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founded in 1836. It contained 14,000 inhabitants in 1850, and 18,259 in 1855; about 30,000 in 1875. It was made a bishopric in 1847. University founded, 1876. It was visited by the duke of Edinburgh, 1 March, 1869.

Adelphi (Greek for brothers), several streets on the south side of the Strand, London, erected about 1768 by the brothers John, Robert, James, and William Adam, after whom the streets are named. ADELPHI THEATRE, built 1806, rebuilt 1858; see under Theatres.

Aden, a free port on the S.W. corner of Arabia, where in Dec. 1836 a British ship was wrecked and plundered. The sultan promised compensation, and agreed to cede the place to the English. The sultan's son refusing to fulfil this agreement to captain Haynes, a naval and military force, under captain H. Smith, of the Volage, was despatched to Aden, which captured it, 19 Jan. 1839. It is now a garrison and coal depot for Indian steamers, etc.

Adiaphorists (from adiaphora, indifferent things), a term applied to Melanchthon and others, who were willing to give up certain things to the Romanists as indifferent, about 1548.

Adige, a river in N. Italy, near which the Austrians defeated the French on 26, 30 March, and 5 April, 1799. Adjutators, see Agitators.

Administrations oF ENGLAND AND OF GREAT BRITAIN. Until the Restoration, 1660, there was not any cabinet in the modern sense. The sovereign was aided by privy-councillors, varying in number, the men and offices being frequently changed. The separation of the cabinet from the privy council became greater during the reign of William III., and the control of the chief, now termed the premier, began in the reign of Anne. "The era of ministries may most properly be reckoned from the day of the meeting of the parliament after the general election of 1698,"-Macaulay.* For a fuller account of each administration since 1700, see separate articles headed with the name of the PREMIER, given below in italics.

HENRY VIII-Archbishop Warham; bishops Fisher and
Fox; earl of Surrey, etc...

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Thomas Sackville, lord Buckhurst, afterwards carl of Dorset; sir Thomas Egerton, afterwards lord Ellesmere and viscount Brackley; sir Robert Cecil, etc.. JAMES I.-Thomas, earl of Dorset; Thomas, lord Ellesmere; Charles, earl of Nottingham; Thomas, earl of Suffolk; Edward, earl of Worcester; Robert Cecil, afterwards earl of Salisbury, etc..

Robert Cecil, earl of Salisbury; Thomas, lord Ellesmere; Henry, earl of Northampton; Charles, earl of Nottingham; Thomas, earl of Suffolk, etc..

Henry, earl of Northampton; Thomas, lord Ellesmere; Edward, earl of Worcester; sir Ralph Winwood; Charles, earl of Nottingham; Robert, viscount Rochester, afterwards earl of Somerset, etc..

Thomas, lord Ellesmere; Thomas, earl of Suffolk; Charles, earl of Nottingham; sir George Villiers (a favorite), afterwards viscount Villiers, and successively earl, marquess, and duke of Buckingham...

Sir Henry Montagu, afterwards viscount Mandeville and earl of Manchester...

Lionel, lord Cranfield, afterwards earl of Middlesex; Edward, earl of Worcester; John, earl of Bristol; John Williams, dean of Westminster; George Villiers, marquess of Buckingham; sir Edward Conway, etc..... CHARLES I-Richard, lord Weston, afterwards earl of Portland; sir Thomas Coventry, afterwards lord Coventry; Henry, earl of Manchester (succeeded by James, earl of Marlborough, who, in turn, gave place to Edward, lord, afterwards viscount, Conway); William William Laud, archbishop of Canterbury; Francis, lord Laud, bishop of London; sir Albert Morton, etc..... Cottington; James, marquess of Hamilton; Edward, earl of Dorset; sir John Coke; sir Francis Windebank, etc... William Juxon, bishop of London; sir John Finch, afterwards lord Finch; Francis, lord Cottington; Wentworth, earl of Strafford; Algernon, earl of Northumberland; James, marquess of Hamilton; Land, archbishop of Canterbury; sir Francis Windebank; sir Henry Vane, etc.

[The king beheaded, 30 Jan. 1649.] COMMONWEALTH.-Oliver Cromwell, protector, named a council, the number not to exceed 21 members, or be less than 13...

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Lord Wriothesley; Thomas, duke of Norfolk; lord Lisle; sir William Petre; sir William Paget, etc... EDWARD VI.-Lord Wriothesley, now earl of Southampton, lord chancellor (expelled); Edward, earl of Hertford, lord protector, created duke of Somerset; John, lord Russell; Henry, earl of Arundel; Thomas, lord Seymour; sir William Paget; sir William Petre, etc. John Dudley, late lord Lisle and earl of Warwick, created duke of Northumberland; John, earl of Bedford; bishop Goodrich, sir William Cecil, etc... MARY.-Stephen Gardiner, bishop of Winchester; Edmund Bonner, bishop of London; William, marquess of Winchester; s'r Edward Hastings, etc................

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Till 1850 the cabinet council usually consisted of the following twelve members: First lord of the treasury; lord chancellor; lord president of the council; chancellor of the exchequer; lord privy seal; home, foreign, and colonial secre taries; first lord of the admiralty; president of the board of trade; president of the board of control; chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster. In 1850 the number was fifteen, and included the secretary-at-war, the postmaster-general, and the chief secretary for Ireland. In the Palmerston-Russell cabinet (which see), the president of the poor-law board replaced the secretary for Ireland. In 1868 the Gladstone cabinet consisted of 15; that of Mr. Disraeli, in Feb. 1874, of 12. The average duration of a ministry has been set down at four, five, and six years; but instances have occurred of the duration of a ministry for much longer periods: sir Robert Walpole was minister from 1721 to 1742 (21 years); Mr. Pitt, 1783 to 1801 (18 years); and lord Liverpool, 1812 to 1827 (15 years). Several ministries have not lasted beyond a few months, as the Coalition Ministry in 1783, and the Talents" Ministry in 1806. The "Short-lived" Administration lasted 10 to 12 Feb. 1746.

