Among their The French army in the Lithography. Zinc is much used in voltaic batteries, the costume, etc.; eventually the Africans disappeared and its application in manufactures has greatly increased from the ranks, and no more were added. of late years; see Photozincography. colonels were Lamoricière and Cavaignac. Zouaves formed an important part of the Crimean war, 1854–5.* Zirconium, the metallic base of the earth zirconia, which was discovered by Klaproth in 1789; from this Berzelius obtained the metal in 1824. Zirconia is found in the sand of the rivers of Ceylon. The metal exists in the form of a black powder. Zizyphus vulgaris. A shrub brought from the south of Europe about 1640. The Zizyphus Paliurus shrub (Christ's Thorn), was brought from Africa about 1596; see Flowers. Zodiac. Its obliquity was discovered, its twelve signs named, and their situations assigned them by Anaximander, about 560 B.C. The Greeks and Arabians borrowed the zodiac from the Hindoos.-Sir W. Jones. The zodiacal light was observed by Tycho Brahe, Descartes, and others, and named by Cassini, 1683. Zollverein (Customs Union), the name given to the German commercial union, projected by Prussia 1818, and gradually joined by nearly all the German states except Austria. On 19 Feb. 1853, an important treaty of commerce and navigation between Austria and Prussia, to last from Jan. 1854 to Dec. 1865, was signed, to which the other states of the Zollverein gave in their adhesion on 5 April, 1853. In Nov. 1861, Prussia threatened to withdraw unless certain changes were made. By the treaty of 8 July, 1867, between the North German confederation and the southern states (Bavaria, Würtemberg, Baden, and Hesse), various changes were made, and by other treaties signed in Oct. these states agreed to send delegates to a customs parliament to be held at Berlin. A session of this parliament was opened by the king of Prussia, 27 April, and closed 23 May, 1868. Federal chancellor, the count von Bismarck. Imports, 1876, valued at 191,000,0007.; exports, 1874, 120,500,000%. Zoology (from Lowv, Greek for animal) is the division of biology which treats of animals; Aristotle 322284 B.C.) the founder of the science. Systems of classification have been made by John Ray (1628–1705), Charles Linné (1707-78), G. Buffon (1707-88), and George Cuvier (1769-1832). Linnæus divided the animal kingdom into six classes-Mammalia, which includes all animals that suckle their young; Aves, birds; Amphibia, or amphibious animals; Pisces, fishes; Insecta, insects; Vermes, worms; 1741. Cuvier (died in Paris, 13 May, 1832) in his great work, "Règne Animal," published in 1816, distributed the animals into four great divisions-the Vertebrata (back-boned); the Mollusca (soft-bodied); the Articulata (jointed); and the Radiata (the organs disposed round a centre). In 1859, prof. Owen made known a system of arranging the class Mammalia according to the nature of their brains. The ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON (originally the Zoological Club) was founded in 1826, and its gardens in the Regent's Park were opened in April, 1827; the society was chartered 27 March, 1829. 2072 animals in the gardens, 31 Dec. 1871; about 500 animals from India given by the prince of Wales, May, 1876. Dr. James Murie was appointed by the society to be their first "anatomical prosector," 3 May, 1865. On the demolition of Exeter 'Change, in 1829, the menagerie of Mr. Cross was temporarily lodged in the King's Mews, whence it was removed to the Surrey Zoological Gardens, 1832. The Zoological Gardens of Dublin were opened, 1832. Zoological station for study, open to the public, established at Naples by prof. Anton Dohrn; opened 1 Oct. 1873. (See Aquarium, Hippopotamus, Giraffe, and Acclimatization, etc.) Zorndorff (Prussia), where a battle was fought between the Prussian and Russian armies; the former, commanded by the king of Prussia, obtained a victory over the forces of the czarina, whose loss amounted to 21,529 men, while that of the Prussians was about 11,000: 25, 26 Aug. 1758. Zouaves AND FOOT-CHASSEURS. When the French established a regency at Algiers in 1830, they hoped to find the employment