Brownsville and surrendered to the American soldiers, who promptly disarmed and held them in accordance with orders from General Parker then at Brownsville. There were 84 who thus crossed to the Texas side. In the early morning of the fourth, those defenders who had not been killed or had not crossed to the Texas side, escaped and later appeared about six miles west from Brownsville, but on the Mexican side. They were not allowed to cross into Texas. Later, Antonio Echarzarrete, one of the, Captains, was captured and publicly executed in Matamoros.

Blancho's forces remained at Matamoros until August, 1913, and then marched on Victoria and Linares, some two hundred miles west and southwest from Matamoros.

While the Mexicans were battling in Mexico and their forces were in close touch with the border, Governor Oscar Colquitt, in response to numerous requests from citizens along the border, at first requested and then demanded from the Washington Administration that a part of the 25,000 soldiers mobilized in Texas should be sent to the border to relieve the great tension. Upon a refusal of the Administration to send the troops, he at once called out the Texas State troops and among others sent the Dallas Light Artillery, Capt. Fred Logan, and the Third Infantry, Texas State Militia to Fort Brown. Soon thereafter, on April 16, 1914, Major Sedgwick Rice with three troops of the 3rd U. S. Cavalry and a machine gun platoon, arrived at Ft. Brown. Soon afterwards, four companies of Coast Artillery, Major Kephart in command, acting as infantrymen, arrived. Then followed Col. Guy Carlton, and later, about the latter part of July, 1914, Col. A. P. Blocksom, the latter remaining in command at Brownsville until May, 1916, when Gen. James Parker assumed command of the district and division.

The Carranzistas (Blanco's men reënforced) remained at Matamoros in peaceful possession until March, 1915, but in the interim sanguinary conflicts were almost of daily occurrence throughout the Republic, the principal scene of battle being northern Mexico. During the periodical combats along the border of Texas and of New Mexico and Arizona, more than twenty Americans on the Texas and American side of the river and boundary line, men and women, were struck by bullets from the Mexican side, and killed.

Madero's death occurred on February 22, 1913, just 12 days before President W. H. Taft vacated his chair as president of the United States, so no action was taken by him relative to the recognition of Huerta. He had requested that all Americans should depart from Mexico. When Woodrow Wilson assumed the reigns of the American government he declared that he would not recognize anyone who should have ascended to the presidency through assassination and he, too, ordered all Americans to depart from Mexico. This brought about a feeling of resentment between the old Diazistas and Huertistas who charged that the American president was meddling in Mexico's affairs, favoring the Constitutionalists.

American warships under Admiral Fletcher and Badger and Mayo had been sent to the Mexican ports of Tampico and Vera Cruz to protect as far as possible, the larger interests in those sections. The Constitutionalists gradually encircled Tampico and about the third of April, 1914, began a battle with the Huertistas who occupied the City. They already had captured the outskirts and a fierce fire was raging between them when on April 10, 1914, an entire whaleboat's crew of the Dolphin, auxiliary to U. S. fleet in Tampico, was sent ashore for mail. As soon as the marines touched Mexican soil, Col. Manuel Hinojosa, a Federal officer, approached them and stated that they might consider themselves under arrest. He paraded them through the

streets of Tampico en route to the Commandancia. They were soon released. The fact that American marines should have suffered such an insult was resented by Admiral Mayo, then in command of the fleet, who demanded an immediate apology from the Mexican government, and a salute of the flag. The Huerta government refused this. More protests and communications passed between Washington and the Mexican capital, but no apology was forthcoming. Immediately American warships were rushed to Vera Cruz and Tampico. The soldiers mobilized at Galveston and Bay City were ordered to hold themselves in readiness. Transports which had been lying at Galveston were fully provisioned.