George Monk, duke of Albemarle, made first commissioner of the treasury, etc. "Cabal" Ministry; Clifford, Ashley, Buckingham, Arlington, Lauderdale (see Cabal).. Thomas, lord Clifford; Anthony, earl of Shaftesbury; Henry, earl of Arlington; Arthur, earl of Anglesey; sir Thomas Osborne, created viscount Latimer; Henry Coventry; sir George Carteret; Edward Seymour, etc. 1672 Thomas, viscount Latimer, afterwards earl of Danby, made lord high treasurer.. 26 June, 1673 Arthur, earl of Essex (succeeded by Lawrence Hyde, af terwards earl of Rochester); Robert, earl of Sunderland, etc....

The king nominated a new council on 21 April, consisting of 30 members only, of whom the principal were the great officers of state and great officers of the household..........

1679

Sidney, lord Godolphin; Lawrence, earl of Rochester; Daniel, earl of Nottingham; Robert, earl of Sunder land; sir Thomas Chicheley; George, lord Dartmouth; Henry, earl of Clarendon; earls of Bath and Radnor.. 1684 JAMES II.-Lawrence, earl of Rochester; George, marquess of Halifax; sir George Jeffreys, afterwards lord Jeffreys; Henry, earl of Clarendon; sir John Ernley; viscount Preston, etc.

The earl of Rochester was displaced, and John, lord Belasyse, made first commiss oner of the treasury in his room, 4 Jan.; the earl of Sunderland made president of the council; viscount Preston, secretary of state,

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derland; earl of Dorset and Middlesex; William, earl (afterwards duke) of Devonshire; lord Godolphin; lord Montagu; lord De la Mere, etc... Sidney, lord Godolphin; Thomas, earl of Danby; Richard Hampden; Thomas, earl of Pembroke; Henry, viscount Sydney; Daniel, earl of Nottingham, etc.. Sir John Somers became lord Somers in 1697, and lord chancellor; Charles Montagu, afterwards lord Halifax, was made first commissioner of the treasury, 1 May, 1698, succeeded by Ford, earl of Tankerville 1699 ANNE. Sidney, lord (afterwards earl of) Godolphin; Thomas, earl of Pembroke, etc.... ..May, 1702 Robert Harley, carl of Oxford; sir Simon Harcourt, etc. 1 June, 1711

Charles, duke of Shrewsbury, made lord treasurer three days before the queen's death, etc............30 July, 1714 GEORGE I Charles, earl of Halifax (succeeded on his death by the earl of Carlisle), etc.

Henry Pelham, etc., again...

Thos. H. Pelham, duke of Newcastle; earl of Holderness,

etc....

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1742 .Aug. 1743 "Broad-bottom" administration-Henry Pelham; lord Hardwicke, etc.... .. Nov. 1744 10-12 Feb. 1746 12 Feb. 66 April, 1754 .Nov. 1756 ...June, 1757

GEORGE III.-Duke of Newcastle, Mr. Pitt's ministry, continued...

Earl of Bute; lord Henley, etc..

1760 .. May, 1762

George Grenville; earls of Halifax and Sandwich, etc.

April, 1763

Marquess of Rockingham; earl of Winchilsea, etc..July, 1765
Earl of Chatham; duke of Grafton, etc.
Duke of Grafton; lord North, etc..
Frederick, lord North; earl Gower, etc.

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Aug. 1766 .Dec. 1767 ..Jan. 1770

[Lord North was minister during the whole of the American war.]

"Coalition Ministry," duke of Portland; lord North; C. J. Fox; Edmund Burke, etc... William Pitt; Henry Dundas, etc....

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... April, 1783 ..Dec.

[During Mr. Pitt's long administration, numerous changes in the ministry took place.] Henry Addington; duke of Portland; lord Eldon, etc. March et seq. 1801 William Pitt, lord Eldon; George Canning, etc., May et seq. 1804 [Mr. Pitt died 23 Jan. 1806.]

"All the Talents"-lord Grenville; lord Henry Petty; lord Erskine; C. J. Fox; sir Charles Grey (afterwards earl Grey)

. Feb. 1806 [Mr. Fox's death, 13 Sept. 1806, led to numerous changes.]

Duke of Portland; lord Eldon, etc. *. March, 1807 Spencer Perceval; earl of Liverpool; viscount Palmerston, etc.... Nov. and Dec. 1809 REGENCY.-Mr. Spencer Perceval (shot by Bellingham, .5 Feb. 1811 Earl of Liverpool; lord Eldon; Mr. Vansittart; lord Melville; viscounts Castlereagh, Palmerston, etc.. May. June, 1812 GEORGE IV.-Earl of Liverpool, etc.. 29 Jan. 1820

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Subsequent accessions: F. T. Baring; earl of Clarendon; T. B. Macaulay, etc. Viscount Melbourne resigned, and sir Robert Peel received the queen's commands to form a new administration, 8 May. This command was withdrawn, and lord Melbourne returned to power... ..10 May, 1839 Sir Robert Peel; duke of Wellington; lord Lyndhurst; sir James Graham; earl of Aberdeen; lord Stanley, etc. Aug. and Sept. 1841 [Accessions: Sidney Herbert; W. E. Gladstone, etc.] Lord John Russell; viscount Palmerston; earl Grey, etc. July, 1846