of native troops advantageous, and selected the Zooaouas, a congregation of daring Arab tribes. In time numbers of red republicans and other enthusiastic Frenchmen joined the regiments, adopting Zug, the smallest canton of Switzerland, joined the confederation 1352, and the Sonderbund 1846. Zuider Zee, or SOUTH SEA, a gulf in the Netherlands, formerly a lake, united with the North Sea by inundations in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. In 1875 the Dutch chamber voted 9,500,000l. to reclaim the submerged land by drainage, and to erect a dike 26 feet high above the water, and 25 miles long; thus adding 759 square miles to the country. The Dutch Texel fleet here surrendered to admiral Mitchell, 30 Aug. 1799. Zuingli, who at Zurich declaimed against the church of Zuinglians, the followers of the reformer Ulric Rome, and effected the same separation for Switzerland from the papal dominion which Luther did for Saxony. He procured two assemblies to be called: by the first he was authorized to proceed, by the second the ceremonies of the Romish church were abolished 1519. Zuingli died in arms, being slain in a skirmish against his popish opponents, 11 Oct. 1531. The Zuinglians were also called Sacramentarians. Zullichau (Prussia). Here the Russians, under Soltikow, severely defeated the Prussians under Wedel, 23 July, 1759. Zulpich, see Tolbiac. Zulu Celibate Military System, founded by Godongwana, confirmed by Chaka and Durgaan; completed by Cetywayo. Zululand (Southeast Africa), near the British colony Natal. In the last century the Zulus were a peaceful, pastoral people. Godongwana, a chief (termed Dingiswayo, "the Wanderer," from his early life), began a military organization by forming a celibate army; killed in battle and succeeded by his vigorous and merciless ally, Chaka, styled king, by whom Zulu supremacy was mainly established over the Fingoes and other tribes.....about 1812 Chaka assassinated: succeeded by his brother Durgaan, crafty, treacherous, and cruel; at first friendly with the British at Natal (which see); made treaty with capt. Allen Gardiner.. Massacres, Retief, 70 Boers, and their servants (who had recovered his stolen cattle), 2 Feb., and about 600 afterwards; defeats the British and Dutch in several encounters; but is severely beaten by Andries Pretorius, .6 May, 1835 Rorke's Drift severely attacked; successfully defended by lieuts. Chard and Bromhead.. ..22 Jan. 1879 Zulus attack Inkanyana; defeated by col. Evelyn Wood, 24 Jan. Reinforcements requested; troops rapidly sent off from England... .19 Feb. et seq. Prince Louis Napoleon, requesting to join the British, permitted to go as a guest; sails.. ..27 Feb. Arrival of the Tamar with 800 men, etc., at Maritzburg, 11 March, British convoy near Itombi river cut to pieces by Zulus; wagons and stores captured; capt. David Moriarty killed... .12 March, Cety wayo's brother Oham, with 600 men, joins the British; announced.. .18 March, Col. Evelyn Wood attacks the Zulus on the Zlobani mountains; suffers much loss, 28 March; gains victory at Kambula... British advance to relieve Echowe. Zulus defeated at Ginghilovo.... Col. Pearson marches out of Echowe.. .29 March, .29 March, ...2 April, . 2, 3 April, .May, Sir Garnet Wolseley appointed commander-in-chief, governor of Natal, etc., sails for the Cape.. British total loss, 1186 killed; 86 died of disease; announced.. 27 May, Cetywayo said to have suppressed an insurrection, and retired to his kraal (or village) at Ulundi.. May, Reconnoitring party, under capt. J. Brenton Carey, on Imbabani, near the Mozani river, surprised; prínce Louis Napoleon (acting as commander) killed..1 June, Ultimatum sent to Cetywayo requiring restitution of cannon and total submission; time expired...12 June, Sir G. Wolseley arrives at the Cape.... .23 June, Stafford House South African aid committee formed. June, Zulu raid on cattle, which are recovered........ 25 June, Sir Garnet Wolseley sworn in as high-commissioner at Pietermaritzburg.. 28 or 29 June, Cetywayo totally defeated at Ulundi (which see)...4 July, Sir Garnet Wolseley receives chiefs... 12 July et seq. Lord Chelmsford resigns.. 