THE ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL INFORMATION ELEVENTH EDITION VOLUME XI NEW YORK THE ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA COMPANY 1910 RFA 50.23 (11) 7F38 FOGG ART MUSEUM Reit? Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910, The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. INITIALS USED IN VOLUME XI. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS,1 WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED. A. G. B.* Lecturer on Church History in the University of Manchester. HON. ARCHIBALD GRAEME BELL, M.INST.C.E. Director of Public Works and Inspector of Mines, Trinidad. Member of Executive and Legislative Councils, Inst.C.E. ARTHUR GEORGE DOUGHTY, C.M.G., M.A., LITT.D., F.R.,HIST.S. Dominion Archivist of Canada. Member of the Geographical Board of Canada. Author of The Cradle of New France; &c. Joint-editor of Documents relating to the Constitutional History of Canada. ARTHUR HAMILTON SMITH, M.A., F.S.A. Keeper of the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities in the British Museum. Member of the Imperial German Archaeological Institute. Author of Catalogue Professor of Divinity and Biblical Criticism, University of St Andrews. Author of History of Religion; &c. Editor of Review of Theology and Philosophy. Gastrotricha. Colonel, Royal Engineers. Royal Medallist, Royal Society, 1887. In charge of Geodesy (in part). V See the biographical article, WARD, A. W. {Garrick, David (in part). Formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Author of Foundations of Geometry: VI. (in part). A. W. W. ADOLPHUS WILLIAM WARD, LITT.D., LL.D. B. A. W. R. HON. BERTRAND ARTHUR WILLIAM RUSSELL, M.A., F.R.S. CHARLES RAYMOND BEAZLEY, M.A., D.LITT., F.R.G.S., F.R.HIST.S. CLAUDE REGNIER CONDER, LL.D. Colonel. Royal Engineers. Formerly in command of Survey of Palestine. Author Galileo, (in par (in part). REV. CHARLES TAYLOR, M.A., D.D., LL.D. (1840-1908). { Formerly Master of St John's College, Cambridge. Vice-Chancellor, Cambridge Geometrical Continuity. CECIL WEATHERLY. Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Barrister-at-Law. SIR CHARLES WILLIAM WILSON, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., F.R.S. (1836-1907). Major-General, Royal Engineers. Secretary to the North American Boundary Commission, 1858-1862. British Commissioner on the Servian Boundary Com- mission. Director-General of the Ordnance Survey, 1886-1894. Director-General Galilee, Sea of (in part). DUGALD CLERK, M.INST.C.E., F.R.S. Director of the National Gas Engine Co., Ltd. Inventor of the Clerk Cycle Gas Gas Enginè. DONALD FRANCIS TOVEY. Fugue. { Balliol College, Oxford. Author of Essays in Musical Analysis, comprising The Classical Concerto, The Goldberg Variations, and analyses of many other classical |