[Accessions: earl Granville; Mr. Fox Maule; earl of Carlisle; sir Thomas Wilde, created lord Truro, etc.] Lord John Russell and the marquess of Lansdowne on the 24 Feb. announced the resignation of ministers, owing to their defeat on Mr. Locke King's motion respecting the franchise; they informed parliament that, it hav ing been found impossible to construct a coalition ministry, the queen, by the advice of the duke of Wellington, had called upon her late ministers to resume of fice. Lord Stanley (since carl of Derby), in the interval, had been unable to form a cabinet.......3 March, 1851 Earl of Derby (late lord Stanley); lord St. Leonards; Benjamin Disraeli; Spencer H. Walpole; earl of Malmesbury; sir John Pakington; duke of Northumberland, ...27 Feb. 1852 Earl of Aberdeen; lord John Russell; viscount Palmerston, etc.. .28 Dec. Various changes of offices took place; a fourth secretary of state was appointed, by the separation of the war from the colonial department; see Secretaries of State. The retirement of lord J. Russell, 24 Jan. 1855, and a majority in the commons against ministers of 157 (305 to 148), on Mr. Roebuck's motion respecting the conduct of the war, led to the resignation of lord Aberdeen and his colleagues, 30 Jan.; the cabinet was reconstructed by

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On the second reading of the Foreign Conspiracy bill, the government (defeated by a vote of censure being passed by a majority of 19, on the motion of Mr. Milner Gibson) resigned immediately. .19 Feb. 1858 Earl of Derby; Benjamin Disraeli; Spencer Walpole; lord Stanley; sir F. Thesiger (lord Chelmsford), etc.. 26 Feb. [The Derby administration, in consequence of a vote of want of confidence in it being carried by a majority of 13, 10 June, 1859, resigned the next day. Earl Granville failed to form an administration.] Viscount Palmerston; lord John (since earl) Russell, etc. 18 June, 1859

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[Lord Palmerston died 18 Oct. 1865.] Earl Russell; W. E. Gladstone; carl of Clarendon; etc. Oct. 1865 Resigned, in consequence of a minority on the Reform bill, 19 June... .26 June, 1866 Earl of Derby; Benjamin Disraeli; lord Stanley, etc. For changes, see Derby Administrations.. .6 July, Earl of Derby resigned through ill-health.... Feb. 25, 1868 B. Disraeli reconstituted the administration.....29 Feb. Mr. Disraeli resigned in consequence of the elections in November giving a majority of about 114 to the Liberals.. .2 Dec. 66 W. E. Gladstone; earl of Clarendon; Robert Lowe; John Bright, and others, received seals. .9 Dec. Lost their majority by the general election, Feb.; resigned... ..17 Feb, 1874

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The duel between lord Castlereagh and Mr. Canning, 22 President: George Washington, of Va.

Sept. 1809, led to the breaking up of this administration.

FIRST ADMINISTRATION-1789 TO 1797. Vice-president: John Adams, of Mass.

Secretaries of State: Thomas Jefferson, of Va., 26 Sept. 1789; Edmund Randolph, of Va., 2 Jan. 1794; Timothy Pickering, of Mass., 10 Dec. 1795.

Secretaries of the Treasury: Alexander Hamilton, of N. Y., 11 Sept. 1789; Oliver Wolcott, of Conn., 3 Feb. 1795. Secretaries of War: Henry Knox, of Mass., 12 Sept. 1789; Timothy Pickering, of Mass., 2 Jan. 1795; James McHenry, of Md., 27 Jan. 1796.

Secretaries of the Navy. No navy department was organized during Washington's administration.

Postmasters general: Samuel Osgood, of Mass., 26 Sept. 1789; Timothy Pickering, of Mass., 7 Nov. 1794; Joseph Habersham, of Ga., 25 Feb. 1795.

Attorneys-general: Edmund Randolph, of Va., 26 Sept. 1789; William Bradford, of Pa., 27 Jan. 1794; Charles Lee, of Va., 10 Dec. 1795.

SECOND ADMINISTRATION-1797 TO 1801. President: John Adams, of Mass. Vice-president: Thomas Jefferson, of Va. Secretaries of State: Timothy Pickering, continued in office; John Marshall, of Va., 13 May, 1800. Secretaries of the Treasury: Oliver Wolcott, continued in of fice; Samuel Dexter, of Mass., 31 Dec. 1800. Secretaries of War: James McHenry, continued in office; Samuel Dexter, of Mass., 13 May, 1800; Roger Griswold, of Conn., 3 Feb. 1801.

Secretaries of the Navy: George Cabot, of Mass., 3 May, 1798, declined; Benjamin Stoddert, of Md., 21 May, 1798. Postmaster general: Joseph Habersham, continued in office. Attorney-general: Charles Lee, continued in office.

THIRD ADMINISTRATION-1801 TO 1809.

President: Thomas Jefferson, of Va.

SEVENTH ADMINISTRATION-1829 TO 1837. President: Andrew Jackson, of Tenn. Vice-presidents: John C. Calhoun, of S. C.-resigned 28 Dec. 1832; Martin Van Buren, of N. Y., 4 March, 1833. Secretaries of State: Martin Van Buren, of N. Y., 6 March, 1829; Edward Livingston, of La., 24 May, 1831; Louis McLane, of Del., 29 March, 1833; John Forsyth, of Ga., 27 June, 1834.

