr. Berkholz of Riga asserted that the will was a forgery, probably dictated by Napoleon I. Mr. W. J. Thoms, the antiquary, and others, contend for the genuineness of the will, June, 1878. EXTRACTS FROM THE LAST WILL OF NAPOLEON I., EMPEROR OF FRANCE. ↑

[He died 5 May, 1821, eleven days after he had signed these documents. The original in French occupies about twentysix pages in Peignot's Testaments Remarquables," 1829.] "This day, 24 April, 1821, at Longwood, in the island of St. Helena. This is my testament, or act of my last will: . . . proof of my satisfaction for the attentions he has paid to me for "I leave the comte de Montholon 2,000,000 francs as a these six years, and to indemnify him for the losses which my residence in St. Helena has occasioned him. I leave to the comte Bertrand 500,000 francs. I leave to Marchand, my first valet-de-chambre, 400,000 francs; the services he has performed for me are those of a friend. I desire that he may marry a widow, sister, or daughter of an officer or soldier of my old guard. To St. Denis, 100,000 francs. To Novarre, To Archambaud, 100,000 francs. To Pijeron, 100,000 francs. 50,000 francs. To Cuvier, 50,000 francs. To Chandelle, idem. "To the Abbé Vignali, 100,000 francs. I desire that he may build his house near Ponte Novo de Rossino. To the comte Las Casas, 100,000 francs. To comte Lavalette, 100,000 francs. To the surgeon-in-chief, Larrey, 100,000 francs. Не is the most virtuous man I have known. To gen. Brayer, 100,000 francs. To gen.

Το

"To gen. Lefevre Desnouettes, 100,000 francs. Drouet, 100,000 francs. To gen. Cambronne, 100,000 francs. To the children of gen. Muton Duvernais, 100,000 francs. To the children of the brave Labédoyère, 100,000 francs. the children of gen. Girard, killed at Ligny, 100,000 francs. To the children of gen. Chartrand, 100,000 francs. To the children of the virtuous gen. Travost, 100,000 francs. Lallemand, the elder, 100,000 francs. To gen. Clausel, 100,000 francs. To Costa Bastilica, also 100,000 francs. To the baron de Menevalle, 100,000 francs. To Arnault, author of " Marius,"

100.000 francs.

To gen.

To col. Marbot, 100,000 francs; I request him to continuo to write for the defence and glory of the French armies, and to confound the calumniators and the apostates. To the baron

Wilkes's Number 45, see North Briton, and also Bignon, 100,000 francs; I request him to write the history of Warrants, General.

Williams's Library, see Libraries.
Willis's Rooms, see Almack's.
Willow-leaves, see Sun.

Wills and Testaments are of very high antiquity (see Gen. xlviii.). Solon introduced them at Athens, 578 B.C. There are regulations respecting wills in the Koran. Trebatius Testa, the civilian, introduced codicils to wills at Rome, 31 B.C. The power of bequeathing lands by the last will and testament of the owner was confirmed to English subjects 1 Hen. I. 1100; but with great restrictions and limitations respecting the feudal system, which were taken off by the statute of 32 Hen. VIII. 1541.-Blackstone's Commentaries. The first will of a sovereign on record is stated (but in error) to be that of Richard II. 1399; Edward the Confessor made a will, 1066. Various laws have regulated the wills and testaments of British subjects. All previous statutes were repealed by the "Wills act," 7 Will. IV. and 1 Vict. c. 26, 1837, and the laws with relation to wills amended.* The present PROBATE COURT (which see) was established in 1857. An office for the reception of the wills of living persons was opened in Jan. 1861; see Thellusson's Will. In 1869 twenty probates of wills or letters of administration were stamped for personal property, each exceeding a quarter of a million; one had a stamp of 21,000l. The Wills Office, removed

By this act the testator must be above 21, not a lunatic or idiot, not deaf and dumb, not drunk at the time of siguing, not an outlawed or unpardoned felon. All kinds of property may be devised. The will must be written legibly and intelligibly, and signed by the testator, or by his direction, in the presence of two or more witnesses, who also must sign. A married woman may bequeath only her pin-money or separate maintenance, without the consent of her husband.

