of millions of dollars, and the only purpose served through this favoritism is that their products come in free and they profit enormously on the one side through an abatement of duty on our part and through the medium of contract or slave labor on the part of the planters.

Oahu is an island of 600 square miles, containing 384,000' acres, and it has a population of 40,205 people. On this island is situated the city of Honolulu, containing about 30,000 people. The island also contains many sugar plantations, owned almost entirely by natives of the Hawaiian Islands, men whose fathers or grandfathers were citizens of the United States, who were born on the island, whose ancestors went there to confer upon those people the blessings of civilization, and whose sons have beaten them out of their property and out of their Government.

Molokai is an island of 270 square miles, containing 172,800 acres, with a population of 2,307, 1,200 of whom are lepers. This island is a leper colony. On one side it is fertile. There are one or two sugar plantations, but the island is given up almost entirely to the custody and care of lepers. They are isolated, and have been placed upon this island because the disease is contagious.

I notice, as one of the assets paraded by the advocates of annexation, the cost of this leper plant. It is given as one reason why we should annex the island that this is a part of the property we will acquire if the Government takes Hawaii. It is a wonderful, a most desirable, asset! There are 1,200 lepers, and as an inducement for us to accept the island these enterprising sons of missionaries throw in among the assets the value of this leper colony plant.

Maui is an island of 760 square miles, containing 467,000 acres, with a population of 17,726, engaged in the production of sugar. This island is exceedingly fertile, and there are vast areas yet uncultivated and capable of producing sugar, and upon it there is considerable in the way of American interests. Upon this island are the plantations of Spreckels and his boy,

and the stock in those companies is quite largely held in this country.

Lanai is an island of 150 square miles, containing 96,000 acres, and has a population of 105 people. There is no American interest there. It is a grazing island.

Hawaii, which is the principal island of the group, has an area of 4,210 square miles, or 2,649,000 acres. Its population is 33,285. This island, like all the others, is a product of volcanic action. They were thrown up from the bed of the Pacific. The island of Hawaii is 14,000 feet in height, and has upon it one of the greatest volcanoes in the world. The crater upon the summit, which is 13,600 feet above the sea, and Kilauea, the crater upon its side, being 4,000 feet above the sea, are always active. This island is exceedingly rich. There are vast areas of tropical vegetation capable of producing great quantities of the products of tropical lands.

The total area of all these islands is 6,677 square miles, or 4,208,000 acres. The Hawaiian Islands are within the Tropics. They are capable of producing only the products of the Tropics. They are susceptible of great development beyond that which has already occurred. They are capable of maintaining, in my opinion, three or four times the population that they now possess.

It was argued by the friends of annexation when the debate opened upon the treaty presented for the annexation of these islands that they were enormously rich; that they would produce a valuable trade, and would therefore confer a great benefit upon the people of the United States. I am willing to accept that statement.

Now it is argued that we only need a coaling station and that the islands are barren, volcanic rocks, not capable of population, and therefore that question is unimportant, hardly worthy of consideration. We will, however, go into that subject farther along.

MR. PRESIDENT,' I propose to show the character of the people who inhabit the Sandwich Islands; I propose to show 1. Speech in the Senate March 2, 1895.

that they are unfit and incapable of self-government, and that no such climate ever produced a great race of men. A few great men have been produced as near the tropics as the Hawaiian Islands; but you can not in the world anywhere produce a dominant race of men near the tropics. The people who live in that latitude are only fit to be governed by others of hardier birth; for them equal suffrage is impossible. I propose to show by the missionaries themselves that the people who inhabit those islands are utterly worthless, utterly incompetent, and not capable of self-government. I propose to show by the official reports the character of the contract laborers, that they are the scum of the world; and then I propose to show that the dominant invaders, the men who rule that country to-day, the 630 Americans, are also unfit to live in a republic.

I have in my hand the report of C. M. Hyde, the only resident missionary of the Board of Foreign Missions, and here is what he says about the native population of the Hawaiian Islands:

Here is one incident of recent occurrences: The acting pastor of a church on Maui found that the Sunday-school superintendent was drinking heavily of sweet-potato beer and was often drunk. He brought the case before the deacons, but they decided that they would do nothing about it, for two reasons assigned: (1) Sweet-potato beer was the common food of the people; (2) drunkenness was so common that it could not be treated as an offense. Thereupon the pastor on the succeeding Sunday proceeded to read a long proclamation after the fashion set by the Provincial Government, deposing the Sunday-school superintendent for reasons assigned, as unworthy of his official position.