Secretaries of the Treasury: Samuel D. Ingham, of Pa., 6 March, 1829; Louis Mclane, of Del., 8 Aug. 1831; William J. Duane, of Pa., 29 May, 1833; Roger B. Taney, of Md., 23 Sept. 1833-not confirmed by the senate; Levi Woodbury, of N. H., 27 June, 1834.

Secretaries of War: John H. Eaton, of Tenn., 9 March, 1829; Lewis Cass, of Mich., 1 Aug 1831-resigned Nov. 1836. Secretaries of the Navy: John Branch, of N. C., 9 March, 1829; Levi Woodbury, of N. H., 23 May, 1831; Mahlon Dickerson, of N. J., 30 June, 1834.

Postmasters-general: William T. Barry, of Ky., 9 March, 1829. Previous to this date the postmaster-general had not been recognized as a member of the president's cabinet. Amos Attorneys-general: John McPherson Berrien, of Ga., 9 March, Kendall, of Ky., 1 May, 1835. 1829; Roger B. Taney, of Md., 27 Dec. 1831; Benjamin F. Butler, of N. Y., 24 June, 1834.

EIGHTH ADMINISTRATION-1837 TO 1841. President: Martin Van Buren, of N. Y. Vice-president: Richard M. Johnson, of Ky. Secretary of State: John Forsyth, continued in office. Secretary of the Treasury: Levi Woodbury, continued in of fice.

Secretary of War: Joel R. Poinsett, of S. C., 7 March, 1837.

Vice-presidents: Aaron Burr, of N. Y., from 1801 to 1805; Secretaries of the Navy: Mahlon Dickerson, continued in ofGeorge Clinton, of N. Y., from 4 March, 1805.

Secretary of State: James Madison, of Va., 5 March, 1801. Secretaries of the Treasury: Samuel Dexter, continued in of fice; Albert Gallatin, of Pa., 26 Jan. 1802.

Secretary of War: Henry Dearborn, of Mass., 5 March, 1801. Secretaries of the Navy: Benjamin Stoddert, continued in of fice; Robert Smith, of Md., 26 Jan. 1802; Jacob Crowninshield, of Mass., 2 March, 1805.

Postmasters general: Joseph Habersham, continued in office;
Gideon Granger, of Conn., 26 Jan. 1802.

Attorneys general: Levi Lincoln, of Mass., 5 March, 1801; Rob-
ert Smith, of Md., 3 March, 1805; John Breckinridge, of
Ky., 17 Jan. 1806; Cæsar A. Rodney, of Del., 20 Jan. 1807.
FOURTH ADMINISTRATION-1809 TO 1817.
President: James Madison, of Va.
Vice-presidents: George Clinton, of N. Y., died 20 April, 1812;
Elbridge Gerry, of Mass., 4 March, 1813-died 23 Nov. 1813.
Secretaries of State: Robert Smith, of Md., 6 March, 1809;
James Monroe, of Va., 2 April, 1811.

Secretaries of the Treasury: Albert Gallatin, continued in of fice; George W. Campbell, of Tenn., 9 Feb. 1814; Alexander J. Dallas, of Pa., 6 Oct. 1814.

Secretaries of War: William Eustis, of Mass., 7 March, 1809; John Armstrong, of N. Y., 13 Jan. 1813; James Monroe, of Va., 27 Sept. 1814, acting secretary; William H. Crawford, of Ga., 3 March, 1815.

Secretaries of the Navy: Paul Hamilton, of S. C., 7 March, 1809; William Jones, of Pa., 12 Jan. 1813; Benjamin W. Crowninshield, of Mass., 17 Dec. 1814.

Postmasters-general: Gideon Granger, continued in office; Return J. Meigs, of O., 17 March, 1814.

Attorneys general: Cæsar A. Rodney, continued in office;
William Pinckney, of Md., 11 Dec. 1811; Richard Rush, of
Pa., 10 Feb. 1814.

FIFTH ADMINISTRATION-1817 TO 1825.
President: James Monroe, of Va.
Vice-president: Daniel D. Tompkins, of N. Y.

Secretary of State: John Quincy Adams, of Mass., 5 March,

1817.

Secretary of the Treasury: William H. Crawford, of Ga., 5 March, 1817. Secretaries of War: Isaac Shelby, of Ky., 5 March, 1817, declined the appointment; George Graham, of Va., 7 April, 1817; John C. Calhoun, of S. C., 8 Oct. 1817. Secretaries of the Navy: Benjamin W. Crowninshield, continued in office; Smith Thompson, of N. Y., 9 Nov. 1818; John Rogers, of Mass., 1 Sept. 1823; Samuel L. Southard, of N. J.,

16 Sept. 1823. Postmasters-general: Return J. Meigs, continued in office; John McLean, of O., 26 June, 1823.

Attorneys-general: Richard Rush, continued in office; William Wirt, of Va., 13 Nov. 1817.

SIXTH ADMINISTRATION-1825 TO 1829.

President: John Quincy Adams, of Mass.
Vice-president: John C. Calhoun, of S. C.
Secretary of State: Henry Clay, of Ky., 7 March, 1825.
Secretary of the Treasury: Richard Rush, of Pa., 7 March,

1825.

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fice; James K. Paulding, of N. Y., 20 June, 1838. Postmasters general: Amos Kendall, continued in office; John M. Niles, of Conn., 18 May, 1840.

Attorneys general: Benjamin F. Butler, continued in office; Felix Grundy, of Tenn., 7 July, 1838; Henry D. Gilpin, of Pa., 10 Jan. 1840.

NINTH ADMINISTRATION-1841 To 1845.