15 July, Sentence upon capt. Carey respecting death of prince Napoleon quashed... .22 Aug. Pursuit of Cetywayo; captured by major Richard Marter..... ..28 Aug. Meeting of sir Garnet Wolseley with Zulu chiefs: settlement by treaty; Zululand to be divided into 13 independent districts; John Dunn to be a chief; British residents in each district (to be eyes and ears); celibate military system abolished; no arms to be imported; ancient laws and liberties retained; (John Dunn, 20 years in Zululand; conformed to Zulu ways)...1 Sept. Sir Garnet Wolseley's despatch, announcing end of the war, dated.. ..3 Sept. Zurich was admitted a member and made head of the Swiss confederacy 1351, and was the first town in Switzerland that separated from the church of Rome; see Zuinglians. A grave-digger at Zurich poisoned the sacramental wine, by which eight persons lost their lives and many others were grievously injured, 4 Sept. 1776. The French, under Massena, after repelling an attack of the Austrians, retired from Zurich, June, 1799. The imperialists were defeated by Massena, the former losing 20,000 men in killed and wounded, 25, 26 Sept. 1799; see Switzerland. A new democratic constitution was adopted 18 April, 1869. On 24 June, 1859, the Austrians were defeated by the allied A conference between the representatives of the powers concerned having been appointed, the first meeting took place at Zurich on 8 Aug. After many delays, a treaty was signed 10 Nov. Lombardy was ceded to Sardinia; the formation of an Italian confederation, under the presidency of the pope, was determined on; and the rights of the ex-sovereigns of Tuscany, Modena, and Parma were reserved. The formation of the kingdom of Italy in 1861 annulled the treaty of Zurich. Zutphen (Holland). At a battle here 22 Sept. 1586, between the Spaniards and the Dutch, the amiable sir Philip Sidney, the author of " Arcadia," was mortally wounded. He died 7 Oct. He was serving with the English auxiliaries, commanded by the earl of Leicester. Zuyder Zee, see Zuider Zee. Zuyper Sluys (Holland). Here sir Ralph Abercromby defeated an attack of the French under Brune; the latter suffered great loss, 9 Sept. 1799. Zwittau (Moravia). Here the Prussians defeated the Austrians and captured provisions, 10 July, 1866. ADDENDA. PAGE PAGE 16. AFGHANISTAN. Gholam Hyder holding Kelat-i-Ghil- 375. IRISH LAND ACT (see Ireland, April-Aug. 1881). 25. ALGIERS.-Bou Amema defeated by the French, 13 July; said to be preparing for a fresh revolt; three French columns advancing against him, Aug.; indecisive skirmishes, Aug. 1881. 70. BANK OF ENGLAND.-Discount raised to 3 per cent. 96. BILLINGSGATE MARKET was declared to be insuffi- 130. CANADA.-The marquess of Lorne's progress through 444. -It settles the rights of landlords and tenants; establishes a court of commission to try differences between them, and determines the conditions by which tenants may become proprietors; it affirms the virtual ownership of tenants with the power of selling their rights, securinc the payment of a just rent to the landlords to be settled by the court, and restricting evictions. First court of commission, sergeant O'Hagan, Edward Falconer Litton, and John Edward Vernon. Royal assent, 22 Aug. 1881. MARY-ANNE.-Secret republican associations, especially in France. The name was given to the republic of 1792, to the guillotine, and to little statuettes of Liberty. MECHANICAL ENGINEERS' INSTITUTION.-See under Engineers, 1847. 482. NEW RUGBY.- Reported failure of crops and prevalence of fever, Aug, 1881. 512. 232. EDINBURGH.-New dock at Leith opened by the duke 526. of Edinburgh, 26 July, 1881. About 40,000 Scottish volunteers reviewed in the Queen's park by the queen, 25 Aug. 1881. 236. EGYPT.-Ministerial crisis; the khedive requiring more personal influence; British pacific interference about 11 Aug. 1881. 260. EXECUTIONS.-Thomas Brown, murder of Elizabeth Caldwell, Nottingham, 15 Aug.; George Durling, murder of Fanny Musson, Maidstone, 23 Aug. 1881. 263. FAIR TRADE LEAGUE, NATIONAL, founded by Mr. Sampson Lloyd, Mr. David Macliver, and others, agriculturists and merchants, who issued a circular in Aug. 1881. 293. FRANCE.