French Diplomacy from 1792 to 1815. To Poggi de Talaro, 100,000 francs. To the surgeon Emmery, 100,000.

"These sums shall be taken from the six millions which I deposited on leaving Paris in 1815, and from the interest at the rate of 5 per cent. since July, 1815; the account of which shall be adjusted with the bankers by the counts Montholon and Bertrand and by Marchand.

"These legacies, in case of death, shall be paid to the widows and children, and in their default, shall revert to the capital. I institute the counts Montholon, Bertrand, and ment, written entirely by my own hand, is signed and sealed Marchand my testamentary executors. This present testawith my arms.

"24 April, 1821, Longwood."

"NAPOLEON.

will of the emperor: The following are part of the eight codicils to the preceding

I hope

"On the liquidation of my civil list of Italy-such as money, jewels, plate, linen, coffers, caskets of which the viceroy is the depositary, and which belong to me--I dispose of two mill. ions, which I leave to my most faithful servants. that without their showing any cause, my son Eugene Napoleon will discharge them faithfully. He cannot forget the forty millions which I have given him in Italy, or by the right (parage) of his mother's inheritance. Louisa, my very dear and well-beloved spouse, at Orleans, in From the funds remitted in gold to the empress Maria 1814, there remain due to me two millions, which I dispose of by the present codicil, in order to recompense my most of my dear Maria Louisa. I leave 200,000 francs to count Monfaithful servants, whom I beside recommend to the protection tholon, 100,000 francs of which he shall pay into the chest of the treasurer (Las Casas) for the same purpose as the above, to be employed according to my dispositions in legacies of

conscience.

"10,000 francs to the sub-officer Cantillon [died July, 1869], who has undergone a prosecution, being accused of a desire to assassinate lord Wellington, of which he has been declared innocent. Cantillon had as much right to assassinate that oligarch, as the latter had to send me to perish on the rock of St. Helena, etc., etc., etc.

†These documents, dated from 15 to 24 April, deposited since 1821 in England, have been given up to the authorities at Paris, at the request of the French government.

LETTER TO M. LAFITTE.

Wilmot Proviso. When a bill was pending in "MONSIEUR LAFITTE, -I remitted to you in 1815, at the congress to authorize the president to purchase territory moment of my departure from Paris, a sum of nearly six mill-in connection with negotiations for peace with Mexico, ions, for which you gave me a double receipt. I have cancelled one of these receipts, and I have charged comte de Montholon to present to you the other receipt, in order that you may, after my death, deliver to him the said sum with interest at the rate of five per cent., from the 1st of July, 1815, deducting the payments with which you have been charged in virtue of my order. I have also remitted to you a box containing my medallion. I beg you will deliver it to comte "This letter having no other object, I pray God, Monsieur Lafitte, that he may have you in his holy and worthy keep. ing. "NAPOLEON.

Montholon.

"Longwood, in the Island of St. Helena, 25 April, 1821.” The following WILL OF NAPOLEON III. was published in the Times, 30 April, 1873:

"April 24, 1865.

David Wilmot of Pennsylvania offered an amendment,
8 Aug. 1846, providing, "that as an express and funda-
mental condition to the acquisition of any territory from
the republic of Mexico, neither slavery nor involuntary
servitude should ever exist in any part of said territory."
This "proviso" was adopted by the house of representa-
It became the doctri-
tives, but rejected by the senate.
nal foundation of the free-soil party in 1848, and of the
republican party in 1856.

Wilmot's Act (sir E.), 3 & 4 Vict. c. 77 (1840) relates to schools.