President: William Henry Harrison, of O. Died 4 April, 1841, when John Tyler, the vice president, became president. Vice president: John Tyler, of Va. Secretaries of State: Daniel Webster, of Mass., 5 March, 1841 -resigned 8 May, 1843; Hugh S. Legaré, of S. C., 9 May, 1843-died 20 June, 1843; Abel P. Upshur, of Va., 24 July, 1843-killed by the bursting of a cannon, 28 Feb. 1844; John Nelson, of Md. (acting secretary), 29 Feb. 1844; John C. Calhoun, of S. C., 6 March, 1844.

Secretaries of the Treasury: Thomas Ewing, of O., 5 March, 1841 resigned 11 Sept. 1841; Walter Forward, of Pa., 13 Sept. 1841-resigned 1 March, 1843; Caleb Cushing, of Mass., rejected by the senate; John C. Spencer, of N. Y., 3 March, 1843; George M. Bibb, of Ky., 15 June, 1844. Secretaries of War: John Bell, of Tenn., 5 March, 1841-resigned 11 Sept. 1841; John McLean, of O., 13 Sept. 1841, declined; John C. Spencer, of N. Y., 12 Oct. 1841; James M. Porter, of Pa., 8 March, 1843, rejected by the senate; William Williams, of Penn., 15 Feb. 1844.

Secretaries of the Navy: George E. Badger, of N. C., 5 March, 1841-resigned 11 Sept. 1841; Abel P. Upshur, of Va., 13 Sept. 1841; David Henshaw, of Mass., 24 July, 1843, rejected by the senate; Thomas W. Gilmer, of Va., 15 Feb. 1844died 28 Feb. 1844; John Y. Mason, of Va., 14 March, 1844. Postmasters-general: Francis Granger, of N. Y., 6 March, 1841 -resigned 12 Sept. 1841; Charles A. Wickliffe, of Ky., 13 Sept. 1841.

Attorneys-general: John J. Crittenden, of Ky., 5 March, 1841resigned 11 Sept. 1841; Hugh S. Legaré, of S. C., 13 Sept. 1841; John Nelson, of Md., 1 July, 1843.

March, 1845.

President: James K. Polk, of Tenn.
TENTH ADMINISTRATION-1845 TO 1849.
Secretary of State: James Buchanan, of Pa., 5 March, 1845.
Vice-president: George M. Dallas, of Pa.
Secretary of the Treasury: Robert J. Walker, of Miss., 5
Secretary of War: William L. Marcy, of N. Y., 5 March, 1845.
Secretaries of the Navy: George Bancroft, of Mass., 10 March,
Postmaster-general: Cave Johnson, of Tenn., 5 March, 1845.
1845; John Y. Mason, of Va., 9 Sept. 1846.
Attorneys general: John Y. Mason, of Va., 5 March, 1845; Na-
than Clifford, of Me., 17 Oct. 1846; Isaac Toucey, of Conn.,
21 June, 1848.

ELEVENTH ADMINISTRATION-1849 To 1853. President: Zachary Taylor, of La. Died 9 July, 1850, and was succeeded by the vice-president.

Vice-president: Millard Fillmore, of N. Y. Secretaries of State: John M. Clayton, of Del., 7 March, 1849resigned 10 July, 1850; Daniel Webster, of Mass., 20 July, 1850-died 24 Oct. 1852; Edward Everett, of Mass., 9 Dec. 1852. Secretaries of the Treasury: William M. Meredith, of Pa., 7 March, 1849-resigned 10 July, 1850; Thomas Corwin, of O., 20 July, 1850.

Secretaries of War: George W. Crawford, of Ga., 7 March, 1849 -resigned 10 July, 1850; William A. Graham, of N. C., 20 July, 1850-resigned 15 July, 1852; John P. Kennedy, of Md., 22 July, 1852.

Secretaries of the Interior (a new office): Thomas Ewing, of O., 7 March, 1849--resigned 10 July, 1850; James A. Pearce, of Md., 20 July, 1850; T. McKennon, of Pa., 15 Aug. 1850, and died soon afterwards; Alexander H. H. Stuart, of Va., 12 Sept. 1850.

Postmasters general: Jacob Collamer, of Vt., 7 March, 1849resigned 10 July, 1850; N. K. Hall, of N. Y., 20 July, 1850resigned Aug. 1852; Samuel D. Hubbard, of Conn., 31 Aug. 1852.

Attorneys general: Reverdy Johnson, of Md., 7 March, 1849resigned 10 July, 1850; John J. Crittenden, of Ky., 20 July, 1850.

TWELFTH ADMINISTRATION-1853 TO 1857. President: Franklin Pierce, of N. H. Vice-president. William R. King, of Ala. Died 18 April, 1853. Secretary of State: William L. Marcy, of N. Y., 5 March, 1853. Secretary of the Treasury: James Guthrie, of Ky., 5 March, 1853.

Secretary of War: Jefferson Davis, of Miss., 5 March, 1853. Secretary of the Navy: James C. Dobbin, of N. C., 5 March,

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signed 14 Dec. 1860. Jeremiah S. Black, of Pa., succeeded Secretaries of the Treasury: Howell Cobb, of Ga., 6 March, 1857-resigned 10 Dec. 1860; Philip F. Thomas, of Md.-resigned 11 Jan. 1861; John A. Dix, of N. Y.