-Election addresses. M. Rouher retires from political life (virtual end of Bonapartism) about 31 July, 1881; prince Napoleon Jerome advocates progress everything for and by the people "-about 31 July; speeches of M. Gambetta at Tours, Belleville, 12 Aug.. advocating revision of the constitution, Aug.; M. Jules Ferry, at Nancy, deprecates division, about 11 Aug. Negotiations for treaty of commerce broken off; an nounced 16 Aug. 539. PARLIAMENT.-Mr. Bradlaugh's attempt to enter the -An international pharmaceutical congress (with an exhibition) was opened in London, 1 Aug. 1881. POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION announced to be closed 544. POPULATION. (According to census of April 4, 1881). on 27 Aug. 1881; affairs wound up. London (greater).... 3,452,350 | Dundee.. Liverpool.. 552,425 Brighton.. 140,054 128,407 127,953 400,757 Leicester. 122,351 393,676 Nottingham. 111,631 309,126 Aberdeen.. 105,003 284,410 Preston.. 93,707 273,064 Norwich 87,843 Edinburgh, etc 228,100 Cardiff.. 82,573 207,671 Plymouth. 77,401 206,503 York.. 59,596 180,459 Paisley.. 55,642 53.761 40,882 40,862 548. PORTUGAL-Elections; majority in favor of the ministry, 21 Aug. 1881. Elections; triumph of Gambetta and moderate republi- 330. GREENWICH OBSERVATORY. Mr. William Henry RAILWAY Accident.-Blackburn (Lancashire and Yorkshire); collision; 5 deaths; about 40 injured: 8 Aug. 1881. Christie appointed astronomer royal on the resignation 640. SPAIN.-Elections; majority for the ministry, 21 Aug. of sir G. B. Airy, Aug. 1881. 1881. 350. HOSPITAL SUNDAY, 19 June, 1881; report of meeting 669. TEMPERANCE.-International exhibition of objects con5 Aug. 1881: 369. INTERNATIONAL LAW.-The Association met at Co- 731. VIVISECTION.-Resolution in its favor passed by the logne, 16-19 Aug. 1881. International Medical Congress, London, 9 Aug. 1881. INDEX. [The references are to articles in the body of the work; the italics refer to articles in this Index. The year given is A. D. when ABBADIES expl. Ethiopia, 1837-45. Abbot, archbishop; Canterbury, 1611. Abdul Hamid; Turkey, 1774, 1876. Abel, F.A.; glyoxiline, 1867; gun cotton, Abel Oghlan, Dzoungeria, 1864. Ireland, lord-lieut., 1865; (duke), 1874. Aberdeen, earl of, 1784-1860; Aberdeen, Abernethy, J, surgeon, 1764-1831. Abinger, lord, att gen. 1827; exchequer. Acacius, Acacians, henoticon, 482. Acilius; statues, temples. Acton, Mrs., Royal Institute, 1838. Adalbert, St.; Prussia, 997. Adam; duels, 1779. Afranio; bassoon. Africanus; see Scipio. Agamemnon; Mycenæ, 1201 B.C. Age, proprietor of; trials, 1844. Agnew, Mr. Vans; India, 1848. Agricola; Britain, d. 93; Lancaster, Cale. Agricola, John, d. 1566; Antinomians. Airy, sir G. B., b. 1801; Greenwich, 1835; Alice, princess, 1843-78; England, royal Alison, Archibald, historian, 1792-1867; Allen and others; Fenians, 1867. Alvanley, lord; duel, 1835. Akeman, A. T.; administration United Alyattes; Lydia, 761 B.C. States, 1870. Akenside, Mark, poet, 1721-70. Albemarle, George Monk, duke of, 1608- Alberoni, cardinal, 1664-1752; Spain, 1715. Albert (prince consort), 1819-61; Eng- Albert I., assassination, 1308. Adam, R. and brothers, architects, 1728- Albuquerque (viceroy), d. 1515; India, 92. Adam, W. M.; mensuration. Adam, W. P.; Madras, 1880, whip. Addington, H., 1757-1844; Addington. England, queens Adelais; Adelaide; (Henry I., William IV.). Adeodatus; pope, 672. Adolphus, Frederic; Sweden, 1751. Aetius, Aëtians. | 1503. Alcantara, gen. ; Venezuela, 1876. Alcock, Mr.; duelling, 1807; sir R. Japan. Alden, Timothy, type-setting machine, Aldhelme; Salisbury. 705; ballads. Aleko Pacha, Roumelia. Alexander II, Russia, 1855; assassina- Alexander of Paris; Alexandrine. Alypius of Alexandria; dwarfs. Amadeus, duke of Aosta, b. 1845; king of Amadeus, Savoy; annunciation. Ambrose, St., d. 397; anthems, Te Deum, Ambrosius; Stonehenge. Amherst, lord; China, 1816; India, 1823. Amontons, W.; 1663-1705; telegraphs. Ampère, O. M., 1775-1836; electricity Amulius; Alba, 974 B.C. Amurath; Turkey, Beyrout. Amyntas; Macedon, 540 R. C. Anacharsis, 592 B.C.; anchors, bellows. Anacreon, Greek poet, fl. about 557 B.C. Andersen, Hans C., Danish novelist, Anderson, J.; slavery (in United States), Anderson, Mrs., physic, 1865. |