Winchester (Hampshire), a most ancient city, whose erection may reasonably be ascribed to the Celtic "This is my will. I commend my son and my wife to the Britons, with the fabulous date 392 B.C. It was made high constituted authorities of the state (aux grands corps de the capital of the West Saxon kingdom under Cerdic, V'état), to the people, and the army. The empress Eugénie possesses all the qualities requisite for conducting the regency about 520; and of England by Egbert, 827; it became well, and my son displays a disposition and judgment which the residence of Alfred, 879-991. In the reign of Willwill render him worthy of his high destinies. Let him neveriam I. London began to rival it; and the destruction of forget the motto of the head of our family, 'Everything for the French people. Let him fix in his mind the writings of the prisoner of St. Helena; let him study the emperor's deeds and correspondence; finally, let him remember, when circumstances so permit, that the cause of the peoples is the cause of France. Power is a heavy burden, because one cannot always do all the good one could wish, and because your contemporaries seldom render you justice, so that, in order to fulfil one's mission, one must have faith in, and consciousness of, one's duty. It is necessary to consider that from heaven on high those whom you have loved regard and protect you; it is the soul of my illustrious uncle that has always inspired and sustained me. The like will apply to my son, for he will always be worthy of his name. I leave to the empress Eugénie all my private property. It is my desire that on the majority of my son she shall inhabit the Elysée and Biarritz. I trust that my memory will be dear to her, and that after my death she will forget the griefs I may have caused her. With regard to my son, let him keep as a talisman the seal I used to wear attached to my watch, and which comes from my mother; let him carefully preserve every thing that comes to me from the emperor, my uncle, and let him be convinced that my heart and my soul remain with him. I make no mention of my faithful servants. I am convinced that the empress and my son will never abandon them. I shall die in the Catholic, Apostolic, and Roman religion, which my son will always honor by his piety. Done, written, and signed with my hand at the palace of the Tuiler ies, the 24th of April, 1865.

"NAPOLEON."

The WILL OF PRINCE LOUIS NAPOLEON was written with his own hand, and signed 26 Feb. 1879, the night before he sailed for South Africa (where he was killed while on a reconnoitring party, 1 June, 1879). He states that he dies in the Cath olic religion; expresses his love for his country, his mother the empress, and his friends; and his gratitude to the queen and royal family of England, and to the English people for their cordial hospitality. He constitutes his mother sole legatee; bequeaths legacies and memorials to prince J. N. Murat, M. F. Pietri, baron Corvisart, M. Rouher, and others; and assigns to Victor, the eldest son of prince Napoleon Jerome, the task of coutinuing the work of Napoleon I. and Napoleon III. Executors, MM. Rouher and Pietri.

Willughby Society, devoted to the study of birds; founded in 1879; was named after Francis Willughby (1635-72), who wrote "Ornithologia," published 1676.

Wilmington (N. Carolina, U. S.) was held by the confederates; resisted severe attacks of the federals in Dec. 1864. Fort Fisher was taken by assault on 15 Jan; and Wilmington was evacuated by the confederates, 22 Feb. 1865.

religious houses by Henry VIII. almost ruined it. Several kings resided at Winchester, and many parliaments were held there. Memorials of its ancient superiority exist in the national denomination of measures of quantity, as Winchester ell, Winchester bushel, etc., the use of which has but recently been replaced by imperial measures. The cathedral church was first founded and endowed by Cynegils, or Kenegilsus, the first Christian king of the West Saxons. Becoming ruinous, the present fabric was begun by bishop Walkelyn, the 34th bishop, 1073. The church was first dedicated to St. Amphibalus, then to St. Peter, and afterwards to St. Swithin, once bishop here. Dedicated to the Holy Trinity by Henry VIII. St. Birinus was the first bishop of the West Saxons, his seat Dorchester, 636; Wina, in 660, was the first bishop of Winchester. The see is valued in the king's books at 27931. 4s. 2d. annually. Present income, 10,5007.

......

Taken by the Danes, 871-3; ravaged by Sweyn....
William Rufus buried here..

Hospital of Holy Cross, founded by bishop Henry de
Blois...
Winchester school, founded by bishop William of Wyke-
ham..

1013

1100

1132

1382-7

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Winchester several times taken and retaken, 1641-3;
taken by Cromwell and the castle dismantled..
Charles II. began a palace here by Wren..
Charitable Society of Natives founded..
Winchester Cross restored...
New Guildhall opened by lord-chancellor Selborne,

11 May, 1873

RECENT BISHOPS (prelates of the Order of the Garter). 1781. Brownlow North; died 12 July, 1820. 1820. George Pretyman Tomline; died 1827. 1827. Charles Richard Sumner; resigned 1869; died 15 Aug.

1869.

1873.

1874.

Samuel Wilberforce; clected Nov.; killed, through the fall of his horse, 19 July, 1873.