Secretary of the Treasury: John Sherman, of O., 8 March,
1877.
Secretaries of War: George W. McCrary, of Ia., 12 March, 1877;
Alexander Ramsey, of Minn., 10 Dec. 1879.
Secretaries of the Navy: Richard W. Thompson, of Ind., 12
March, 1877; Nathan Goff, Jr., of W. Va., 6 Jan. 1881.
Secretary of the Interior: Carl Schurz, of Mo., 12 March, 1877.
Postmasters-general: David M. Key, of Tenn., 12 March, 1877;
Horace Maynard, of Tenn., 2 June, 1880.
Attorney-general: Charles Devens, of Mass., 12 March, 1877.
SEVENTEENTH ADMINISTRATION-1881.
President: James A. Garfield, of O.-died 19 Sept. 1881, when
vice-president Chester A. Arthur, of N. Y., becaine president.
Vice-president: Chester A. Arthur, of N. Y., succeeded to the
presidency 19 Sept. 1881.
Secretaries of State: James G. Blaine, of Me., 5 March, 1881;
F. T. Frelinghuysen, of N. J., 12 Dec. 1881.
Secretaries of the Treasury: William Windom, of Minn., 5
March, 1881; Charles J. Folger, of N. Y., 27 Oct. 1881.
Secretary of War: Robert T. Lincoln, of Ill., 5 March, 1881.
Secretary of the Navy: William H. Hunt, of La., 5 March,
Secretary of the Interior: Samuel J. Kirkwood, of Ia., 5
March, 1881.
Postmasters-general: Thomas L. James, of N. Y., 5 March,
1881; Timothy O. Howe, of Wis., 20 Dec. 1881.
Attorneys general: Wayne McVeagh, of Pa., 5 March, 1881;
Benjamin Harris Brewster, of Pa., 16 Dec. 1881.

1881.

Administrative Reform Association derived its origin from an opinion that the disasters which occurred to the army in the Crimea in 1854-5 were attributable to the inefficient and irresponsible management of the various departments of the state.

The asso

Secretaries of War: John B. Floyd, of Va., 6 March, 1857-reciation was organized in London, 5 May, 1855. A meetsigned 29 Dec. 1860; Joseph Holt, of Ky., 30 Dec. 1860. Secretary of the Navy: Isaac Toucey, of Conn., 6 March, 1857. Secretary of the Interior: Jacob Thompson, of Miss., 6 March, 1857-resigned 8 Jan. 1861.

Postmasters general: Aaron V. Brown, of Tenn., 6 March, 1857-died 8 March, 1859; Joseph Holt, of Ky., July, 1859, Horatio King, of Me., 12 Feb. 1861.

Attorneys general: Jeremiah S. Black, of Pa., 6 March, 1857; Edwin M. Stanton, of O., Dec. 1860.

FOURTEENTH ADMINISTRATION-1861 TO 1869.

Presidents: Abraham Lincoln, of Ill. -died 15 April, 1835. An drew Johnson, of Tenn., succeeded Abraham Lincoln, 15 April, 1865.

Vice-presidents: Hannibal Hamlin, of Me.; Andrew Johnson, of Tenn., 4 March, 1855-died 31 July, 1875. Secretary of State: William H. Seward, of N. Y., March, 1861. Secretaries of the Treasury: Salmon P. Chase, of O., March, 1861; William P. Fessenden, of Me., Sept. 1864; Hugh McCulloch, of Ind., March, 1865. Secretaries of War: Simon Cameron, of Pa., March, 1861; Ed

win M. Stanton, of O., Jan. 1862. Secretary of the Navy: Gideon Welles, of Conn., March, 1861.

Secretaries of the Interior: Caleb B. Smith, of Ind., March, 1861-resigned Dec. 1862; John P. Usher, of Ind., Jan. 1863; James Harlan, of Ia., May, 1865; O. H. Browning, of Ill., July, 1866. Postmasters general: Montgomery Blair, of Md., March, 1861; William Dennison, of O., Oct. 1864; Alexander W. Randall, of Wis., July, 1866.

Attorneys general: Edward Bates, of Mo., March, 1861; James Speed, of Ky., Dec. 1864; H. F. Stansberry, of Ky., July,

1866.

FIFTEENTH ADMINISTRATION-1869 TO 1877. President: Ulysses S. Grant, of Ill. Vice-presidents: Schuyler Colfax, of Ind.; Henry Wilson, of Mass., 4 March, 1873. Secretaries of State: Elihu B. Washburne, of Ill., 5 March, 1869; Hamilton Fish, of N. Y., 11 March, 1869. Secretaries of the Treasury: George S. Boutwell, of Mass., 11 March, 1869; Will am A. Richardson, of Mass., 17 March, 1873; Benjamin H. Bristow, of Ky., 2 June, 1874; Lot M. Morrill, of Me., 21 June, 1876.

of Mich., 19 Oct. 1875.

Secretaries of War: John A. Rawlins, of Ill., 11 March, 1869; William T. Sherman, of O., 9 Sept. 1869; William W. Belknap, of Ia., 25 Oct. 1869. Secretaries of the Navy: Adolph E. Borie, of Pa., 5 March, 1869; George M. Robeson, of N. J., 25 June, 1869. Secretaries of the Interior: Jacob D. Cox, of O., 5 March, 1869, Columbus Delano, of O., 1 Nov. 1870; Zachariah Chandler, Postmasters-general: John A. J. Creswell, of Md., 5 March, 1869; James W. Marshall, of Pa, 3 July, 1874; Marshall Jewell, of Conn., 24 Aug. 1874; James N. Tyner, of Ind., 12 July, 1876. Attorneys general: Ebenezer R. Hoar, of Mass., 5 March, 1869; Amos T. Akerman, of Ga., 23 June, 1870; George H. Will iams, of Or., 10 Jan. 1872; Edwards Pierrepont, of N. Y., 15 May, 1875; Alphonso Taft, of O., 22 May, 1876.