The people of Kaumakapili Church in this city who do not like the well-known opposition of their pastor to the late Queen and her misrule, presented a petition for his removal. The chief reason assigned was that they had not paid him his salary in full for the last two years, and this violation of their contract they acknowledged and made it the basis of their petition that he should be removed from the pas

torate.

He says further:

The number of superannuated missionaries has constantly diminished till now there are only three surviving, only one of these an ordained preacher. The management of the churches has fallen entirely into the

Now I propose to read a portion of the address of the Rev. Mr. Bishop, who spent his life among these people, and my apology for reading it is that inasmuch as there is a great effort to annex those people to this country, and perhaps make the islands a State of this Union, the people of this country have a right to know the character of the population we propose to annex. Under the head of "Wiveless Chinese" Mr. Bishop says:

This is an evil of recent growth, which acts most perniciously upon the social life of Hawaiians. There are some 20,000 Chinamen of the lowest class, without their women, distributed throughout the islands in close contact with the natives, and in many districts outnumbering the Hawaiian males. The effect is necessarily very destructive to the purity of native families, although not more so than the presence of a similar number of unmarried whites would be. There is no doubt but that many native households in all parts of the country are maintained in comparative affluence by the intimacy of Chinese with their females. Some of the heads of these families are members in good standing in the Protestant churches, whose easy-going native pastors lack the energy and authority to deal with the offenders, while the moral sentiment prevailing both within and outside of the church is too feeble to put them to shame.

That is the character of the 40,000 natives upon those islands. What other population have we to deal with? The contract laborers who have been brought there from different parts of the world to serve a length of service stipulated in the contract. Those men came there without their families. On those islands there are nearly 60,000 males and 31,000 females. The predominance of males exists in every single race. The contract laborers are little less than slaves. The Portuguese are not Portuguese after all, and while they speak the language of the Portuguese they have been recruited from the Madeira and Azores islands, and are a mixture of racesPortuguese and blacks and the other races of Africa. They are the lowest of all the population upon the islands except, perhaps, it be the natives themselves.

These contracts provide for compelling the laborer to work faithfully by fines and damage suits brought by the planters against them, with the right on the part of the planter to deduct the damages and cost

of suit out of the laborer's wages. They also provide for compelling the laborer to remain with the planter during the contract term. They are sanctioned by law and enforced by civil remedies and penal laws.

They imprison the natives and deduct the cost from their pay, if they will not work. The total American male population is 1,298. The total American population, males and females, is 1,900.

The commissioner of the United States sent out to investigate the causes of the so-called revolution says:

The Portuguese who inhabit the islands amount to 8,602. They have been brought here from time to time from the Madeira and Cape Verde Islands by the Hawaiian Government as laborers on plantations just as has been done in relation to Chinese, Japanese, Polynesians, etc. They are the most ignorant of all imported laborers, and reported to be very thievish. They are not pure Europeans, but a commingling of many races, especially the negro. They intermarry with the natives and belong to the laboring classes. Very few of them can read and write. Their children are being taught in the public schools, as all races are. It is wrong to class them as Europeans.

The character of the people of these islands is and must be overwhelmingly Asiatic. Let it not be imagined that the Chinese, Japanese, and Portuguese disappear at the end of their contract term. From the report of the inspector in chief of Japanese immigrants on March 31, 1892, it appears that twenty "lots" of Japanese immigrants have been brought here by the Hawaiian Government, numbering 21,110. Of these 2,517 have returned to Japan; 8,592, having worked out their contract term, remain, and 9,626 are still working out their contract term. More than 75 per cent may be said to locate here permanently.

There are 13,067 Chinamen engaged in various occupations, to wit: 8,763 laborers, 1,479 farmers, 133 fishermen, 74 drivers and teamsters, 564 mechanics, 42 planters and ranchers, 776 merchants and traders, 164 clerks and salesmen, 12 professional men and teachers, and 1,056 in various other occupations.

The number of merchants and traders in the entire country is 1,238. Of this number 776 are Chinamen and 81 are Americans. The largest part of the retail trade seems to be conducted by Chinamen.

The Portuguese population in 1884 amounted to 9,377 and in 1890 to 8,602-a loss of 775. These have been leaving in considerable numbers for the past eighteen months, making their way generally to the United States. In 1890 the males were classified as to occupation thus: 1. Speech in the Senate July 2, 1894.