Edward Harold Browne; translated from Ely, Aug. Winchester (Va.). This town is situated in the Shenandoah valley. During the American civil war there were several conflicts here of greater or less importance. Here, on 23 March, 1862, gen. Shields repulsed this place, 25 May, and forced him to retreat. "Stonewall" Jackson. Jackson attacked gen. Banks at Gen.

Milroy held the town with 7000 men at the time of Lee's invasion, June, 1863.. On the approach of the confed

Wilmington Administration, succeeded that of erates he retreated 15 June, and a column of the enemy

sir Robert Walpole, Feb. 1742.

Earl of Wilmington, first lord of the treasury.

Lord Hardwicke, lord chancellor.

Earl of Harrington, president of the council.

Earl Gower, lord privy seal.

Mr. Sandys, chancellor of the exchequer.

Lord Carteret and the duke of Newcastle, secretaries of state.

Earl of Winchilsea, first lord of the admiralty.

gaining his rear, while another attacked in front, he was defeated, his whole force dispersed, and 2300 captured. In the autumn of 1864, gen. Sheridan, commanding the army of the Upper Potomac, held a strong position near the railroad from Harper's Ferry towards Winchester. The confederate general Early commanded a large force

Duke of Argyll, commander of the forces and master-general of in the valley of the Shenandoah, and on 18 Sept. was

the ordnance.

Mr. Henry Pelham, paymaster of the forces.
With several of the household lords.

[On lord Wilmington's death, 26 July, 1743, Mr. Pelham became prime minister; and in Nov. 1744, he formed the "Broad-bottom" administration; see Pelham.]

posted on the Opequan Creek near Winchester. Sheridan gained the rear of the confederates, and on 19 Sept. defeated them, capturing 4500 prisoners. On the confederate side gens. Rodes and Gordon were killed; on the national, gen. D. A. Russell was killed, and gens. Upton, McIn

tosh, and Chapman were wounded. The national loss was over 3000. The confederate loss in killed and wounded was 3500.

Winchester School, the oldest of our great schools, "Seinte Marie College of Wynchestre," the charter of which is dated Oct. 1382, was founded in 1387 by William (Long) of Wykeham, bishop of Winchester, who had established a school here in 1373. The ancient statutes were revised in 1855; and still further altered by the Public Schools act of 1868. In Nov.-Dec. 1872 there was much published correspondence respecting the tunding-the excessive punishment of the boys by boy prefects.

Winding-up Acts (to facilitate the winding-up the affairs of joint-stock companies which are unable to meet their engagements) were passed in 1848, 1849, 1857, and

1862.

Windmills are of great antiquity, and stated to be of Roman or Saracen invention. They are said to have been originally introduced into Europe by the knights of St. John, who took the hint from what they had seen in the crusades.-Baker. Windmills were first known in Spain, France, and Germany, in 1299.-Anderson. Wind saw-mills were invented by a Dutchman in 1633, when one was erected near the Strand, in London.

Windows. There were glass windows in Pompeii, A.D. 79, as is evident from its ruins. It is certain that windows of some kind were glazed so early as the third century, if not before, though the fashion was not introduced until it was done by Benedict Biscop, about 650. Windows of glass were used in private houses, but the glass was imported, 1177.-Anderson. In England, in 1851, about 6000 houses had fifty windows and upwards in each; about 275,000 had ten windows and upwards; and 725,000 had seven windows, or less than seven. Window tax first enacted in order to defray the expense of and deficiency in the recoinage of gold... 1695 The tax increased, 5 Feb. 1746-7; again in 1778; and again on the commutation-tax for tea.. 1 Oct. 1784 The tax again increased in.. .1797, 1802, and 1808 Reduced.. 1823

The revenue derived from windows was in 1840 about a million and a quarter sterling; and in 1850 (to 5 April), 1,832,6847.

The tax repealed by act 14 & 15 Vict. c. 36 (which act imposed a duty upon inhabited houses in lieu thereof),

24 July, 1851 Windsor Castle (Berkshire), a residence of the British sovereigns, begun by William the Conqueror, and enlarged by Henry I. about 1110. Edward III., who was born here, 13 Nov. 1312, caused the old building, with the exception of three towers at the west end, to be taken down, and re-erected the whole castle under the direction of William of Wykeham, 1356, and built St. George's chapel. He assessed every county in England to send him workmen. James I. of Scotland was imprisoned here, 1406-23. Several additions were made by Henry VIII. Elizabeth made the grand north terrace; and Charles II. repaired and beautified it, 1676–80. The chapel repaired and opened.. The castle repaired and enlarged, 1824-8; George IV. took possession. Royal stables built...