SIXTEENTH ADMINISTRATION-1877 TO 1881.

President: Rutherford B. Hayes, of O.
Vice-President: William A. Wheeler, of N. Y.

ing was held in Drury-lane theatre on 13 June, and Mr. Layard's motion on the subject in parliament was nega tived 18 June following. The association was reorganized in 1856, Mr. Roebuck, M.P., becoming chairman, but soon became unimportant; see Civil Service.

Admiral. The title does not appear to have been adopted in England until about 1300, but was previously in use in France.-Sir Harris Nicolas. Alfred, Athelstan, Edgar, Harold, and other kings were commanders of their own fleets. The first French admiral is said to have been appointed 1284. The rank of admiral of the English seas was first given to William de Leybourne by Edward I. in 1297.-Spelman; Rymer. The first LORD HIGH ADMIRAL in England was created by Richard II. in 1385; there had been previously high admirals of districts-the north, west, and south. The duties have generally been executed by lords commissioners; see Admiralty. A similar dignity existed in Scotland from the reign of Robert III. In 1673, Charles II. bestowed it upon his natural son Charles Lennox, afterwards duke of Richmond, then an infant, who resigned the office to the crown in 1703: after the union it was discontinued. -The dignity of lord high admiral of Ireland (of brief existence) was conferred upon James Butler by Henry VIII. in May, 1534. The Admiral of the Fleet is the highest rank in the Royal navy, corresponding to that of field-marshal in the army. We have now 5 admirals of the fleet, 16 admirals, 19 vice-admirals, 31 rear-admirals, and 174 captains (April, 1881). The rank of admiral in the United States navy was created July 25, 1866, for the purpose of honoring David G. Farragut and suitably rewarding him for his eminent services.

Admiralty, COURT OF, a court for the trial of causes relating to maritime affairs, said to have been erected by Edward III. in 1357. It was enacted in the reign of Henry VIII. that criminal causes should be tried by witnesses and a jury, some of the judges at Westminster (or, as now, at the Old Bailey) assisting. The judgeship of the admiralty was constituted in 1514, and was filled by two or more functionaries until the Revolution, when it was restricted to one.-Beatson. The judge has usually been an eminent doctor of the civil law. In 1844 the criminal jurisdiction of this court was removed, and by 20 & 21 Vict. c. 77 (1857), the judge of the Probate court was to be also judge of the Admiralty court. The judge of the Admiralty court, Dr. Stephen Lushington (appointed in 1838), resigned 1

Secretary of State: William M. Evarts, of N. Y., 12 March, July, 1867, and was succeeded by Sir Robert Phillimore.

1877.

The jurisdiction of this court was extended in 1861; see

Supreme Court. In the United States admiralty juris- | 1828. Robert, viscount Melville, 19 Sept.
diction is exercised by the circuit and district courts. 1830. Sir James Robert George Graham, bart., 25 Nov.

1834. George, lord Auckland, 11 June.

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1858. Sir John Pakington, bart,, 26 Feb.
1859. Edward, duke of Somerset, June.
1866. Sir John Pakington, bart., 6 July.
1867. Henry Lowry Corry, 8 March.

Admiralty, Whitehall. "At the south end of Thomas Philip, earl de Grey, 23 Dec. Duke street, Westminster, was seated a large house 1835. George, lord Auckland, 25 April. Gilbert, earl of Minto, 19 Sept. made use of for the admiralty office, until the business 1841. Thomas, earl of Haddington, 8 Sept. was removed to Greenwich, and thence to Wallingford 1846. Edward, earl of Ellenborough, 13 Jan. house, against Whitehall." It was rebuilt by Ripley 1849. Sir Francis Thornhill Baring, 18 Jan. George, earl of Auckland, 24 July. about 1726; the screen was erected, to conceal the ugli- 1852. Algernon, duke of Northumberland, 28 Feb. ness of the building, by the brothers Adam, in 1776.-1853. Sir James Robert George Graham, 5 Jan. Lord Nelson lay in state in one of the apartments on 8 1855. Sir Charles Wood, bart., 24 Feb. Jan. 1806, and on the next day was buried at St. Paul's. Admiralty and War-office Act, to facilitate improvements in the organization of these offices, by the retirement of clerks from certain of the civil departments by granting gratuities, was passed 10 Aug. 1878. Admiralty Office dates from 1512, when Henry VIII. appointed commissioners to inspect his ships of war. During the Commonwealth the admiralty affairs were managed by a committee of the parliament; and at the restoration in 1660, James, duke of York, became lord high admiral. In 1662 the admiralty was first put into commission, the great officers of state being the commissioners; see succeeding changes below. In 1688-9

the admiralty was put into commission, and the board appears to have assembled at admiral Herbert's lodgings, in Channel row, Westminster, he being at that time first lord. In 1830, 1832, and 1836 various changes were made in the civil departments, several offices being abolished or consolidated with others. In March, 1861, a royal commission recommended the abolition of the board of admiralty and the appointment of a minister of the navy department. The board was reconstituted 14 Jan. 1869, and 4 May, 1872.

FIRST LORDS OF THE ADMIRALTY.

1660. JAMES, DUKE OF YORK, lord high admiral, 6 June. 1673. KING CHARLES II., 14 June.

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PRINCE RUPERT, 9 July.

1679. Sir Henry Capel, 14 Feb.

1680. Daniel Finch, esq., 19 Feb.

1681. Daniel, lord Finch, 20 Jan.

1683. Daniel, earl of Nottingham, 17 April.

1684. KING CHARLES II.

1685. KING JAMES II., 17 May.

Office in commission.