On April 21, 1914, President Wilson was advised that a steamship, the Ipiranga, was approaching Vera Cruz with arms and munitions intended for the Huerta government. President Wilson at once ordered Admiral Fletcher to prevent the landing of the arms and munitions. As the Ipiranga was flying the German flag, no jurisdiction could be taken over her, but Fletcher landed marines and took possession of the Vera Cruz custom house and docks. The American boats, Prairie and Utah landed marines, and these were followed by marines and a battalion of seamen from the Florida, the total forces landed by the three boats being 787 officers and men of whom 502 were marines, all under command of Capt. W. R. Rush, U. S. Navy. The Prairie was compelled to shell certain parts of Vera Cruz to silence a fire which developed from the Naval School and other por tions of the city. During the attack and the landing, 4 American marines were killed and 21 wounded, the Mexican loss being 150 killed and unknown wounded.

At 9 P. M., the San Francisco landed two companies of seamen. The Chester followed and entered the harbor at midnight. Admiral Badger arrived at 3 A. M. on the twenty

second with five battleships and landed the marine and seamen battalions of the Arkansas, New Hampshire, South Carolina, Michigan, and New Jersey. Mexican regulars aided by volunteers, policemen, and prisoners from the famous San Juan de Ulua dungeons, who had been armed by the Mexican General, Mass, resisted the advance, but very feebly.

The Ipiranga arrived but later proceeded to Puerto, Mexico, and there landed her cargo.

On April 23, 1914, the American flag was flying from Admiral Fletcher's headquarters in the Terminal hotel. The Star Spangled Banner was played while 21 guns fired by the Minnesota heralded the news to the American fleet.

The Fifth Brigade of the United States Army under command of Brigadier General, Frederick Funston, arrived at Vera Cruz at daylight on the twenty-eighth. On the twentyninth of April the troops were distributed, the 4th U. S. Infantry being assigned to the care of the railroad yards and tracks. The American troops remained at Vera Cruz until November 23, 1914, when they reëmbarked for Galveston and home.

Failing to obtain the recognition of the United States and other countries, Gen. Victoriano Huerta abdicated and sailed from Mexico, via Puerto, Mexico, on the fifteenth day of August, 1914.

During the month of October, 1914, Francisco Villa, an erstwhile bandit, trainwrecker, and subsequently general under Carranza, deflected and proclaimed himself an independent chief, beginning a new revolution.

During the month of September, 1915, the United States recognized Venustiano Carranza as the logical head and FIRST CHIEF of the Republic of Mexico. Francisco Villa, whose armies were still in the field in opposition to Carranza, resented this act of the United States, and shortly afterwards ordered the assassination of seventeen neutral Americans

who were taken from a train at Santa Ysabel, Chihuahua, while en route to their homes.

On March 9, 1916, a band of marauders, led by Villa or his officers, swooped down during the late hours of night on the town of Columbus, New Mexico. Eight U. S. soldiers and ten Americans were killed. More than one hundred of the attacking party were killed in the short battle which followed. Maj. Frank Tompkins, with two troops 13th U. S. Cavalry pursued the Mexicans a short distance into Mexico, but fearing an ambush and being without sufficient supplies for a long march, returned, his troop "G" having killed eighteen of the marauders.

On March 15, 1916, General Pershing entered Mexico with the First Punitive expedition. Since that date he has retraced a part of his road and with 12,000 men is now (September 22, 1916) at Colonia Dublan, two hundred miles south of the Border, but in Mexico.

On March 30, 1916, a squadron of the 7th U. S. Cavalry fought 500 Villistas at San Geronimo, the latter being dispersed. Losses: Americans, none. Mexicans, unknown. It is claimed Villa was wounded in this attack.

On April 13, 1916 Carranzistas and citizens of Mexico attacked the American troops at Parral, but were repulsed upon the arrival of reënforcements. Casualties: One American soldier killed and one wounded. Mexicans, 40 killed including a Mexican major. Major Tompkins reported that Carranzistas began the attack.

On April 22, 1916, Col. E. Dodds, 10th U. S. Cavalry, encountered 260 Villistas at Tomachi, Chihuahua, Mexico. In the battle which ensued the losses were few, exact number unobtainable.

On May 5, 1916, Major Howze, with a detachment of the 11th U. S. Cavalry, surprised and dispersed a large band of