..Oct. 1790

...8 Dec. 1828

A serious fire in the prince of Wales's tower, owing to

1839

some defect in the heating apparatus.. 19 March, 1853 Our sovereigns have here entertained many royal personages, as the emperor and empress of the French, in April, 1855 Here died the prince consort.. .14 Dec. 1861 The Albert memorial chapel, on the site of Wolsey chapel, was opened.. .30 Nov. 1875 Windsor Forest, situated to the south and west of the town of Windsor, was formerly 120 miles in circumfer ence; in 1607 it was 77 miles round, but it has since been reduced in its bounds to about 56 miles. surveyed in 1789, and found to contain 59,600 acres. Virginia Water and the plantations about it were taken out of the forest.

It was

The marshes were drained and the trees planted for William, duke of Cumberland, about 1746; and much was done by George IV., who often resided at the lodge.

On the south side is Windsor Great Park; it contains about 3800 acres.

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Albert Institute, Windsor, opened by the prince of
Wales...
10 Jan. 1880
About 52,000 volunteers reviewed by the queen..9 July, 1881
Windsor Knights, see Poor and Knights.
Windward Isles (West Indies)-Barbadoes, St.
Vincent, Grenada, Tobago, and St. Lucia (which see).
Governor, Rawson W. Rawson, 1868; J. Pope Hennessy,
Feb. 1875; capt. Strahan, Nov. 1876; sir Henry Bulwer,
April, 1880.

Wine. "Noah planted a vineyard, and drank of the wine," 2347 B.C. (Gen. ix. 20); see Vine. Ching-Noung, emperor of China, is said to have made rice-wine, 1998 B.C. The art of making wine is said to have been brought from India by Bacchus. Christ changed water into wine at the marriage of Cana in Galilee, A.D. 30 (John ii. 3-10).

Wine sold in England by apothecaries as a cordial in
1300, and so continued for some time after, although
there is mention of "wine for the king" so early as
John.

The price regulated by statute, 5 Richard II..
The price was 12s. the pipe in...

A hundred and fifty butts and pipes condemned, for be-
ing adulterated, to be staved and emptied into the
channels of the streets by Rainwell, mayor of London
(Stow's Chron.)....

1381 1400

1427

An act for licensing sellers of wine in England passed, By the Methuen treaty, Portuguese wines were highly 25 April, 1661

favored, and French wines discouraged by heavy duties..

Wine duties to be 2s. 9d. per gallon on Cape wine, and

5s. 6d. on all other wines.

In the year ending 31 March, 1856, the customs duties on wines produced 1,856,120.; in 1858, 1,733,7297.; 1867, 1,391,1927.; 1876, 1,755,710ĺ.

By the French treaty of commerce, the duty on wines was much reduced...

1703

1831

Jan. 1860

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Winter Assizes Act, 39 & 40 Vict. c. 57 (11 Aug. 1876), gives power, by order in council, to unite counties for the purpose of winter assizes, for more speedy trials of prisoners.

Wire. The invention of drawing wire is ascribed to Rodolph of Nuremberg, about 1410. Mills for this purpose were first set up at Nuremberg in 1563. The first wire-mill in England was erected in Mortlake in 1663.— Mortimer.

Wirtemberg, see Würtemberg.

Wisconsin, a northwestern state of the United States was organized as a territory in 1836; and received into the Union 29 May, 1848.

Wissembourg, or WEISSENBURG, N. E. France, in the department of the Lower Rhine, situate on the right bank of the river Lauter, the boundary of France and the Palatinate. It was formerly an imperial city of Alsace, and was seized by Louis XIV. in 1673, and annexed to France by the treaty of Ryswick, 1697. The "lines" of Wissembourg, erected by Villars 1705, were taken by the Austrians and retaken by the French 1793, after Hoche's victory at Geisberg. On 4 Aug. 1870, the

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