1689. Arthur Herbert, esq., 8 March.

1690. Thomas, earl of Pembroke and Montgomery, 20 Jan.
1692. Charles, lord Cornwallis, 10 March.
1693. Anthony, viscount Falkland, 15 April

1694. Edward Russel, esq. (afterwards earl of Orford), 2 May.
1699. John, earl of Bridgewater, 2 June.
1701. Thomas, earl of Pembroke, 4 April.

1702. GEORGE, PRINCE OF DENMARK, lord high admiral, 20 May.
1708. Thomas, earl of Pembroke, ditto, 29 Nov. Office in com-

mission.

1709. Edward, earl of Orford, 8 Oct.

1710. Sir John Leake, 4 Oct.

1712. Thomas, earl of Strafford, 30 Sept.

1714. Edward, earl of Orford, 14 Oct.
1717. James, earl of Berkeley, 19 March.
1727. George, viscount Torrington, 2 Aug.
1733. Sir Charles Wager, knt., 25 June.
1742. Daniel, earl of Winchilsea, 19 March.
1744. John, duke of Bedford, 27 Dec.
1748. John, earl of Sandwich, 10 Feb.
1751. George, lord Anson, 22 June.

1756. Richard, earl Temple, 19 Nov.

1757. Daniel, earl of Winchilsea, 6 April.

66 George, lord Anson, 2 July.

1762. George M. Dunk, earl of Halifax, 19 June. 1763. George Grenville, esq., 1 Jan.

64 John, earl of Sandwich, 23 April. (6 John, earl of Egmont, 10 Sept. 1766. Sir Charles Saunders, 10 Sept. Sir Edward Hawke, 10 Dec. 1771. Jolin, earl of Sandwich, 12 Jan. 1782. Hon. Augustus Keppel, 1 April.

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Thomas Grenville, esq., 23 Oct.

1807. Henry, lord Mulgrave, 6 April.
1809. Charles Yorke, esq., 10 May.
1812. Robert, viscount Melville, 25 March.

1868. Hugh Culling Eardley Childers, 9 Dec.
1871. George Joachim Göschen, 9 March.
1874. George Ward Hunt, 21 Feb.; died 29 July, 1877.
1877. William Henry Smith, about 7 Aug.
1880. Thomas George Baring, earl of Northbrook, 28 April.

"Admonition TO THE PARLIAMENT," condemning all religious ceremonies but those commanded by the New Testament, was published by certain Puritans in 1571. Its presumed authors, Field and Wilcox, were imprisoned. A second Admonition, by Thomas Cartwright, was answered by archbishop Whitgift.

doges were frequently members, disturbed Genoa from Adorno AND Fregoso, two families, of which the the fourteenth to the sixteenth century; the former favoring the emperor, the latter the French king. Their power was annihilated by Andrea Doria about 1528.

Adrian's (or Hadrian's) Wall (to prevent the irruptions of the Scots and Picts into the northern counties of England, then under the Roman government) extended from the Tyne to Solway frith, and was eighty miles long, twelve feet high, and eight feet in thickness, with watch-towers; built 121. It was repaired and strengthened by Severus, 207–210.

Adri

Adrianople, in Turkey, so named after its restorer, the emperor Adrian, or Hadrian (who died 10 July, 138). Near here Constantine defeated Licinius and gained the empire, 3 July, 323; also, near here the emperor Valens was defeated and slain by the Goths, 9 Aug. 378. anople was taken by the Turks, under Amurath, in 1361, and was their capital till the capture of Constantinople in 1453. It was taken by the Russians on 20 Aug. 1829; and restored 14 Sept. same year; occupied by the Russians, without resistance, 20 Jan. 1878; see Turkey.

Adriatic. The ceremony of the doge of Venice wedding the Adriatic sea (instituted about 1173) took place annually on Ascension-day. The doge dropped a ring into the sea from his Bucentaur, or state barge, being attended by his nobility and foreign ambassadors. The ceremony was first omitted in 1797.

Adullam, a cave to which David fled from the persecution of Saul about 1062 B.C. (1 Sam. xxii. 1, 2). Mr. Horsman, Mr. R. Lowe, earl Grosvenor, lord Elcho, and other liberals who opposed the Franchise bill in 1866 were termed "Adullamites." During a debate on this bill on 13 March, 1866, Mr. Bright said of Mr. Horsman that he "had retired into what may be called his political cave of Adullam, to which he invited every one who was in debt, and every one who was discontented," etc. On 19 April, lord Elcho said, "No improper motive has driven us into this cave, where we are a most happy family, daily-I may say, hourly-increasing in number and strength, where we shall remain until we go forth to deliver Israel from oppression.” Although their opposition led to the defeat and resignation of the Russell ministry, they declined to take office under lord Derby in July, 1866. They did not vote together uniformly in 1867, and (lord Elcho and Mr. Wyld excepted) voted with Mr. Gladstone for the disestablishment of the Irish church, 1 May, 1868.

Adulteration. That of food was prohibited in England in 1267, and punishments for it enacted, 1581, 1604, 1836, 1851, etc. Much attention was drawn to it in 1822, through Mr. Accum's book, called "Death in the Pot," and in 1855 through Dr. Hassall's book, “Food and its Adulterations." By an act for preventing the adulteration of food, passed in 1860, parochial chemical ana

1827. WILLIAM HENRY, DUKE OF CLARENCE, lord high admiral, lysts may be appointed. An act to prevent adulteration

2 May; resigned 12 Aug. 1828.

of seeds passed 16 Aug. 1869, amended 1878.

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